1978 United States House of Representatives elections

The 1978 United States House of Representatives elections was an election for the United States House of Representatives on November 7, 1978, to elect members to serve in the 96th United States Congress. They occurred in the middle of Democratic President Jimmy Carter's term, amidst an energy crisis and rapid inflation. The Democratic Party lost a net of 15 seats to the Republican Party, and thus lost their two-thirds supermajority, but still maintained a large 277-seat majority.

1978 United States House of Representatives elections

← 1976
November 7, 1978
1980 →

All 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives
218 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Leader Tip O'Neill John Rhodes
Party Democratic Republican
Leader since January 4, 1977 December 7, 1973
Leader's seat Massachusetts 8th Arizona 1st
Last election 292 seats 143 seats
Seats won 277 157
Seat change 15 14
Popular vote 29,317,777 24,464,665
Percentage 53.7% 44.8%
Swing 2.2pp 2.5pp

  Third party
 
Party Conservative
Last election 0 seats
Seats won 1
Seat change 1
Popular vote 74,531
Percentage 0.1%
Swing

Results:
     Democratic hold      Democratic gain
     Republican hold      Republican gain
     Conservative gain

Speaker before election

Tip O'Neill
Democratic

Elected Speaker

Tip O'Neill
Democratic

As of 2025, this was the last midterm election where the Democrats managed to win a majority in the U.S. House of Representatives under a Democratic president, the last midterm election in which a registered third party member was elected, and the last time overall in which any party won at least 270 House seats.

Overall results

382 incumbent members sought reelection, but 5 were defeated in primaries and 19 defeated in the general election for a total of 358 incumbents winning.

277 1 157
Democratic C Republican
Parties Seats Popular vote
Previous
election
This
election
+/- Strength Vote % Change
Democratic 292 277 15 63.7% 29,317,222 53.7% 2.2%
Republican 143 157 14 36.1% 24,464,665 44.8% 2.5%
Independents 350,898 0.6% 0.2%
American Independent 74,765 0.1%
Conservative 0 1 1 0.2% 74,531 0.1%
Libertarian 64,310 0.1%
U.S. Labor 45,866 0.1%
Liberal 44,807 0.1%
Peace and Freedom 39,017 0.1% 0.1%
American 34,110 0.1% 0.1%
Socialist Workers 19,530 <0.1%
Prohibition 9,992 <0.1%
Communist 9,261 <0.1%
La Raza Unida 7,185 <0.1%
Liberty Union 6,505 <0.1%
Peoples Independent Coalition 5,396 <0.1%
Workers 2,709 <0.1%
Socialist Labor 2,434 <0.1%
Aloha Democratic 2,095 <0.1%
Betsy Ross 1,629 <0.1%
Socialist 978 <0.1%
United Labor 712 <0.1%
Others 5,305 <0.1% 0.3%
Total 435 435 0 100.0% 54,583,922 100.0% -

Source: Election Statistics - Office of the Clerk

Popular vote
Democratic
53.71%
Republican
44.82%
Others
1.47%
House seats
Democratic
63.68%
Republican
36.32%

Special elections

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
New York 18 Ed Koch Democratic 1968 Incumbent resigned December 31, 1977 to become Mayor of New York City.
New member elected February 14, 1978.
Winner was subsequently re-elected in November.
Republican gain.
  • Y Bill Green (Republican) 50.5%
  • Bella Abzug (Democratic) 48.6%
  • Howard Lim Jr. (Conservative) 0.7%
  • Paul Gallagher (Labor) 0.3%
New York 21 Herman Badillo Democratic 1970 Incumbent resigned December 31, 1977 to become deputy mayor of New York City.
New member elected February 14, 1978.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Robert García (Democratic) 55.40%
  • Louis Niñé (Democratic) 24.46%
  • Ramon Velez (Victory) 15.87%
  • Armando Montano (Build the Bronx) 2.74%
  • Israel Ruiz Jr. (Alliance for Progress) 1.52%

Alabama

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Alabama 1 Jack Edwards Republican 1964 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Jack Edwards (Republican) 63.9%
  • L. W. Noonan (Democratic) 36.1%
Alabama 2 William L. Dickinson Republican 1964 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y William L. Dickinson (Republican) 54.0%
  • Wendell Mitchell (Democratic) 46.0%
Alabama 3 Bill Nichols Democratic 1966 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Bill Nichols (Democratic) Unopposed
Alabama 4 Tom Bevill Democratic 1966 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Tom Bevill (Democratic) Unopposed
Alabama 5 Ronnie Flippo Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Ronnie Flippo (Democratic) 96.8%
  • Harvey Nicholas Crumhorn (Libertarian) 3.2%
Alabama 6 John H. Buchanan Jr. Republican 1964 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y John H. Buchanan Jr. (Republican) 61.7%
  • Don Hawkins (Democratic) 38.3%
Alabama 7 Walter Flowers Democratic 1968 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Richard Shelby (Democratic) 93.8%
  • Fulton Gray (Con) 4.0%
  • Jim Scruggs (Republican) 2.2%

Alaska

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Alaska at-large Don Young Republican 1973 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Don Young (Republican) 55.5%
  • Patrick Rodey (Democratic) 44.5%

Arizona

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Arizona 1 John Jacob Rhodes Republican 1952 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y John Jacob Rhodes (Republican) 71.0%
  • Ken Graves (Democratic) 29.0%
Arizona 2 Mo Udall Democratic 1961 (Special) Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Mo Udall (Democratic) 52.5%
  • Tom Richey (Republican) 45.4%
  • Joe Bach (Libertarian) 1.1%
  • Betsy McDonald (Socialist Workers) 0.9%
Arizona 3 Bob Stump Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Bob Stump (Democratic) 85.0%
  • Kathleen Cooke (Libertarian) 15.0%
Arizona 4 Eldon Rudd Republican 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Eldon Rudd (Republican) 63.1%
  • Michael McCormick (Democratic) 33.8%
  • Lawrence W. Jerome (Libertarian) 3.1%

Arkansas

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Arkansas 1 Bill Alexander Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Bill Alexander (Democratic) Unopposed
Arkansas 2 Jim Guy Tucker Democratic 1976 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.
Republican gain.
  • Y Ed Bethune (Republican) 51.2%
  • Doug Brandon (Democratic) 48.8%
Arkansas 3 John Paul Hammerschmidt Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y John Paul Hammerschmidt (Republican) 78.4%
  • William Curtis Mears (Democratic) 21.6%
Arkansas 4 Ray Thornton Democratic 1972 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Beryl Anthony Jr. (Democratic) Unopposed

California

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
California 1 Bizz Johnson Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Bizz Johnson (Democratic) 59.4%
  • James E. Taylor (Republican) 40.6%
California 2 Don Clausen Republican 1963 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Don Clausen (Republican) 52.0%
  • Norma K. Bork (Democratic) 45.3%
  • Irv Sutley (Peace and Freedom) 2.8%
California 3 John E. Moss Democratic 1952 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Bob Matsui (Democratic) 53.4%
  • Sandy Smoley (Republican) 46.6%
California 4 Robert Leggett Democratic 1962 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Vic Fazio (Democratic) 55.4%
  • Rex Hime (Republican) 44.6%
California 5 John Burton Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y John Burton (Democratic) 66.8%
  • Dolores Skore (Republican) 33.2%
California 6 Phillip Burton Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Phillip Burton (Democratic) 68.3%
  • Tom Spinosa (Republican) 28.0%
  • Raymond O. "Ray" Heaps (American Independent) 3.7%
California 7 George Miller Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y George Miller (Democratic) 63.4%
  • Paula Gordon (Republican) 33.7%
  • Melvin E. Stanley (American Independent) 2.8%
California 8 Ron Dellums Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Ron Dellums (Democratic) 57.4%
  • Charles V. Hughes (Republican) 42.6%
California 9 Pete Stark Democratic 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Pete Stark (Democratic) 65.4%
  • Robert S. Allen (Republican) 30.5%
  • Lawrence J. Phillips (Peace and Freedom) 4.1%
California 10 Don Edwards Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Don Edwards (Democratic) 67.1%
  • Rudy Hansen (Republican) 32.9%
California 11 Leo Ryan Democratic 1972 Incumbent re-elected, Following the election, Ryan was murdered while investigating the Peoples Temple in Guyana
  • Y Leo Ryan (Democratic) 60.5%
  • Dave Welch (Republican) 35.6%
  • Nicholas W. Kudrovzeff (American Independent) 3.9%
California 12 Pete McCloskey Republican 1967 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Pete McCloskey (Republican) 73.1%
  • Kirsten Olsen (Democratic) 21.5%
  • Harold R. Boylan (American Independent) 3.5%
  • Adele Fumino (Peace and Freedom) 1.9%
California 13 Norman Mineta Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Norman Mineta (Democratic) 57.5%
  • Dan O'Keefe (Republican) 39.5%
  • Robert Goldsborough III (Peace and Freedom) 3.0%
California 14 John J. McFall Democratic 1956 Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
  • Y Norman D. Shumway (Republican) 53.4%
  • John J. McFall (Democratic) 42.6%
  • George Darold Waldron (American Independent) 4.0%
California 15 B. F. Sisk Democratic 1954 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Tony Coelho (Democratic) 60.1%
  • Chris Patterakis (Republican) 39.9%
California 16 Leon Panetta Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Leon Panetta (Democratic) 61.4%
  • Eric Seastrand (Republican) 38.6%
California 17 John Hans Krebs Democratic 1974 Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
  • Y Chip Pashayan (Republican) 54.5%
  • John Hans Krebs (Democratic) 45.5%
California 18 Vacant William M. Ketchum (Republican) died June 24, 1978
Republican hold.
  • Y Bill Thomas (Republican) 59.3%
  • Bob Sogge (Democratic) 40.7%
California 19 Robert Lagomarsino Republican 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Robert Lagomarsino (Republican) 71.7%
  • Jerry Zamos (Democratic) 24.3%
  • Milton Shiro Takei (Peace and Freedom) 4.0%
California 20 Barry Goldwater Jr. Republican 1969 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Barry Goldwater Jr. (Republican) 66.4%
  • Patti Lear Corman (Democratic) 33.6%
California 21 James C. Corman Democratic 1960 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y James C. Corman (Democratic) 59.5%
  • Rod Walsh (Republican) 35.9%
  • Bill Hill (Peace and Freedom) 4.6%
California 22 Carlos Moorhead Republican 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Carlos Moorhead (Republican) 64.6%
  • Robert S. Henry (Democratic) 35.4%
California 23 Anthony Beilenson Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Anthony Beilenson (Democratic) 65.6%
  • Joseph Barbara (Republican) 34.4%
California 24 Henry Waxman Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Henry Waxman (Democratic) 62.7%
  • Howard G. Schaefer (Republican) 32.6%
  • Kevin Casey Peters (Peace and Freedom) 4.8%
California 25 Edward R. Roybal Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Edward R. Roybal (Democratic) 67.4%
  • Robert K. Watson (Republican) 32.6%
California 26 John H. Rousselot Republican 1960
1962 (defeated)
1970 (Special)
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y John H. Rousselot (Republican) Unopposed
California 27 Bob Dornan Republican 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Bob Dornan (Republican) 51.0%
  • Carey Peck (Democratic) 49.0%
California 28 Yvonne Brathwaite Burke Democratic 1972 Incumbent retired to run for Attorney General of California.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Julian Dixon (Democratic) Unopposed
California 29 Augustus Hawkins Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Augustus Hawkins (Democratic) 85.0%
  • Uriah J. Fields (Republican) 15.0%
California 30 George E. Danielson Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y George E. Danielson (Democratic) 71.4%
  • Henry Ares (Republican) 28.6%
California 31 Charles H. Wilson Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Charles H. Wilson (Democratic) 67.8%
  • Don Grimshaw (Republican) 32.2%
California 32 Glenn M. Anderson Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Glenn M. Anderson (Democratic) 71.4%
  • Sonya Mathison (Republican) 22.4%
  • Ida Bader (American Independent) 6.1%
California 33 Del M. Clawson Republican 1963 Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
  • Y Wayne R. Grisham (Republican) 56.0%
  • Dennis S. Kazarian (Democratic) 44.0%
California 34 Mark W. Hannaford Democratic 1974 Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
  • Y Dan Lungren (Republican) 53.7%
  • Mark W. Hannaford (Democratic) 43.7%
  • Lawrence John Stafford (American Independent) 2.6%
California 35 James F. Lloyd Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y James F. Lloyd (Democratic) 54.0%
  • David Dreier (Republican) 46.0%
California 36 George Brown Jr. Democratic 1962
1970 (Retired)
1972
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y George Brown Jr. (Democratic) 62.9%
  • Dana Warren Carmody (Republican) 37.1%
California 37 Shirley Neil Pettis Republican 1975 Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
  • Y Jerry Lewis (Republican) 61.4%
  • Dan Corcoran (Democratic) 34.8%
  • Bernard Wahl (American Independent) 3.8%
California 38 Jerry M. Patterson Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Jerry M. Patterson (Democratic) 58.6%
  • Dan Goedeke (Republican) 41.4%
California 39 Charles E. Wiggins Republican 1966 Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
  • Y William E. Dannemeyer (Republican) 63.7%
  • William E. "Bill" Farris (Democratic) 36.3%
California 40 Robert Badham Republican 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Robert Badham (Republican) 65.9%
  • Jim McGuy (Democratic) 34.1%
California 41 Bob Wilson Republican 1952 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Bob Wilson (Republican) 58.1%
  • King Golden Jr. (Democratic) 41.9%
California 42 Lionel Van Deerlin Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Lionel Van Deerlin (Democratic) 73.7%
  • Lawrence C. Mattera (Republican) 26.3%
California 43 Clair Burgener Republican 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Clair Burgener (Republican) 68.7%
  • Ruben B. Brooks (Democratic) 31.3%

Colorado

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Colorado 1 Pat Schroeder Democratic 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Pat Schroeder (Democratic) 61.5%
  • Gene Hutcheson (Republican) 37.0%
  • Susan Lorraine Adley (Socialist Workers) 1.5%
Colorado 2 Tim Wirth Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Tim Wirth (Democratic) 52.9%
  • Ed Scott (Republican) 47.1%
Colorado 3 Frank Evans Democratic 1964 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Ray Kogovsek (Democratic) 49.3%
  • Harold L. McCormick (Republican) 49.0%
  • Henry John Olshaw (Independent) 1.7%
Colorado 4 James Paul Johnson Republican 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y James Paul Johnson (Republican) 61.2%
  • Morgan Smith (Democratic) 38.8%
Colorado 5 William L. Armstrong Republican 1972 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.
Republican hold.
  • Y Ken Kramer (Republican) 59.8%
  • Gerry Frank (Democratic) 34.4%
  • L. W. Dan Bridges (Independent) 5.8%

Connecticut

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Connecticut 1 William R. Cotter Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y William R. Cotter (Democratic) 59.6%
  • Ben F. Andrews Jr. (Republican) 39.3%
  • Donna C. McDonough (Lab) 1.1%
Connecticut 2 Chris Dodd Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Chris Dodd (Democratic) 69.9%
  • Thomas Hudson Connell (Republican) 30.1%
Connecticut 3 Robert Giaimo Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Robert Giaimo (Democratic) 58.1%
  • John G. Pucciano (Republican) 40.0%
  • Joelle R. Fishman (Communist) 1.8%
Connecticut 4 Stewart McKinney Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Stewart McKinney (Republican) 58.4%
  • Michael G. Morgan (Democratic) 41.6%
Connecticut 5 Ronald A. Sarasin Republican 1972 Incumbent retired to run for Governor of Connecticut.
Democratic gain.
  • Y William R. Ratchford (Democratic) 52.3%
  • George C. Guidera (Republican) 47.7%
Connecticut 6 Toby Moffett Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Toby Moffett (Democratic) 64.2%
  • Daniel F. Mackinnon (Republican) 35.8%

Delaware

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Delaware at-large Thomas B. Evans Jr. Republican 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Thomas B. Evans Jr. (Republican) 58.2%
  • Gary E. Hindes (Democratic) 41.2%
  • James E. Hicks (American Independent) 0.6%

Florida

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Florida 1 Bob Sikes Democratic 1940
1944 (resigned)
1944
Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Earl Hutto (Democratic) 63.3%
  • Warren Briggs (Republican) 36.7%
Florida 2 Don Fuqua Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Don Fuqua (Democratic) 81.7%
  • Pete Brathwaite (Republican) 18.3%
Florida 3 Charles E. Bennett Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Charles E. Bennett (Democratic) Unopposed
Florida 4 Bill Chappell Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Bill Chappell (Democratic) 73.1%
  • Tom Boney (Republican) 26.9%
Florida 5 Richard Kelly Republican 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Richard Kelly (Republican) 51.1%
  • David Ryan Best (Democratic) 48.9%
Florida 6 Bill Young Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Bill Young (Republican) 78.8%
  • Jim Christison (Democratic) 21.2%
Florida 7 Sam Gibbons Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Sam Gibbons (Democratic) Unopposed
Florida 8 Andy Ireland Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Andy Ireland (Democratic) Unopposed
Florida 9 Louis Frey Jr. Republican 1968 Incumbent retired to run for Governor of Florida.
Democratic gain.
  • Y Bill Nelson (Democratic) 61.5%
  • Edward Gurney (Republican) 38.5%
Florida 10 Skip Bafalis Republican 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Skip Bafalis (Republican) Unopposed
Florida 11 Paul Rogers Democratic 1954 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Dan Mica (Democratic) 55.3%
  • Bill James (Republican) 44.7%
Florida 12 J. Herbert Burke Republican 1966 Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.
  • Y Edward J. Stack (Democratic) 61.6%
  • J. Herbert Burke (Republican) 38.4%
Florida 13 William Lehman Democratic 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y William Lehman (Democratic) Unopposed
Florida 14 Claude Pepper Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Claude Pepper (Democratic) 63.1%
  • Al Cárdenas (Republican) 36.9%
Florida 15 Dante Fascell Democratic 1954 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Dante Fascell (Democratic) 74.2%
  • Herbert J. Hoodwin (Republican) 25.8%

Georgia

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Georgia 1 Bo Ginn Democratic 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Bo Ginn (Democratic) Unopposed
Georgia 2 Dawson Mathis Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Dawson Mathis (Democratic) Unopposed
Georgia 3 Jack Brinkley Democratic 1966 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Jack Brinkley (Democratic) Unopposed
Georgia 4 Elliott H. Levitas Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Elliott H. Levitas (Democratic) 80.9%
  • Homer Cheung (Republican) 19.1%
Georgia 5 Wyche Fowler Democratic 1977 (Special) Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Wyche Fowler (Democratic) 75.5%
  • Thomas P. Bowles Jr. (Republican) 24.5%
Georgia 6 John Flynt Democratic 1954 Incumbent retired.
Republican gain.
  • Y Newt Gingrich (Republican) 54.4%
  • Virginia Shapard (Democratic) 45.6%
Georgia 7 Larry McDonald Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Larry McDonald (Democratic) 66.5%
  • Ernest Norsworthy (Republican) 33.5%
Georgia 8 Billy Lee Evans Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Billy Lee Evans (Democratic) Unopposed
Georgia 9 Ed Jenkins Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Ed Jenkins (Democratic) 76.9%
  • David G. Ashworth (Republican) 23.1%
Georgia 10 Doug Barnard Jr. Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Doug Barnard Jr. (Democratic) Unopposed

Hawaii

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Hawaii 1 Cecil Heftel Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Cecil Heftel (Democratic) 73.3%
  • William D. Spillane (Republican) 21.2%
  • Peter David Larsen (Libertarian) 3.7%
  • Debra Figueroa (Ind Dem) 1.8%
Hawaii 2 Daniel Akaka Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Daniel Akaka (Democratic) 85.7%
  • Charlie Isaak (Republican) 11.4%
  • Amelia L. Fritts (Libertarian) 2.9%

Idaho

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Idaho 1 Steve Symms Republican 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Steve Symms (Republican) 59.9%
  • Roy Truby (Democratic) 40.1%
Idaho 2 George V. Hansen Republican 1964
1968 (retired)
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y George V. Hansen (Republican) 57.3%
  • Stan Kress (Democratic) 42.7%

Illinois

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Illinois 1 Ralph Metcalfe Democratic 1970 Incumbent died.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Bennett Stewart (Democratic) 58.5%
  • A. A. Rayner Jr. (Republican) 41.3%
  • Others (W/I) 0.2%
Illinois 2 Morgan F. Murphy Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Morgan F. Murphy (Democratic) 86.0%
  • James P. Wognum (Republican) 11.8%
  • Carl Stanley Holmes (Independent) 2.2%
Illinois 3 Marty Russo Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Marty Russo (Democratic) 65.2%
  • Robert L. Dunne (Republican) 34.8%
Illinois 4 Ed Derwinski Republican 1958 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Ed Derwinski (Republican) 66.9%
  • Andrew Thomas (Democratic) 33.1%
Illinois 5 John G. Fary Democratic 1975 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y John G. Fary (Democratic) 84.0%
  • Joseph A. Barracca (Republican) 16.0%
Illinois 6 Henry Hyde Republican 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Henry Hyde (Republican) 66.2%
  • Jeanne P. Quinn (Democratic) 33.8%
Illinois 7 Cardiss Collins Democratic 1973 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Cardiss Collins (Democratic) 86.3%
  • James C. Holt (Republican) 13.7%
Illinois 8 Dan Rostenkowski Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Dan Rostenkowski (Democratic) 86.0%
  • Carl C. LoDico (Republican) 14.0%
Illinois 9 Sidney R. Yates Democratic 1948
1962 (retired)
1964
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Sidney R. Yates (Democratic) 75.3%
  • John M. Collins (Republican) 24.7%
Illinois 10 Abner Mikva Democratic 1968
1972 (defeated)
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Abner Mikva (Democratic) 50.2%
  • John Porter (Republican) 49.8%
Illinois 11 Frank Annunzio Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Frank Annunzio (Democratic) 73.7%
  • John Hoeger (Republican) 26.3%
Illinois 12 Phil Crane Republican 1969 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Phil Crane (Republican) 79.5%
  • Gilbert Bogen (Democratic) 20.5%
Illinois 13 Robert McClory Republican 1962 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Robert McClory (Republican) 61.2%
  • Frederick J. Steffen (Democratic) 38.8%
Illinois 14 John N. Erlenborn Republican 1964 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y John N. Erlenborn (Republican) 75.1%
  • James A. Romanyak (Democratic) 24.9%
Illinois 15 Tom Corcoran Republican 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Tom Corcoran (Republican) 62.4%
  • Tim Lee Hall (Democratic) 37.6%
Illinois 16 John B. Anderson Republican 1960 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y John B. Anderson (Republican) 65.5%
  • Ernest W. Dahlin (Democratic) 34.5%
Illinois 17 George M. O'Brien Republican 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y George M. O'Brien (Republican) 70.6%
  • Clifford J. Sinclair (Democratic) 29.4%
Illinois 18 Robert H. Michel Republican 1956 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Robert H. Michel (Republican) 65.9%
  • Virgil R. Grunkmeyer (Democratic) 34.1%
Illinois 19 Tom Railsback Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Tom Railsback (Republican) Unopposed
Illinois 20 Paul Findley Republican 1960 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Paul Findley (Republican) 69.6%
  • Victor Roberts (Democratic) 30.4%
Illinois 21 Ed Madigan Republican 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Ed Madigan (Republican) 78.3%
  • Ken Baughman (Democratic) 21.7%
Illinois 22 George E. Shipley Democratic 1958 Incumbent retired.
Republican gain.
  • Y Dan Crane (Republican) 54.0%
  • Terry L. Bruce (Democratic) 46.0%
Illinois 23 Melvin Price Democratic 1944 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Melvin Price (Democratic) 74.2%
  • Daniel J. Stack (Republican) 25.8%
Illinois 24 Paul Simon Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Paul Simon (Democratic) 65.6%
  • John T. Anderson (Republican) 34.4%

Indiana

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Indiana 1 Adam Benjamin Jr. Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Adam Benjamin Jr. (Democratic) 80.3%
  • Owen W. Crumpacker (Republican) 19.3%
  • Christopher Martinson (Lab) 0.4%
Indiana 2 Floyd Fithian Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Floyd Fithian (Democratic) 56.5%
  • Jay Philip Oppenheim (Republican) 36.2%
  • William Costas (Independent) 6.4%
  • James Hensley Logan (American Independent) 0.8%
Indiana 3 John Brademas Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y John Brademas (Democratic) 55.5%
  • Thomas L. Thorson (Republican) 43.3%
  • R. Craig Fisher (Libertarian) 1.2%
Indiana 4 Dan Quayle Republican 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Dan Quayle (Republican) 64.4%
  • John D. Walda (Democratic) 33.8%
  • Terry Eugene Hively (American Independent) 1.9%
Indiana 5 Elwood Hillis Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Elwood Hillis (Republican) 67.6%
  • Max Ervin Heiss (Democratic) 32.4%
Indiana 6 David W. Evans Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y David W. Evans (Democratic) 52.2%
  • David G. Crane (Republican) 47.6%
  • John Williams Rothrock Jr. (Libertarian) 0.2%
Indiana 7 John T. Myers Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y John T. Myers (Republican) 56.3%
  • Charlotte T. Zietlow (Democratic) 43.7%
Indiana 8 David L. Cornwell Democratic 1976 Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
  • Y H. Joel Deckard (Republican) 52.0%
  • David L. Cornwell (Democratic) 48.0%
Indiana 9 Lee H. Hamilton Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Lee H. Hamilton (Democratic) 65.6%
  • Frank I. Hamilton Jr. (Republican) 34.4%
Indiana 10 Philip Sharp Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Philip Sharp (Democratic) 56.1%
  • Bill Frazier (Republican) 42.8%
  • George W. Ames (American Independent) 1.1%
Indiana 11 Andrew Jacobs Jr. Democratic 1964
1972 (defeated)
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Andrew Jacobs Jr. (Democratic) 57.2%
  • Charles E. Bosma (Republican) 42.6%
  • Henry Slubowski (Socialist Workers) 0.1%

Iowa

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Iowa 1 Jim Leach Republican 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Jim Leach (Republican) 63.5%
  • Richard E. Myers (Democratic) 35.8%
  • William R. Douglas (Socialist) 0.8%
Iowa 2 Mike Blouin Democratic 1974 Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
  • Y Tom Tauke (Republican) 52.3%
  • Mike Blouin (Democratic) 47.1%
  • James D. Roberson (Independent) 0.6%
Iowa 3 Chuck Grassley Republican 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Chuck Grassley (Republican) 74.8%
  • John Knudson (Democratic) 25.2%
Iowa 4 Neal Smith Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Neal Smith (Democratic) 64.7%
  • Charles E. Minor (Republican) 35.3%
Iowa 5 Tom Harkin Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Tom Harkin (Democratic) 58.9%
  • Julian B. Garrett (Republican) 41.1%
Iowa 6 Berkley Bedell Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Berkley Bedell (Democratic) 66.3%
  • Willis Edgar Junker (Republican) 33.7%

Kansas

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Kansas 1 Keith Sebelius Republican 1968 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Keith Sebelius (Republican) Unopposed
Kansas 2 Martha Keys Democratic 1974 Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
  • Y Jim Jeffries (Republican) 52.0%
  • Martha Keys (Democratic) 48.0%
Kansas 3 Larry Winn Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Larry Winn (Republican) Unopposed
Kansas 4 Dan Glickman Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Dan Glickman (Democratic) 69.6%
  • James Paul Litsey (Republican) 30.4%
Kansas 5 Joe Skubitz Republican 1962 Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
  • Y Bob Whittaker (Republican) 57.0%
  • Donald L. Allegrucci (Democratic) 41.4%
  • Jack C. Blackwell (Proh) 1.6%

Kentucky

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Kentucky 1 Carroll Hubbard Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Carroll Hubbard (Democratic) Unopposed
Kentucky 2 William Natcher Democratic 1953 (Special) Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y William Natcher (Democratic) Unopposed
Kentucky 3 Romano Mazzoli Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Romano Mazzoli (Democratic) 65.7%
  • Norbert Drummond Leveronne (Republican) 31.3%
  • Tom Beckham (Independent) 2.3%
  • James Burfeind (Socialist Workers) 0.8%
Kentucky 4 Gene Snyder Republican 1962
1964 (defeated)
1966
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Gene Snyder (Republican) 65.8%
  • George Clarke Martin (Democratic) 34.2%
Kentucky 5 Tim Lee Carter Republican 1964 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Tim Lee Carter (Republican) 79.2%
  • Jesse M. Ramey (Democratic) 20.8%
Kentucky 6 John B. Breckinridge Democratic 1972 Incumbent lost renomination.
Republican gain.
  • Y Larry J. Hopkins (Republican) 50.6%
  • Charles T. Easterly (Democratic) 46.1%
  • Lloyd K. Rogers (American Independent) 3.2%
Kentucky 7 Carl D. Perkins Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Carl D. Perkins (Democratic) 76.5%
  • Granville Thomas (Republican) 23.5%

Louisiana

The seven incumbents were all automatically re-elected when no opponents filed to run against them in the Sept. 16 jungle primary. They did not appear on the ballot.

Leach and Wilson were the top two finishers in the 4th District's jungle primary and advanced to the Nov. 7 general election.

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Louisiana 1 Bob Livingston Republican 1977 (Special) Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Bob Livingston (Republican) Unopposed
Louisiana 2 Lindy Boggs Democratic 1973 (Special) Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Lindy Boggs (Democratic) Unopposed
Louisiana 3 Dave Treen Republican 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Dave Treen (Republican) Unopposed
Louisiana 4 Joe Waggonner Democratic 1961 (Special) Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Buddy Leach (Democratic) 50.1%
  • James Hamilton Wilson (Republican) 49.9%
Louisiana 5 Jerry Huckaby Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Jerry Huckaby (Democratic) Unopposed
Louisiana 6 Henson Moore Republican 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Henson Moore (Republican) Unopposed
Louisiana 7 John Breaux Democratic 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y John Breaux (Democratic) Unopposed
Louisiana 8 Gillis William Long Democratic 1962
1964 (lost renomination)
1972
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Gillis William Long (Democratic) Unopposed

Maine

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Maine 1 David F. Emery Republican 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y David F. Emery (Republican) 61.5%
  • John Quinn (Democratic) 35.8%
  • J. David Madigan (Independent) 2.7%
Maine 2 William Cohen Republican 1972 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.
Republican hold.
  • Y Olympia Snowe (Republican) 50.8%
  • Markham L. Gartley (Democratic) 40.9%
  • Frederick W. Whittaker (Independent) 4.6%
  • Eddie Shurtleff (Independent) 1.1%
  • Robert H. Burmeister (Independent) 1.0%
  • Margaret E. Cousins (Independent) 0.9%
  • Robert L. Cousins (Independent) 0.7%

Maryland

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Maryland 1 Robert Bauman Republican 1973 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Robert Bauman (Republican) 63.5%
  • Joseph D. Quinn (Democratic) 36.5%
Maryland 2 Clarence Long Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Clarence Long (Democratic) 66.4%
  • Malcolm M. McKnight (Republican) 33.6%
Maryland 3 Barbara Mikulski Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Barbara Mikulski (Democratic) Unopposed
Maryland 4 Marjorie Holt Republican 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Marjorie Holt (Republican) 62.0%
  • Sue F. Ward (Democratic) 38.0%
Maryland 5 Gladys Spellman Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Gladys Spellman (Democratic) 77.2%
  • Saul J. Harris (Republican) 22.8%
Maryland 6 Goodloe Byron Democratic 1970 Incumbent died.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Beverly Byron (Democratic) 89.7%
  • Melvin Perkins (Republican) 10.3%
Maryland 7 Parren Mitchell Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Parren Mitchell (Democratic) 88.7%
  • Debra J. Hanania-Freeman (Independent) 11.3%
Maryland 8 Newton Steers Republican 1976 Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.
  • Y Michael D. Barnes (Democratic) 51.3%
  • Newton Steers (Republican) 48.7%

Massachusetts

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Massachusetts 1 Silvio O. Conte Republican 1958 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Silvio O. Conte (Republican) Unopposed
Massachusetts 2 Edward Boland Democratic 1952 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Edward Boland (Democratic) 72.8%
  • Thomas P. Swank (Republican) 27.2%
Massachusetts 3 Joseph D. Early Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Joseph D. Early (Democratic) 75.2%
  • Charles K. Macleod (Republican) 24.8%
Massachusetts 4 Robert Drinan Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Robert Drinan (Democratic) Unopposed
Massachusetts 5 Paul Tsongas Democratic 1974 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.
Democratic hold.
  • Y James Shannon (Democratic) 52.2%
  • John J. Buckley (Republican) 28.2%
  • James J. Gaffney III (Independent) 19.6%
Massachusetts 6 Michael J. Harrington Democratic 1969 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Nicholas Mavroules (Democratic) 53.8%
  • William E. Bronson (Republican) 46.2%
Massachusetts 7 Ed Markey Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Ed Markey (Democratic) 84.8%
  • James J. Murphy (Independent) 15.2%
Massachusetts 8 Tip O'Neill Democratic 1952 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Tip O'Neill (Democratic) 74.6%
  • William A. Barnstead (Republican) 20.9%
  • Laura M. Ross (Constitution) 4.5%
Massachusetts 9 Joe Moakley Democratic 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Joe Moakley (Democratic) 91.8%
  • Brenda Lee M. Franklin (Socialist Workers) 5.8%
  • David Freund (Workers) 2.3%
Massachusetts 10 Margaret Heckler Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Margaret Heckler (Republican) 61.1%
  • John J. Marino (Democratic) 38.9%
Massachusetts 11 James A. Burke Democratic 1958 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Brian J. Donnelly (Democratic) 91.7%
  • H. Graham Lowry (Lab) 8.3%
Massachusetts 12 Gerry Studds Democratic 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Gerry Studds (Democratic) Unopposed

Michigan

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Michigan 1 John Conyers Jr. Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y John Conyers Jr. (Democratic) 92.9%
  • Robert S. Arnold (Republican) 7.1%
Michigan 2 Carl Pursell Republican 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Carl Pursell (Republican) 67.6%
  • Earl Greene (Democratic) 31.6%
  • Henry W. Kroes Jr. (American Independent) 0.8%
Michigan 3 Garry E. Brown Republican 1966 Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.
  • Y Howard Wolpe (Democratic) 51.3%
  • Garry E. Brown (Republican) 48.7%
Michigan 4 David Stockman Republican 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y David Stockman (Republican) 70.6%
  • Morgan L. Hager Jr. (Democratic) 28.3%
  • Jimmie Dale Burke (American Independent) 1.1%
Michigan 5 Harold S. Sawyer Republican 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Harold S. Sawyer (Republican) 49.4%
  • Dale Robert Sprik (Democratic) 48.7%
  • Dwight W. Johnson (American Independent) 1.8%
Michigan 6 Milton Robert Carr Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Milton Robert Carr (Democratic) 56.7%
  • Michael H. Conlin (Republican) 43.3%
Michigan 7 Dale E. Kildee Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Dale E. Kildee (Democratic) 76.6%
  • Gale M. Cronk (Republican) 21.8%
  • Jimmy L. Sabin (American Independent) 1.6%
Michigan 8 J. Bob Traxler Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y J. Bob Traxler (Democratic) 66.6%
  • Norman R. Hughes (Republican) 33.4%
Michigan 9 Guy Vander Jagt Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Guy Vander Jagt (Republican) 69.6%
  • Howard M. LeRoux (Democratic) 30.4%
Michigan 10 Elford Albin Cederberg Republican 1952 Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.
  • Y Donald J. Albosta (Democratic) 51.5%
  • Elford Albin Cederberg (Republican) 48.5%
Michigan 11 Philip Ruppe Republican 1966 Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
  • Y Robert William Davis (Republican) 54.9%
  • Keith McLeod (Democratic) 45.1%
Michigan 12 David Bonior Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y David Bonior (Democratic) 54.9%
  • Kirby Holmes (Republican) 45.1%
Michigan 13 Charles Diggs Democratic 1954 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Charles Diggs (Democratic) 79.2%
  • Dovie T. Pickett (Republican) 20.8%
Michigan 14 Lucien Nedzi Democratic 1961 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Lucien Nedzi (Democratic) 67.4%
  • John Edward Getz (Republican) 32.6%
Michigan 15 William D. Ford Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y William D. Ford (Democratic) 79.6%
  • Edgar Nieten (Republican) 19.4%
  • Aldi C. Fuhrmann (American Independent) 1.0%
Michigan 16 John D. Dingell Jr. Democratic 1955 (Special) Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y John D. Dingell Jr. (Democratic) 76.5%
  • Melvin E. Heuer (Republican) 22.0%
  • Harry C. Hengy (American Independent) 1.5%
Michigan 17 William M. Brodhead Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y William M. Brodhead (Democratic) 95.2%
  • Hector M. McGregor (American Independent) 4.8%
Michigan 18 James J. Blanchard Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y James J. Blanchard (Democratic) 74.5%
  • Robert J. Salloum (Republican) 24.3%
  • David Wengel Drexler (American Independent) 1.2%
Michigan 19 William Broomfield Republican 1956 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y William Broomfield (Republican) 71.3%
  • Betty F. Collier (Democratic) 28.7%

Minnesota

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Minnesota 1 Al Quie Republican 1958 Incumbent retired to run for Governor of Minnesota.
Republican hold.
  • Y Arlen Erdahl (Republican) 56.2%
  • Gerry Sikorski (Democratic–Farmer–Labor) 42.5%
  • Lloyd Duwe (American) 1.3%
Minnesota 2 Tom Hagedorn Republican 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Tom Hagedorn (Republican) 70.4%
  • John F. Considine (Democratic–Farmer–Labor) 29.6%
Minnesota 3 Bill Frenzel Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Bill Frenzel (Republican) 65.7%
  • Michael O. Freeman (Democratic–Farmer–Labor) 34.3%
Minnesota 4 Bruce Vento Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Bruce Vento (Democratic–Farmer–Labor) 58.0%
  • John Berg (Republican) 42.0%
Minnesota 5 Donald M. Fraser Democratic 1962 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Martin Olav Sabo (Democratic–Farmer–Labor) 62.3%
  • Mike Till (Republican) 37.7%
Minnesota 6 Rick Nolan Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Rick Nolan (Democratic–Farmer–Labor) 55.3%
  • Russ Njorhus (Republican) 44.7%
Minnesota 7 Arlan Stangeland Republican 1977 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Arlan Stangeland (Republican) 51.7%
  • Gene R. Wenstrom (Democratic–Farmer–Labor) 45.1%
  • Ronald M. Holmquist (American) 3.2%
Minnesota 8 Jim Oberstar Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Jim Oberstar (Democratic–Farmer–Labor) 87.2%
  • John W. Hull (American) 12.8%

Mississippi

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Mississippi 1 Jamie Whitten Democratic 1941 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Jamie Whitten (Democratic) 66.6%
  • Terrill K. Moffett (Republican) 31.0%
  • Horace E. Hutcheson (Independent) 2.4%
Mississippi 2 David R. Bowen Democratic 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y David R. Bowen (Democratic) 61.7%
  • Roland Byrd (Republican) 38.3%
Mississippi 3 Sonny Montgomery Democratic 1966 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Sonny Montgomery (Democratic) 92.4%
  • Dorothy Eleanor Cleveland (Republican) 7.6%
Mississippi 4 Thad Cochran Republican 1972 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.
Republican hold.
  • Y Jon Hinson (Republican) 51.6%
  • John H. Stennis (Democratic) 26.4%
  • Evan Doss Jr. (Independent) 19.0%
  • Perry Lawrence Dillard (Independent) 1.9%
  • Mary McKenzie Maxey (Independent) 1.1%
Mississippi 5 Trent Lott Republican 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Trent Lott (Republican) Unopposed

Missouri

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Missouri 1 Bill Clay Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Bill Clay (Democratic) 66.6%
  • Bill White (Republican) 31.3%
  • Mary Pritchard (Socialist Workers) 1.4%
  • Gerald Pechenuk (Lab) 0.7%
Missouri 2 Robert A. Young Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Robert A. Young (Democratic) 56.4%
  • Bob Chase (Republican) 43.6%
Missouri 3 Dick Gephardt Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Dick Gephardt (Democratic) 81.9%
  • Lee Buchschacher (Republican) 18.1%
Missouri 4 Ike Skelton Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Ike Skelton (Democratic) 72.8%
  • Bill Baker (Republican) 27.2%
Missouri 5 Richard Bolling Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Richard Bolling (Democratic) 72.0%
  • Steven L. Walter (Republican) 26.6%
  • James Levitt (Socialist Workers) 1.4%
Missouri 6 Tom Coleman Republican 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Tom Coleman (Republican) 55.9%
  • Phil Snowden (Democratic) 44.1%
Missouri 7 Gene Taylor Republican 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Gene Taylor (Republican) 61.2%
  • Jim Thomas (Democratic) 38.8%
Missouri 8 Richard Howard Ichord Jr. Democratic 1960 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Richard Howard Ichord Jr. (Democratic) 60.5%
  • Donald D. Meyer (Republican) 39.5%
Missouri 9 Harold Volkmer Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Harold Volkmer (Democratic) 74.7%
  • Jerry Dent (Republican) 25.3%
Missouri 10 Bill Burlison Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Bill Burlison (Democratic) 65.3%
  • James A. Weir (Republican) 34.7%

Montana

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Montana 1 Max Baucus Democratic 1974 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Pat Williams (Democratic) 57.3%
  • Jim Waltermire (Republican) 42.7%
Montana 2 Ron Marlenee Republican 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Ron Marlenee (Republican) 56.9%
  • Thomas G. Monahan (Democratic) 43.1%

Nebraska

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Nebraska 1 Charles Thone Republican 1970 Incumbent retired to run for Governor of Nebraska.
Republican hold.
  • Y Doug Bereuter (Republican) 58.1%
  • Hess Dyas (Democratic) 41.9%
Nebraska 2 John Joseph Cavanaugh III Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y John Joseph Cavanaugh III (Democratic) 52.3%
  • Hal Daub (Republican) 47.7%
Nebraska 3 Virginia D. Smith Republican 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Virginia D. Smith (Republican) 80.0%
  • Marilyn Fowler (Democratic) 20.0%

Nevada

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Nevada at-large James David Santini Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y James David Santini (Democratic) 69.5%
  • Bill O'Mara (Republican) 23.3%
  • None of These Candidates (Independent) 4.0%
  • Linda West (Libertarian) 3.2%

New Hampshire

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
New Hampshire 1 Norman D'Amours Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Norman D'Amours (Democratic) 61.6%
  • Daniel M. Hughes (Republican) 36.6%
  • James E. Pinard (Libertarian) 1.8%
New Hampshire 2 James Colgate Cleveland Republican 1962 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y James Colgate Cleveland (Republican) 68.1%
  • Edgar J. Helms (Democratic) 31.9%

New Jersey

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
New Jersey 1 James Florio Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y James Florio (Democratic) 79.4%
  • Robert Mark Deitch (Republican) 20.1%
  • Julius Levin (Socialist Labor) 0.5%
New Jersey 2 William J. Hughes Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y William J. Hughes (Democratic) 66.4%
  • James H. Biggs (Republican) 33.6%
New Jersey 3 James J. Howard Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y James J. Howard (Democratic) 56.0%
  • Bruce G. Coe (Republican) 43.5%
  • Stevenson M. Enterline (Libertarian) 0.6%
New Jersey 4 Frank Thompson Democratic 1954 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Frank Thompson (Democratic) 61.1%
  • Chris Smith (Republican) 36.9%
  • John Valjean Mahalchik (Independent) 1.0%
  • Paul B. Rizzo (Independent) 0.7%
  • Judson Carter (Independent) 0.3%
New Jersey 5 Millicent Fenwick Republican 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Millicent Fenwick (Republican) 72.6%
  • John T. Fahy (Democratic) 27.4%
New Jersey 6 Edwin B. Forsythe Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Edwin B. Forsythe (Republican) 60.4%
  • W. Thomas McGann (Democratic) 38.4%
  • Bernardo S. Doganiero (Socialist Labor) 0.5%
  • Charles M. Pike Jr. (Libertarian) 0.4%
  • Hazel McGlory (Independent) 0.3%
New Jersey 7 Andrew Maguire Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Andrew Maguire (Democratic) 52.5%
  • Marge Roukema (Republican) 46.6%
  • Robert Shapiro (Libertarian) 0.7%
  • Elliot Greenspan (Lab) 0.2%
New Jersey 8 Robert A. Roe Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Robert A. Roe (Democratic) 74.5%
  • Thomas Melani (Republican) 25.5%
New Jersey 9 Harold C. Hollenbeck Republican 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Harold C. Hollenbeck (Republican) 48.9%
  • Nicholas S. Mastorelli (Democratic) 37.9%
  • Henry Helstoski (Independent) 12.7%
  • Bruce Todd (Lab) 0.4%
New Jersey 10 Peter W. Rodino Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Peter W. Rodino (Democratic) 86.4%
  • John L. Pelt (Republican) 12.6%
  • Tony Austin (Socialist Workers) 0.5%
  • Gordon A. Douglas (Lab) 0.5%
New Jersey 11 Joseph Minish Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Joseph Minish (Democratic) 70.5%
  • Julius George Feld (Republican) 28.5%
  • Richard S. Roth (Libertarian) 1.0%
New Jersey 12 Matthew John Rinaldo Republican 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Matthew John Rinaldo (Republican) 73.4%
  • Richard McCormack (Democratic) 26.6%
New Jersey 13 Helen Stevenson Meyner Democratic 1974 Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
  • Y Jim Courter (Republican) 51.8%
  • Helen Stevenson Meyner (Democratic) 48.2%
New Jersey 14 Joseph A. LeFante Democratic 1976 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Frank Joseph Guarini (Democratic) 63.6%
  • Henry J. Hill (Republican) 20.3%
  • Thomas E. McDonough (Independent) 14.3%
  • John E. Walton (Independent) 1.9%
New Jersey 15 Edward J. Patten Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Edward J. Patten (Democratic) 48.3%
  • Charles W. Wiley (Republican) 45.8%
  • Ann V. Bastian (Independent) 4.7%
  • Michael Fieschko (Libertarian) 1.2%

New Mexico

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
New Mexico 1 Manuel Lujan Jr. Republican 1968 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Manuel Lujan Jr. (Republican) 62.5%
  • Robert M. Hawk (Democratic) 37.5%
New Mexico 2 Harold L. Runnels Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Harold L. Runnels (Democratic) Unopposed

New York

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
New York 1 Otis G. Pike Democratic 1960 Incumbent retired.
Conservative gain.
  • Y William Carney (Con/Republican) 56.3%
  • John Randolph (Democratic) 41.9%
  • Dorothy A. Samek (Lib) 1.8%
New York 2 Thomas J. Downey Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Thomas J. Downey (Democratic) 54.9%
  • Harold J. Withers (Republican) 45.1%
New York 3 Jerome Ambro Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Jerome Ambro (Democratic) 50.9%
  • Gregory W. Carman (Republican) 47.9%
  • William Clark (Lib) 1.2%
New York 4 Norman F. Lent Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Norman F. Lent (Republican) 66.1%
  • Everett A. Rosenblum (Democratic) 32.5%
  • Aaron M. Schein (Lib) 1.5%
New York 5 John W. Wydler Republican 1962 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y John W. Wydler (Republican) 58.4%
  • John W. Matthews (Democratic) 41.6%
New York 6 Lester L. Wolff Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Lester L. Wolff (Democratic) 60.0%
  • Stuart L. Ain (Republican) 32.9%
  • Howard Horowitz (Con) 7.1%
New York 7 Joseph P. Addabbo Democratic 1960 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Joseph P. Addabbo (Democratic) 94.9%
  • Mark Elliott Scott (Con) 5.1%
New York 8 Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal (Democratic) 78.6%
  • Albert Lemishow (Republican) 15.9%
  • Paul C. Ruebenacker (Con) 5.4%
New York 9 James J. Delaney Democratic 1944
1946 (defeated)
1948
Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Geraldine Ferraro (Democratic) 54.2%
  • Alfred A. DelliBovi (Republican) 44.4%
  • Theodore E. Garrison (Lib) 1.4%
New York 10 Mario Biaggi Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Mario Biaggi (Democratic) 95.0%
  • Carmen Ricciardi (Con) 5.0%
New York 11 James H. Scheuer Democratic 1964
1972 (defeated)
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y James H. Scheuer (Democratic) 78.5%
  • Kenneth Huhn (Republican) 21.5%
New York 12 Shirley Chisholm Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Shirley Chisholm (Democratic) 87.8%
  • Charles Gibbs (Republican) 12.2%
New York 13 Stephen J. Solarz Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Stephen J. Solarz (Democratic) 81.1%
  • Max Carasso (Republican) 18.9%
New York 14 Fred Richmond Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Fred Richmond (Democratic) 76.9%
  • Arthur Bramwell (Republican) 18.4%
  • Ralph J. Carrano (Con) 3.3%
  • Sharon D. Grant (Socialist Workers) 1.4%
New York 15 Leo C. Zeferetti Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Leo C. Zeferetti (Democratic) 68.1%
  • Robert P. Whelan (Republican) 28.4%
  • Ronald Seminara (Lib) 3.5%
New York 16 Elizabeth Holtzman Democratic 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Elizabeth Holtzman (Democratic) 81.9%
  • Larry Penner (Republican) 12.9%
  • John H. Fox (Con) 5.2%
New York 17 John M. Murphy Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y John M. Murphy (Democratic) 54.2%
  • John M. Peters (Republican) 33.1%
  • Thomas Hoyt Stokes (Lib) 12.7%
New York 18 Bill Green Republican 1978 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Bill Green (Republican) 53.3%
  • Carter Burden (Democratic) 46.7%
New York 19 Charles B. Rangel Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Charles B. Rangel (Democratic) 96.4%
  • E. Freeman Yearling (Con) 2.7%
  • Kenneth B. Miliner (Socialist Workers) 1.0%
New York 20 Theodore S. Weiss Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Theodore S. Weiss (Democratic) 84.6%
  • Harry Torczyner (Republican) 15.4%
New York 21 Robert García Democratic 1978 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Robert García (Democratic) 98.0%
  • Lawrence W. Lindsley (Con) 2.0%
New York 22 Jonathan Brewster Bingham Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Jonathan Brewster Bingham (Democratic) 84.1%
  • Anthony J. Geidel Jr. (Republican) 15.9%
New York 23 Bruce F. Caputo Republican 1976 Incumbent retired to run for Lieutenant Governor of New York.
Democratic gain.
  • Y Peter A. Peyser (Democratic) 51.6%
  • Angelo Martinelli (Republican) 46.2%
  • John P. Hagan (Lib) 2.1%
New York 24 Richard Ottinger Democratic 1964
1970 (retired)
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Richard Ottinger (Democratic) 56.1%
  • Michael R. Edelman (Republican) 42.7%
  • Richard O. Reyes (Lib) 1.1%
  • Michael O'Mara Billington (Independent) 0.1%
New York 25 Hamilton Fish IV Republican 1968 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Hamilton Fish IV (Republican) 78.2%
  • Gunars M. Ozols (Democratic) 21.3%
  • Frank Fletcher (Socialist Labor) 0.5%
New York 26 Benjamin A. Gilman Republican 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Benjamin A. Gilman (Republican) 62.3%
  • Charles Emmet Holbrook (Democratic) 30.0%
  • William R. Schaeffer Jr. (Con) 7.7%
New York 27 Matthew F. McHugh Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Matthew F. McHugh (Democratic) 55.8%
  • Neil Tyler Wallace (Republican) 44.2%
New York 28 Samuel S. Stratton Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Samuel S. Stratton (Democratic) 76.3%
  • Paul H. Tocker (Republican) 19.7%
  • Richard A. Hind (Lib) 4.0%
New York 29 Edward W. Pattison Democratic 1974 Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
  • Y Gerald B. H. Solomon (Republican) 54.0%
  • Edward W. Pattison (Democratic) 46.0%
New York 30 Robert C. McEwen Republican 1964 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Robert C. McEwen (Republican) 60.5%
  • Norma A. Bartle (Democratic) 39.5%
New York 31 Donald J. Mitchell Republican 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Donald J. Mitchell (Republican) Unopposed
New York 32 James M. Hanley Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y James M. Hanley (Democratic) 52.4%
  • Peter Del Giorno (Republican) 46.1%
  • Lillian E. Reiner (Lib) 1.5%
New York 33 William F. Walsh Republican 1972 Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
  • Y Gary A. Lee (Republican) 56.0%
  • Roy A. Bernardi (Democratic) 39.5%
  • Robert J. Byrne (Con) 3.4%
  • Lynne Budzinski (Lib) 1.1%
New York 34 Frank Horton Republican 1962 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Frank Horton (Republican) 87.1%
  • Leo J. Kesselring (Con) 12.9%
New York 35 Barber Conable Republican 1964 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Barber Conable (Republican) 69.4%
  • Francis C. Repicci (Democratic) 26.3%
  • Karen A. Hammel (Con) 4.4%
New York 36 John J. LaFalce Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y John J. LaFalce (Democratic) 74.1%
  • Francina Joyce Cartonia (Republican) 23.5%
  • Francis P. Mundy (Con) 2.4%
New York 37 Henry J. Nowak Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Henry J. Nowak (Democratic) 78.6%
  • Charles Poth III (Republican) 19.5%
  • Dunstan Haettenschwiller (Con) 1.7%
  • Khushro Ghandi (Lab) 0.3%
New York 38 Jack Kemp Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Jack Kemp (Republican) 94.8%
  • James A. Peck (Lib) 5.2%
New York 39 Stan Lundine Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Stan Lundine (Democratic) 58.5%
  • Crispin Maguire (Republican) 41.5%

North Carolina

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
North Carolina 1 Walter B. Jones Sr. Democratic 1966 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Walter B. Jones Sr. (Democratic) 80.1%
  • James Milford Newcomb (Republican) 19.9%
North Carolina 2 Lawrence H. Fountain Democratic 1952 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Lawrence H. Fountain (Democratic) 78.2%
  • Barry Lynn Gardner (Republican) 20.2%
  • Les Koehler (Libertarian) 1.5%
North Carolina 3 Charles Orville Whitley Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Charles Orville Whitley (Democratic) 71.1%
  • Willard Jackson Blanchard (Republican) 28.9%
North Carolina 4 Ike Franklin Andrews Democratic 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Ike Franklin Andrews (Democratic) 94.4%
  • Naudeen Beek (Libertarian) 5.6%
North Carolina 5 Stephen L. Neal Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Stephen L. Neal (Democratic) 54.2%
  • Hamilton C. Horton (Republican) 45.8%
North Carolina 6 L. Richardson Preyer Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y L. Richardson Preyer (Democratic) 68.4%
  • George S. Bemus (Republican) 31.6%
North Carolina 7 Charlie Rose Democratic 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Charlie Rose (Democratic) 69.9%
  • Raymond Schrump (Republican) 30.1%
North Carolina 8 Bill Hefner Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Bill Hefner (Democratic) 59.0%
  • Roger Lee Austin (Republican) 41.0%
North Carolina 9 James G. Martin Republican 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y James G. Martin (Republican) 68.3%
  • Charles Kimball Maxwell (Democratic) 30.7%
  • Frederick W. Pasotto (Libertarian) 0.9%
North Carolina 10 Jim Broyhill Republican 1962 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Jim Broyhill (Republican) Unopposed
North Carolina 11 V. Lamar Gudger Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y V. Lamar Gudger (Democratic) 53.4%
  • R. Curtis Ratcliff (Republican) 46.6%

North Dakota

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
North Dakota at-large Mark Andrews Republican 1963 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Mark Andrews (Republican) 67.0%
  • Bruce F. Hagen (Democratic) 30.9%
  • Harley J. McLain (Independent) 1.5%
  • Don Klingensmith (Independent) 0.6%

Ohio

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Ohio 1 Bill Gradison Republican 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Bill Gradison (Republican) 64.5%
  • Timothy M. Burke (Democratic) 33.9%
  • Joseph E. May (Independent) 1.7%
Ohio 2 Tom Luken Democratic 1974 (special)
1974 (defeated)
1976
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Tom Luken (Democratic) 52.4%
  • Stanley J. Aronoff (Republican) 47.6%
Ohio 3 Charles W. Whalen Jr. Republican 1966 Incumbent retired.
Democratic gain.
  • Y Tony P. Hall (Democratic) 53.8%
  • Dudley P. Kircher (Republican) 44.4%
  • Alfred R. Deptula (Independent) 1.8%
Ohio 4 Tennyson Guyer Republican 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Tennyson Guyer (Republican) 68.5%
  • John William Griffin (Democratic) 31.5%
Ohio 5 Del Latta Republican 1958 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Del Latta (Republican) 62.6%
  • James Robert Sherck (Democratic) 37.4%
Ohio 6 Bill Harsha Republican 1960 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Bill Harsha (Republican) 64.9%
  • Ted Strickland (Democratic) 35.1%
Ohio 7 Bud Brown Republican 1965 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Bud Brown (Republican) Unopposed
Ohio 8 Tom Kindness Republican 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Tom Kindness (Republican) 71.4%
  • Luella R. Schroeder (Democratic) 28.6%
  • George Hahn (Independent) 0.003%
Ohio 9 Thomas L. Ashley Democratic 1954 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Thomas L. Ashley (Democratic) 63.4%
  • John C. Hoyt (Republican) 30.3%
  • Michael James Lewinski (Independent) 4.0%
  • Edward Silvio Emery (Independent) 2.3%
Ohio 10 Clarence E. Miller Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Clarence E. Miller (Republican) 73.9%
  • James A. Plummer (Democratic) 26.1%
Ohio 11 J. William Stanton Republican 1964 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y J. William Stanton (Republican) 68.1%
  • Patrick James Donlin (Democratic) 28.3%
  • Robert Dean Penny (Independent) 3.6%
Ohio 12 Samuel L. Devine Republican 1958 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Samuel L. Devine (Republican) 56.9%
  • James L. Baumann (Democratic) 43.1%
Ohio 13 Donald J. Pease Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Donald J. Pease (Democratic) 65.1%
  • Mark W. Whitfield (Republican) 34.9%
Ohio 14 John F. Seiberling Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y John F. Seiberling (Democratic) 72.5%
  • Walter J. Vogel (Republican) 27.5%
Ohio 15 Chalmers Wylie Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Chalmers Wylie (Republican) 71.1%
  • Henry W. Eckhart (Republican) 28.9%
Ohio 16 Ralph Regula Republican 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Ralph Regula (Republican) 78.0%
  • Owen S. Hand Jr. (Democratic) 22.0%
Ohio 17 John M. Ashbrook Republican 1960 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y John M. Ashbrook (Republican) 67.4%
  • Kenneth Robert Grier (Democratic) 32.6%
Ohio 18 Douglas Applegate Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Douglas Applegate (Democratic) 59.5%
  • William J. Ress (Republican) 40.5%
Ohio 19 Charles J. Carney Democratic 1970 Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
  • Y Lyle Williams (Republican) 50.7%
  • Charles J. Carney (Democratic) 49.3%
Ohio 20 Mary Rose Oakar Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Mary Rose Oakar (Democratic) Unopposed
Ohio 21 Louis Stokes Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Louis Stokes (Democratic) 86.1%
  • Bill Mack (Republican) 13.9%
Ohio 22 Charles Vanik Democratic 1954 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Charles Vanik (Democratic) 66.0%
  • Richard W. Sander (Republican) 23.3%
  • James F. Sexton (Independent) 5.4%
  • Robert E. Lehman (Independent) 5.3%
Ohio 23 Ronald M. Mottl Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Ronald M. Mottl (Democratic) 74.8%
  • Homer S. Taft (Republican) 25.2%

Oklahoma

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Oklahoma 1 James R. Jones Democratic 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y James R. Jones (Democratic) 59.9%
  • Paula Unruh (Republican) 40.1%
Oklahoma 2 Ted Risenhoover Democratic 1974 Incumbent lost renomination.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Mike Synar (Democratic) 54.8%
  • Gary Richardson (Republican) 45.2%
Oklahoma 3 Wes Watkins Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Wes Watkins (Democratic) Unopposed
Oklahoma 4 Tom Steed Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Tom Steed (Democratic) 60.3%
  • Seward Eliot Robb (Republican) 39.7%
Oklahoma 5 Mickey Edwards Republican 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Mickey Edwards (Republican) 79.9%
  • Jesse Dennis Knipp (Democratic) 20.1%
Oklahoma 6 Glenn English Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Glenn English (Democratic) 74.2%
  • Harold V. Hunter (Republican) 25.8%

Oregon

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Oregon 1 Les AuCoin Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Les AuCoin (Democratic) 62.9%
  • Nick Bunick (Republican) 37.1%
Oregon 2 Al Ullman Democratic 1956 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Al Ullman (Democratic) 69.2%
  • Terry L. Hicks (Republican) 30.8%
Oregon 3 Robert B. Duncan Democratic 1962
1966 (retired)
1974
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Robert B. Duncan (Democratic) 84.9%
  • Martin Simon (Lab) 15.1%
Oregon 4 Jim Weaver Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Jim Weaver (Democratic) 56.3%
  • Jerry Lausmann (Republican) 43.7%

Pennsylvania

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Pennsylvania 1 Michael Myers Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Michael Myers (Democratic) 71.9%
  • Samuel N. Fanelli (Republican) 26.1%
  • Jeffrey C. Smith (Libertarian) 2.0%
Pennsylvania 2 Robert N. C. Nix Sr. Democratic 1958 Incumbent lost renomination.
Democratic hold.
  • Y William H. Gray III (Democratic) 82.0%
  • Roland J. Atkins (Republican) 15.9%
  • Benjamin A. Bailey (Socialist Workers) 1.4%
  • Anton Henry Chaitkin (Lab) 0.7%
Pennsylvania 3 Raymond Lederer Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Raymond Lederer (Democratic) 71.8%
  • Raymond S. Kauffman (Republican) 28.2%
Pennsylvania 4 Joshua Eilberg Democratic 1966 Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
  • Y Charles F. Dougherty (Republican) 55.8%
  • Joshua Eilberg (Democratic) 44.2%
Pennsylvania 5 Richard T. Schulze Republican 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Richard T. Schulze (Republican) 75.1%
  • Murray P. Zealor (Democratic) 24.9%
Pennsylvania 6 Gus Yatron Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Gus Yatron (Democratic) 73.8%
  • Stephen Mazur (Republican) 26.2%
Pennsylvania 7 Robert W. Edgar Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Robert W. Edgar (Democratic) 50.3%
  • Eugene Daniel Kane (Republican) 49.4%
  • Anthony Nazzereno Esposito (Lab) 0.3%
Pennsylvania 8 Peter H. Kostmayer Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Peter H. Kostmayer (Democratic) 61.1%
  • G. Roger Bowers (Republican) 38.9%
Pennsylvania 9 Bud Shuster Republican 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Bud Shuster (Republican) 74.9%
  • Blaine Leroy Havice Jr. (Democratic) 25.1%
Pennsylvania 10 Joseph M. McDade Republican 1962 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Joseph M. McDade (Republican) 76.5%
  • Gene Basalyga (Democratic) 23.5%
Pennsylvania 11 Dan Flood Democratic 1944
1946 (defeated)
1948
1952 (defeated)
1954
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Dan Flood (Democratic) 57.5%
  • Robert P. Hudock (Republican) 42.5%
Pennsylvania 12 John Murtha Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y John Murtha (Democratic) 68.7%
  • Luther V. Elkin (Republican) 31.3%
Pennsylvania 13 Lawrence Coughlin Republican 1968 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Lawrence Coughlin (Republican) 70.5%
  • Alan Bendix Rubenstein (Democratic) 29.5%
Pennsylvania 14 William S. Moorhead Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y William S. Moorhead (Democratic) 57.0%
  • Stan Thomas (Republican) 41.9%
  • Stanley James Kuziel (American Independent) 1.0%
Pennsylvania 15 Fred B. Rooney Democratic 1963 Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
  • Y Donald L. Ritter (Republican) 53.2%
  • Fred B. Rooney (Democratic) 46.8%
Pennsylvania 16 Robert Smith Walker Republican 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Robert Smith Walker (Republican) 77.0%
  • Charles W. Boohar (Democratic) 23.0%
Pennsylvania 17 Allen E. Ertel Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Allen E. Ertel (Democratic) 59.6%
  • Thomas Richard Rippon (Republican) 40.4%
Pennsylvania 18 Doug Walgren Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Doug Walgren (Democratic) 57.1%
  • Ted Jacob (Republican) 42.1%
  • James Gelvin (Lab) 0.8%
Pennsylvania 19 William F. Goodling Republican 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y William F. Goodling (Republican) 78.7%
  • Raj Kumar (Democratic) 21.3%
Pennsylvania 20 Joseph M. Gaydos Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Joseph M. Gaydos (Democratic) 72.1%
  • Kathleen M. Meyer (Republican) 27.9%
Pennsylvania 21 John H. Dent Democratic 1958 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Donald A. Bailey (Democratic) 52.9%
  • Robert H. Miller (Republican) 47.1%
Pennsylvania 22 Austin Murphy Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Austin Murphy (Democratic) 71.6%
  • Marilyn Coyle Ecoff (Republican) 28.4%
Pennsylvania 23 Joseph S. Ammerman Democratic 1976 Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
  • Y William F. Clinger Jr. (Republican) 54.3%
  • Joseph S. Ammerman (Democratic) 45.7%
Pennsylvania 24 Marc L. Marks Republican 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Marc L. Marks (Republican) 64.0%
  • Joseph P. Vigorito (Democratic) 36.0%
Pennsylvania 25 Gary A. Myers Republican 1974 Incumbent retired.
Democratic gain.
  • Y Eugene Atkinson (Democratic) 46.5%
  • Tim Shaffer (Republican) 42.3%
  • Robert Henry Morris (Independent) 7.2%
  • John W. Cook (Independent) 4.0%

Rhode Island

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Rhode Island 1 Fernand St. Germain Democratic 1960 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Fernand St. Germain (Democratic) 61.2%
  • Jerry Slocum (Republican) 38.8%
Rhode Island 2 Edward Beard Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Edward Beard (Democratic) 52.6%
  • Claudine Cmarada Schneider (Republican) 47.4%

South Carolina

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
South Carolina 1 Mendel Jackson Davis Democratic 1971 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Mendel Jackson Davis (Democratic) 60.4%
  • C. C. Wannamaker (Republican) 39.6%
South Carolina 2 Floyd Spence Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Floyd Spence (Republican) 57.5%
  • Jack Solomon Bass (Democratic) 42.5%
South Carolina 3 Butler Derrick Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Butler Derrick (Democratic) 81.9%
  • Anthony Panuccio (Republican) 18.1%
South Carolina 4 James Mann Democratic 1968 Incumbent retired.
Republican gain.
  • Y Carroll A. Campbell Jr. (Republican) 52.3%
  • Max M. Heller (Democratic) 46.0%
  • Don Sprouse (Independent) 1.7%
South Carolina 5 Kenneth Lamar Holland Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Kenneth Lamar Holland (Democratic) 82.7%
  • Harold Hough (Independent) 17.3%
South Carolina 6 John Jenrette Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y John Jenrette (Democratic) Unopposed

South Dakota

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
South Dakota 1 Larry Pressler Republican 1974 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.
Democratic gain.
  • Y Tom Daschle (Democratic) 50.05%
  • Leo K. Thorsness (Republican) 49.95%
South Dakota 2 James Abdnor Republican 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y James Abdnor (Republican) 56.0%
  • Robert Samuelson (Democratic) 44.0%

Tennessee

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Tennessee 1 Jimmy Quillen Republican 1962 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Jimmy Quillen (Republican) 64.5%
  • Gordon Ball (Democratic) 35.5%
Tennessee 2 John Duncan Sr. Republican 1964 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y John Duncan Sr. (Republican) 81.8%
  • Margaret Francis (Democratic) 18.2%
Tennessee 3 Marilyn Lloyd Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Marilyn Lloyd (Democratic) 88.9%
  • Dan Rucker East (Independent) 11.1%
Tennessee 4 Al Gore Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Al Gore (Democratic) Unopposed
Tennessee 5 Clifford Allen Democratic 1975 Incumbent died.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Bill Boner (Democratic) 51.4%
  • William Dean Goodwin (Republican) 35.4%
  • Henry Haile (Independent) 13.2%
Tennessee 6 Robin Beard Republican 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Robin Beard (Republican) 74.6%
  • C. Ronald Arline (Democratic) 25.4%
Tennessee 7 Ed Jones Democratic 1969 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Ed Jones (Democratic) 72.9%
  • Ross Earl Cook (Republican) 27.1%
Tennessee 8 Harold Ford Sr. Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Harold Ford Sr. (Democratic) 69.7%
  • Duncan Ragsdale (Republican) 29.1%
  • Richard Whitmore (Independent) 1.3%

Texas

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Texas 1 Sam B. Hall Jr. Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Sam B. Hall Jr. (Democratic) 78.1%
  • Fred Hudson (Republican) 21.9%
Texas 2 Charles Wilson Democratic 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Charles Wilson (Democratic) 70.1%
  • James H. Dillion (Republican) 29.9%
Texas 3 James M. Collins Republican 1968 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y James M. Collins (Republican) Unopposed
Texas 4 Ray Roberts Democratic 1962 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Ray Roberts (Democratic) 61.5%
  • Frank S. Glenn (Republican) 38.5%
Texas 5 Jim Mattox Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Jim Mattox (Democratic) 50.3%
  • Thomas W. Pauken (Republican) 49.1%
  • James Michael White (Socialist Workers) 0.6%
Texas 6 Olin E. Teague Democratic 1946 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Phil Gramm (Democratic) 65.1%
  • Wes Mowery (Republican) 34.9%
Texas 7 Bill Archer Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Bill Archer (Republican) 85.1%
  • Robert Laurence Hutchings (Democratic) 14.9%
Texas 8 Robert C. Eckhardt Democratic 1966 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Robert C. Eckhardt (Democratic) 61.5%
  • Nick Gearhart (Republican) 38.5%
Texas 9 Jack Brooks Democratic 1952 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Jack Brooks (Democratic) 63.3%
  • Randy Evans (Republican) 36.7%
Texas 10 J. J. Pickle Democratic 1963 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y J. J. Pickle (Democratic) 76.3%
  • Emmett Leroy Hudspeth (Republican) 23.7%
Texas 11 William R. Poage Democratic 1936 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Marvin Leath (Democratic) 51.6%
  • Jack Burgess (Republican) 48.4%
Texas 12 Jim Wright Democratic 1954 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Jim Wright (Democratic) 68.5%
  • Claude K. Brown (Republican) 31.5%
Texas 13 Jack Hightower Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Jack Hightower (Democratic) 74.9%
  • Clifford Alvin Jones (Republican) 25.1%
Texas 14 John Andrew Young Democratic 1956 Incumbent lost renomination.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Joseph P. Wyatt Jr. (Democratic) 72.4%
  • Joy Yates (Republican) 27.6%
Texas 15 Kika de la Garza Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Kika de la Garza (Democratic) 66.2%
  • Robert Lendol McDonald (Republican) 33.8%
Texas 16 Richard Crawford White Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Richard Crawford White (Democratic) 70.0%
  • Michael Giere (Republican) 30.0%
Texas 17 Omar Burleson Democratic 1946 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Charles Stenholm (Democratic) 68.1%
  • Billy L. Fisher (Republican) 31.9%
Texas 18 Barbara Jordan Democratic 1972 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Mickey Leland (Democratic) 96.8%
  • Deborah Vee Vernier (Socialist Workers) 3.2%
Texas 19 George H. Mahon Democratic 1934 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Kent Hance (Democratic) 53.2%
  • George W. Bush (Republican) 46.8%
Texas 20 Henry B. González Democratic 1961 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Henry B. González (Democratic) Unopposed
Texas 21 Bob Krueger Democratic 1974 Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senator.
Republican gain.
  • Y Tom Loeffler (Republican) 57.0%
  • Nelson Wolff (Democratic) 43.0%
Texas 22 Robert Gammage Democratic 1976 Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
  • Y Ron Paul (Republican) 50.6%
  • Robert Gammage (Democratic) 49.4%
Texas 23 Abraham Kazen Democratic 1966 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Abraham Kazen (Democratic) 89.7%
  • Agustin Mata (La Raza Unida) 10.3%
Texas 24 Dale Milford Democratic 1972 Incumbent lost renomination.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Martin Frost (Democratic) 54.1%
  • Leo Berman (Republican) 45.9%

Utah

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Utah 1 K. Gunn McKay Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y K. Gunn McKay (Democratic) 51.0%
  • Jed J. Richardson (Republican) 46.2%
  • Robert Terrance Owens (American Independent) 2.3%
  • Dennis A. De Boer (Independent) 0.5%
Utah 2 David Daniel Marriott Republican 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y David Daniel Marriott (Republican) 62.3%
  • Edwin Brown Firmage (Democratic) 35.3%
  • Lawrence Rey Topham (American Independent) 1.0%
  • Bruce Bangerter (Independent) 0.8%
  • William C. Hoyle (Independent) 0.7%

Vermont

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Vermont at-large Jim Jeffords Republican 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Jim Jeffords (Republican) 75.3%
  • Sarah Marie Dietz (Democratic) 19.3%
  • Peter Diamondstone (Independent) 5.4%

Virginia

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Virginia 1 Paul Trible Republican 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Paul Trible (Republican) 72.1%
  • Lewis Burwell Puller Jr. (Democratic) 27.9%
Virginia 2 G. William Whitehurst Republican 1968 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y G. William Whitehurst (Republican) Unopposed
Virginia 3 David E. Satterfield III Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y David E. Satterfield III (Democratic) 87.9%
  • Alan Robert Ogden (Independent) 12.1%
Virginia 4 Robert Daniel Republican 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Robert Daniel (Republican) Unopposed
Virginia 5 Dan Daniel Democratic 1968 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Dan Daniel (Democratic) Unopposed
Virginia 6 M. Caldwell Butler Republican 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y M. Caldwell Butler (Republican) Unopposed
Virginia 7 J. Kenneth Robinson Republican 1970 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y J. Kenneth Robinson (Republican) 64.3%
  • Lewis P. Fickett Jr. (Democratic) 35.7%
Virginia 8 Herbert Harris Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Herbert Harris (Democratic) 50.5%
  • John F. Herrity (Republican) 47.1%
  • Charles E. Coe (Independent) 2.4%
Virginia 9 William C. Wampler Republican 1952
1954 (defeated)
1966
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y William C. Wampler (Republican) 61.9%
  • Charles Champ Clark (Democratic) 38.1%
Virginia 10 Joseph L. Fisher Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Joseph L. Fisher (Democratic) 53.4%
  • Frank Wolf (Republican) 46.6%

Washington

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Washington 1 Joel Pritchard Republican 1972 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Joel Pritchard (Republican) 64.0%
  • Janice Niemi (Democratic) 33.7%
  • John H. Addison (Libertarian) 2.3%
Washington 2 Lloyd Meeds Democratic 1964 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
  • Y Al Swift (Democratic) 51.4%
  • John Nance Garner (Republican) 48.6%
Washington 3 Don Bonker Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Don Bonker (Democratic) 58.6%
  • Richard H. Bennett (Republican) 41.4%
Washington 4 Mike McCormack Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Mike McCormack (Democratic) 61.1%
  • Susan Roylance (Republican) 38.9%
Washington 5 Tom Foley Democratic 1964 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Tom Foley (Democratic) 48.0%
  • Duane Alton (Republican) 42.7%
  • Mel Tonasket (Independent) 9.3%
Washington 6 Norm Dicks Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Norm Dicks (Democratic) 60.9%
  • James Edward Beaver (Republican) 37.4%
  • Mary Kathleen Smith (Socialist Workers) 1.8%
Washington 7 John E. Cunningham Republican 1977 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.
  • Y Mike Lowry (Democratic) 53.3%
  • John E. Cunningham (Republican) 46.7%

West Virginia

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
West Virginia 1 Bob Mollohan Democratic 1952
1956 (retired)
1968
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Bob Mollohan (Democratic) 63.4%
  • Gene A. Haynes (Republican) 36.6%
West Virginia 2 Harley Orrin Staggers Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Harley Orrin Staggers (Democratic) 55.3%
  • Cleve Benedict (Republican) 44.7%
West Virginia 3 John M. Slack Jr. Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y John M. Slack Jr. (Democratic) 59.2%
  • Mick Staton (Republican) 40.8%
West Virginia 4 Nick Rahall Democratic 1976 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Nick Rahall (Democratic) Unopposed

Wisconsin

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Wisconsin 1 Les Aspin Democratic 1970 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Les Aspin (Democratic) 54.5%
  • William W. Petrie (Republican) 45.5%
Wisconsin 2 Robert Kastenmeier Democratic 1958 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Robert Kastenmeier (Democratic) 57.7%
  • James A. Wright (Republican) 41.3%
  • Dick G. Fields (Independent) 1.0%
Wisconsin 3 Alvin Baldus Democratic 1974 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Alvin Baldus (Democratic) 62.8%
  • Michael Steven Ellis (Republican) 37.2%
Wisconsin 4 Clement J. Zablocki Democratic 1948 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Clement J. Zablocki (Democratic) 66.1%
  • Elroy C. Honadel (Republican) 33.9%
Wisconsin 5 Henry S. Reuss Democratic 1954 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Henry S. Reuss (Democratic) 73.1%
  • James R. W. Medina (Republican) 25.9%
  • Paul Greenberg (Independent) 0.7%
  • John Edward Sokoly (Independent) 0.3%
Wisconsin 6 William A. Steiger Republican 1966 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y William A. Steiger (Republican) 69.6%
  • Robert J. Steffes (Democratic) 29.6%
  • Gordon Ponschock (Con) 0.8%
Wisconsin 7 Dave Obey Democratic 1969 (Special) Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Dave Obey (Democratic) 62.2%
  • Vinton A. Vesta (Republican) 36.9%
  • George Olishkewych (Con) 0.9%
Wisconsin 8 Robert John Cornell Democratic 1974 Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
  • Y Toby Roth (Republican) 57.9%
  • Robert John Cornell (Democratic) 42.1%
Wisconsin 9 Bob Kasten Republican 1974 Incumbent retired to run for Governor of Wisconsin.
Republican hold.
  • Y Jim Sensenbrenner (Republican) 61.2%
  • Matthew J. Flynn (Democratic) 38.8%

Wyoming

District Incumbent Party First
elected
Result Candidates
Wyoming at-large Teno Roncalio Democratic 1964
1966 (retired)
1970
Incumbent retired.
Republican gain.
  • Y Dick Cheney (Republican) 58.6%
  • William D. Bagley (Democratic) 41.4%

See also

Works cited

  • Abramson, Paul; Aldrich, John; Rohde, David (1995). Change and Continuity in the 1992 Elections. CQ Press. ISBN 0871878399.

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