1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum

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The 1981 Philippine presidential election and national referendum was held on June 16, 1981. It was the first time an election was held in the Philippines, 12 years after the 1969 Philippine presidential election, the declaration of martial law on September 21, 1972 and under the 1973 constitution. Incumbent President Ferdinand E. Marcos of the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) defeated retired general and World War II veteran Alejo Santos of the Nacionalista Party in a landslide victory. Most opposition parties boycotted the election as a sign of protest over the 1978 election for the Interim Batasang Pambansa (National Assembly), which they condemned as fraudulent. At the same time, a national referendum was held on the question in holding elections for barangay elections in 1982.

1981 Philippine presidential election
← 1969
June 16, 1981
1986 →
Turnout80.9% (1.3pp)
 
Candidate Ferdinand Marcos Alejo Santos
Party KBL Nacionalista
Popular vote 18,309,360 1,716,449
Percentage 88.02% 8.25%
Election result per province. Marcos won in every province, city, and municipality.
President before election

Ferdinand Marcos
KBL

Elected President

Ferdinand Marcos
KBL

June 1981 Philippine referendum
June 16, 1981
Should there be barangay elections right after the presidential elections?
OutcomeProposal carried
Results
Choice
 Votes %
Yes 16,268,523 81.09%
No 3,793,322 18.91%
Valid votes 20,061,845 91.84%
Invalid or blank votes 1,781,984 8.16%
Total votes 21,843,829 100.00%

Marcos' 80% margin of victory is the most lopsided Philippine presidential election ever, beating out Manuel L. Quezon's landslide victory of 64% in 1941. Marcos getting 88% of the vote is also the largest in Philippine presidential election history, also beating Quezon's 1941 record of 82%. This is also the most votes received by a person in the Philippines for a single-winner election until 2022 when Sara Duterte won 32 million votes; for multiple-winner elections, it was beaten by Mar Roxas in 2004 with 19 million votes. This was also the presidential election with the most number of candidates, with 13, although nine candidates with the fewest votes collectively just got 0.13% of the vote.

Marcos would have served another six-year term ending in 1987, but it was cut short by the 1986 snap election that eventually resulted in his ouster in the People Power Revolution. This was the most recent presidential election where an incumbent President won re-election.

Lifting of martial law

On January 17, 1981, President Marcos announced the lifting of martial law via Proclamation No. 2045; in his address, he also inaugurated the "New Republic." Although martial law has ended, Marcos retained all presidential decrees, legislative powers and the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus. The lifting of martial law was speculated to be due to the election of U.S. President Ronald Reagan, with whom Marcos wanted to have close relationship with and who was to be inaugurated only three days later, and the arrival of Pope John Paul II in the country. In February, the Interim Batasang Pambansa (parliament) passed a constitutional amendment that changed the parliamentary system of government to a semi-presidential modeled on that of France. The electorate approved the amendment in a plebiscite held in April. Marcos then called for a presidential election to be scheduled in June.

Campaign

The opposition, as early as April, had decided to boycott the election. The United Nationalist Democratic Organization (UNIDO), the main opposition umbrella group, wanted to clean the voters' list, a revamping of the Commission on Elections, a campaign to be held nationwide and that UNIDO accredited as a minority party. Marcos did not accept the demands which led UNIDO to call for a boycott. This caused for Marcos to be reportedly dismayed as he could not legitimize the election without a viable opposition candidate. UNIDO also refused to participate as Benigno Aquino Jr. (who was in exile in Massachusetts) was not allowed to participate since only people fifty years old or older were allowed to participate (Aquino was 48 years old at the time).

Marcos instructed Nacionalista Party president Jose Roy to find a token candidate to oppose him. The Nacionalista Party was then a moribund political entity because Marcos, who was elected twice before under its banner, had alternately lured and coerced the vast majority its members to his new Kilusang Bagong Lipunan. The Nacionalista Party chose former Defense Secretary and Bulacan governor Alejo Santos as their standard bearer. Santos, who was appointed by Marcos as chairman of the board of the Philippine Veterans Bank, had Francisco Tatad, Marcos' former information minister, as his campaign manager. The other main candidate was Bartolome Cabangbang of the Federal Party, whose platform was for the Philippines to become the 51st state of the United States.

With UNIDO pressing for a boycott, the government issued a statement that abstention was a mortal sin; the Archbishop of Manila, Cardinal Jaime Sin responded that the people "were free to exercise their moral judgment whether to vote or not." Those who did not vote on the April plebiscite were issued summons to force them to vote.

Results

Presidential election

Marcos won in every province and city canvassed by the Batasang Pambansa. Marcos' vote totals won't be surpassed until 2022, when his son Bongbong won the presidency.

Marcos won overwhelmingly, but with people remembering the American colonial era and wanting a change from the martial law conditions, Cabangbang surprisingly got 4% of the vote.

CandidatePartyVotes%
Ferdinand Marcos
(incumbent)		Kilusang Bagong Lipunan18,309,36088.02
Alejo SantosNacionalista Party (Roy wing)1,716,4498.25
Bartolome CabangbangFederal Party749,8453.60
Delfin R. ManapazIndependent6,4990.03
Ursula C. DajaoIndependent4,9550.02
Benito L. ValdezIndependent4,2240.02
Lope B. RimandoIndependent1,9540.01
Lucio A. HinigpitSovereign Citizen Party1,9450.01
Pacifico S. MorelosIndependent1,7400.01
Jose C. IgrobayIndependent1,4210.01
Simeon G. del RosarioIndependent1,2340.01
Salvador Q. EnageIndependent1,1850.01
Florencio Z. TipanoIndependent5920.00
Total20,801,403100.00
Valid votes20,801,40395.23
Invalid/blank votes1,042,4264.77
Total votes21,843,829100.00
Registered voters/turnout26,986,45180.94
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos
  1. Santos ran under Jose Roy's wing of the Nacionalista Party, while the rest of the party boycotted the election.
Popular vote
Marcos
 
 88.02%
Santos
 
 8.25%
Others
 
 3.73%

Results by province and city

Province/City Marcos Santos Cabangbang Manapaz Dajao Valdez Rimando Hingpit Morelos Igrobay Del Rosario Enage Tipanao
Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes %
Abra 85,633 99.58 302 0.35 53 0.06 0 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Agusan del Norte 48,920 62.08 28,264 35.87 1,449 1.84 30 0.04 18 0.02 22 0.03 8 0.01 68 0.09 7 0.01 0 0.00 1 0.00 5 0.01 4 0.01
Agusan del Sur 115,080 88.86 12,179 9.40 2,074 1.60 21 0.02 25 0.02 10 0.01 5 0.00 79 0.06 6 0.00 3 0.00 4 0.00 11 0.01 3 0.00
Aklan 152,479 98.59 1,855 1.20 301 0.19 8 0.01 0 0.00 10 0.01 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Albay 182,609 78.44 46,491 19.97 3,122 1.34 88 0.04 92 0.04 130 0.06 35 0.02 74 0.03 37 0.02 44 0.02 43 0.02 29 0.01 11 0.00
Angeles City 49,429 80.32 8,574 13.93 3,368 5.47 27 0.04 75 0.12 12 0.02 13 0.02 6 0.01 14 0.02 3 0.00 7 0.01 6 0.01 3 0.00
Antique 169,359 99.40 682 0.40 330 0.19 2 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 14 0.01 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Aurora — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Bacolod 161,855 99.41 452 0.28 504 0.31 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Bago 44,845 99.50 169 0.37 58 0.13 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Baguio 59,339 86.59 5,836 8.52 3,048 4.45 31 0.05 57 0.08 38 0.06 122 0.18 9 0.01 13 0.02 8 0.01 13 0.02 5 0.01 7 0.01
Bais 16,357 85.80 791 4.15 1,895 9.94 6 0.03 5 0.03 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.01 3 0.02 2 0.01 2 0.01 1 0.01 0 0.00
Basilan 51,544 86.60 5,820 9.78 2,081 3.50 10 0.02 15 0.03 16 0.03 5 0.01 2 0.00 7 0.01 1 0.00 7 0.01 4 0.01 9 0.02
Bataan 115,133 86.62 14,559 10.95 1,646 1.24 1,376 1.04 30 0.02 82 0.06 19 0.01 10 0.01 21 0.02 16 0.01 17 0.01 6 0.00 4 0.00
Batanes — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Batangas 323,158 86.89 43,811 11.78 4,456 1.20 126 0.03 86 0.02 84 0.02 44 0.01 32 0.01 30 0.01 31 0.01 29 0.01 12 0.00 9 0.00
Batangas City 50,576 89.46 4,863 8.60 1,016 1.80 13 0.02 12 0.02 12 0.02 6 0.01 6 0.01 7 0.01 10 0.02 8 0.01 3 0.01 4 0.01
Benguet 83,277 83.19 15,464 15.45 1,107 1.11 30 0.03 73 0.07 48 0.05 31 0.03 10 0.01 29 0.03 9 0.01 9 0.01 15 0.01 7 0.01
Bohol 276,407 84.09 18,639 5.67 33,517 10.20 39 0.01 18 0.01 33 0.01 2 0.00 11 0.00 15 0.00 4 0.00 4 0.00 7 0.00 4 0.00
Bukidnon 165,234 81.95 15,910 7.89 19,896 9.87 75 0.04 127 0.06 153 0.08 41 0.02 34 0.02 62 0.03 10 0.00 25 0.01 37 0.02 20 0.01
Bulacan 351,042 75.37 110,607 23.75 3,823 0.82 87 0.02 65 0.01 17 0.00 29 0.01 10 0.00 24 0.01 27 0.01 9 0.00 8 0.00 10 0.00
Butuan 39,317 59.02 25,315 38.00 1,455 2.18 27 0.04 25 0.04 18 0.03 4 0.01 413 0.62 29 0.04 0 0.00 2 0.00 7 0.01 1 0.00
Cabanatuan 58,547 90.24 5,712 8.80 612 0.94 3 0.00 2 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.00
Cadiz 59,488 99.62 157 0.26 72 0.12 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Cagayan 311,783 97.27 8,166 2.55 467 0.15 18 0.01 36 0.01 35 0.01 15 0.00 6 0.00 11 0.00 1 0.00 4 0.00 3 0.00 2 0.00
Cagayan de Oro 70,172 82.06 6,593 7.71 8,453 9.88 41 0.05 64 0.07 79 0.09 13 0.02 31 0.04 15 0.02 11 0.01 16 0.02 15 0.02 12 0.01
Calbayog 38,485 93.77 2,129 5.19 399 0.97 6 0.01 2 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 21 0.05 0 0.00 2 0.00 0 0.00
Caloocan 256,048 93.99 10,813 3.97 5,406 1.98 42 0.02 22 0.01 21 0.01 16 0.01 2 0.00 17 0.01 16 0.01 10 0.00 4 0.00 8 0.00
Camarines Norte 40,293 57.18 28,136 39.93 1,716 2.44 96 0.14 55 0.08 65 0.09 15 0.02 14 0.02 18 0.03 12 0.02 28 0.04 13 0.02 10 0.01
Camarines Sur 226,582 72.24 85,002 27.10 1,722 0.55 55 0.02 111 0.04 53 0.02 31 0.01 13 0.00 33 0.01 13 0.00 26 0.01 17 0.01 13 0.00
Camiguin 21,308 90.95 1,396 5.96 701 2.99 4 0.02 2 0.01 2 0.01 0 0.00 6 0.03 2 0.01 1 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.01 3 0.01
Canlaon 10,246 91.78 528 4.73 384 3.44 4 0.04 1 0.01 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.01 0 0.00
Capiz 230,033 96.15 6,900 2.88 2,300 0.96 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 4 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.00 12 0.01 0 0.00
Catanduanes 46,485 63.33 26,877 36.62 28 0.04 2 0.00 1 0.00 5 0.01 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00
Cavite 303,187 99.16 2,113 0.69 386 0.13 3 0.00 8 0.00 7 0.00 10 0.00 6 0.00 16 0.01 4 0.00 4 0.00 6 0.00 4 0.00
Cavite City 38,822 84.80 5,567 12.16 1,323 2.89 11 0.02 13 0.03 7 0.02 11 0.02 0 0.00 5 0.01 10 0.02 7 0.02 2 0.00 1 0.00
Cebu 503,905 90.91 23,998 4.33 26,111 4.71 96 0.02 49 0.01 39 0.01 14 0.00 23 0.00 27 0.00 8 0.00 16 0.00 12 0.00 6 0.00
Cebu City 248,385 86.39 20,190 7.02 18,774 6.53 2 0.00 94 0.03 72 0.03 0 0.00 2 0.00 0 0.00 4 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.00
Cotabato City 25,795 83.37 4,201 13.58 800 2.59 5 0.02 109 0.35 16 0.05 6 0.02 1 0.00 2 0.01 3 0.01 1 0.00 3 0.01 0 0.00
Dagupan 36,729 85.99 5,262 12.32 671 1.57 5 0.01 5 0.01 28 0.07 2 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 0.01 4 0.01 1 0.00 1 0.00
Danao 51,408 99.71 95 0.18 53 0.10 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Dapitan 19,528 88.67 1,828 8.30 654 2.97 5 0.02 4 0.02 0 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Davao City 112,838 51.51 6,970 3.18 98,835 45.12 55 0.03 94 0.04 83 0.04 45 0.02 41 0.02 26 0.01 16 0.01 24 0.01 16 0.01 9 0.00
Davao del Norte 158,528 57.98 8,234 3.01 106,151 38.83 58 0.02 124 0.05 85 0.03 61 0.02 41 0.01 45 0.02 11 0.00 34 0.01 24 0.01 10 0.00
Davao del Sur 103,437 62.80 4,909 2.98 56,135 34.08 25 0.02 59 0.04 48 0.03 16 0.01 19 0.01 21 0.01 7 0.00 24 0.01 8 0.00 8 0.00
Davao Oriental 87,293 66.73 4,978 3.81 38,444 29.39 14 0.01 31 0.02 20 0.02 10 0.01 5 0.00 6 0.00 4 0.00 11 0.01 4 0.00 1 0.00
Dipolog 22,068 82.81 2,825 10.60 1,694 6.36 9 0.03 11 0.04 29 0.11 3 0.01 1 0.00 2 0.01 1 0.00 2 0.01 1 0.00 3 0.01
Dumaguete 21,123 77.14 2,532 9.25 3,626 13.24 9 0.03 37 0.14 20 0.07 3 0.01 7 0.03 7 0.03 5 0.02 7 0.03 2 0.01 3 0.01
Eastern Samar 137,958 96.03 4,241 2.95 1,459 1.02 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
General Santos 49,425 81.50 3,937 6.49 7,158 11.80 13 0.02 27 0.04 10 0.02 8 0.01 10 0.02 15 0.02 23 0.04 10 0.02 4 0.01 4 0.01
Gingoog 23,931 82.02 3,200 10.97 1,964 6.73 31 0.11 11 0.04 11 0.04 4 0.01 8 0.03 4 0.01 5 0.02 6 0.02 1 0.00 2 0.01
Ifugao 40,950 93.47 2,600 5.93 233 0.53 4 0.01 10 0.02 5 0.01 3 0.01 2 0.00 2 0.00 1 0.00 2 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.00
Iligan 39,742 72.17 11,191 20.32 3,875 7.04 38 0.07 67 0.12 57 0.10 12 0.02 14 0.03 22 0.04 11 0.02 19 0.03 16 0.03 7 0.01
Ilocos Norte 174,932 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Ilocos Sur 225,761 98.71 2,533 1.11 401 0.18 1 0.00 2 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.00 0 0.00
Iloilo 547,040 96.80 11,907 2.11 6,184 1.09 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Iloilo City 156,407 90.84 11,047 6.42 4,734 2.75 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Iriga 17,004 62.09 10,211 37.28 156 0.57 3 0.01 5 0.02 2 0.01 0 0.00 2 0.01 1 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.00 1 0.00 1 0.00
Isabela 423,367 99.21 3,089 0.72 259 0.06 0 0.00 6 0.00 1 0.00 4 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Kalinga-Apayao 87,196 95.86 3,434 3.78 248 0.27 11 0.01 20 0.02 14 0.02 10 0.01 9 0.01 3 0.00 1 0.00 3 0.00 12 0.01 3 0.00
La Carlota 31,874 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
La Union 227,319 98.02 3,696 1.59 890 0.38 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Laguna 317,699 86.92 42,833 11.72 4,945 1.35 3 0.00 8 0.00 7 0.00 3 0.00 2 0.00 0 0.00 3 0.00 1 0.00 4 0.00 1 0.00
Lanao del Norte 103,905 86.94 11,721 9.81 3,617 3.03 36 0.03 54 0.05 98 0.08 6 0.01 10 0.01 25 0.02 2 0.00 12 0.01 15 0.01 9 0.01
Lanao del Sur 208,092 97.62 4,750 2.23 313 0.15 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Laoag 39,149 99.87 30 0.08 19 0.05 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Lapu-Lapu City 43,081 94.93 998 2.20 1,279 2.82 3 0.01 8 0.02 1 0.00 1 0.00 2 0.00 2 0.00 2 0.00 1 0.00 1 0.00 1 0.00
Las Piñas 71,045 92.18 5,649 7.33 286 0.37 22 0.03 1 0.00 11 0.01 15 0.02 2 0.00 25 0.03 6 0.01 7 0.01 1 0.00 1 0.00
Legazpi 36,289 87.09 4,932 11.84 385 0.92 8 0.02 12 0.03 16 0.04 2 0.00 2 0.00 3 0.01 4 0.01 10 0.02 2 0.00 3 0.01
Leyte 516,241 98.45 5,768 1.10 2,381 0.45 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Lipa 45,509 88.36 4,841 9.40 1,084 2.10 15 0.03 9 0.02 16 0.03 8 0.02 4 0.01 3 0.01 5 0.01 4 0.01 6 0.01 2 0.00
Lucena 35,666 81.63 7,024 16.08 942 2.16 11 0.03 15 0.03 9 0.02 3 0.01 3 0.01 3 0.01 9 0.02 4 0.01 3 0.01 1 0.00
Maguindanao 229,992 95.45 9,619 3.99 906 0.38 37 0.02 53 0.02 95 0.04 32 0.01 37 0.02 58 0.02 31 0.01 32 0.01 32 0.01 24 0.01
Makati 282,765 93.35 12,654 4.18 6,652 2.20 166 0.05 195 0.06 57 0.02 65 0.02 81 0.03 50 0.02 80 0.03 40 0.01 100 0.03 10 0.00
Malabon 123,392 97.83 1,766 1.40 970 0.77 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Mandaluyong 114,719 88.69 10,411 8.05 4,171 3.22 12 0.01 6 0.00 7 0.01 8 0.01 0 0.00 5 0.00 0 0.00 4 0.00 3 0.00 2 0.00
Mandaue 40,845 84.56 2,200 4.55 5,207 10.78 11 0.02 11 0.02 8 0.02 4 0.01 11 0.02 2 0.00 2 0.00 2 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00
Manila 687,024 86.15 78,196 9.81 29,211 3.66 1,116 0.14 506 0.06 372 0.05 219 0.03 126 0.02 134 0.02 249 0.03 102 0.01 116 0.01 58 0.01
Marawi 25,082 88.00 3,225 11.31 183 0.64 2 0.01 0 0.00 1 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 6 0.02 1 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00
Marikina 74,107 73.21 13,357 13.19 13,688 13.52 22 0.02 24 0.02 4 0.00 13 0.01 2 0.00 0 0.00 7 0.01 2 0.00 3 0.00 0 0.00
Marinduque 69,078 91.49 5,715 7.57 500 0.66 26 0.03 102 0.14 28 0.04 9 0.01 2 0.00 29 0.04 3 0.00 8 0.01 4 0.01 2 0.00
Masbate 182,234 90.80 16,318 8.13 1,950 0.97 91 0.05 23 0.01 23 0.01 13 0.01 3 0.00 19 0.01 2 0.00 10 0.00 9 0.00 1 0.00
Misamis Occidental 66,338 81.59 8,859 10.90 5,820 7.16 74 0.09 85 0.10 54 0.07 12 0.01 10 0.01 21 0.03 5 0.01 14 0.02 9 0.01 3 0.00
Misamis Oriental 118,102 85.08 12,060 8.69 8,287 5.97 95 0.07 91 0.07 65 0.05 25 0.02 45 0.03 13 0.01 6 0.00 12 0.01 12 0.01 8 0.01
Mountain Province 33,413 91.14 2,822 7.70 312 0.85 23 0.06 19 0.05 3 0.01 16 0.04 20 0.05 6 0.02 7 0.02 10 0.03 6 0.02 3 0.01
Muntinlupa 76,927 95.76 2,657 3.31 734 0.91 5 0.01 6 0.01 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 5 0.01 0 0.00 2 0.00 0 0.00
Naga 28,622 80.70 6,378 17.98 385 1.09 9 0.03 28 0.08 10 0.03 6 0.02 4 0.01 2 0.01 6 0.02 6 0.02 2 0.01 7 0.02
Navotas 71,071 94.83 3,500 4.67 309 0.41 27 0.04 0 0.00 4 0.01 3 0.00 5 0.01 10 0.01 2 0.00 10 0.01 2 0.00 0 0.00
Negros Occidental 527,330 99.52 1,299 0.25 1,239 0.23 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Negros Oriental 202,622 83.61 15,270 6.30 24,166 9.97 81 0.03 67 0.03 47 0.02 12 0.00 12 0.00 29 0.01 5 0.00 19 0.01 11 0.00 2 0.00
North Cotabato 127,700 72.34 41,339 23.42 7,090 4.02 44 0.02 59 0.03 120 0.07 39 0.02 29 0.02 50 0.03 9 0.01 24 0.01 17 0.01 19 0.01
Northern Samar 148,552 91.33 12,851 7.90 1,176 0.72 15 0.01 10 0.01 20 0.01 4 0.00 9 0.01 10 0.01 2 0.00 4 0.00 5 0.00 0 0.00
Nueva Ecija 328,440 91.55 28,812 8.03 1,375 0.38 28 0.01 26 0.01 37 0.01 3 0.00 2 0.00 5 0.00 7 0.00 7 0.00 6 0.00 1 0.00
Nueva Vizcaya 97,222 88.83 11,074 10.12 919 0.84 43 0.04 33 0.03 86 0.08 27 0.02 4 0.00 9 0.01 6 0.01 5 0.00 14 0.01 2 0.00
Occidental Mindoro 72,325 90.15 7,281 9.08 533 0.66 17 0.02 13 0.02 20 0.02 13 0.02 1 0.00 15 0.02 7 0.01 2 0.00 1 0.00 1 0.00
Olongapo 67,072 89.26 6,435 8.56 1,564 2.08 16 0.02 10 0.01 9 0.01 6 0.01 4 0.01 7 0.01 13 0.02 3 0.00 2 0.00 1 0.00
Oriental Mindoro 154,295 91.54 13,189 7.83 1,053 0.62 1 0.00 6 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00
Ormoc 48,455 98.04 700 1.42 269 0.54 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Oroquieta 11,457 69.69 2,522 15.34 2,337 14.21 18 0.11 55 0.33 17 0.10 6 0.04 6 0.04 10 0.06 1 0.01 3 0.02 5 0.03 4 0.02
Ozamiz 21,080 81.75 2,767 10.73 1,836 7.12 16 0.06 29 0.11 18 0.07 8 0.03 10 0.04 6 0.02 1 0.00 9 0.03 5 0.02 1 0.00
Pagadian 20,564 82.10 3,356 13.40 1,059 4.23 10 0.04 18 0.07 21 0.08 1 0.00 4 0.02 5 0.02 3 0.01 5 0.02 2 0.01 1 0.00
Palawan 83,646 85.93 12,790 13.14 766 0.79 23 0.02 23 0.02 40 0.04 7 0.01 3 0.00 15 0.02 6 0.01 7 0.01 10 0.01 1 0.00
Palayan 9,685 97.06 256 2.57 34 0.34 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 0.03 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Pampanga 340,493 90.68 28,472 7.58 6,173 1.64 136 0.04 48 0.01 40 0.01 26 0.01 12 0.00 26 0.01 30 0.01 10 0.00 16 0.00 6 0.00
Pangasinan 574,285 89.62 61,965 9.67 4,067 0.63 65 0.01 44 0.01 263 0.04 31 0.00 5 0.00 20 0.00 19 0.00 35 0.01 5 0.00 5 0.00
Parañaque 124,782 93.23 8,449 6.31 609 0.46 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Pasay 134,856 90.35 9,318 6.24 4,860 3.26 67 0.04 45 0.03 20 0.01 20 0.01 8 0.01 14 0.01 23 0.02 5 0.00 11 0.01 8 0.01
Pasig 159,577 91.55 11,767 6.75 2,705 1.55 58 0.03 58 0.03 30 0.02 31 0.02 6 0.00 22 0.01 24 0.01 16 0.01 5 0.00 6 0.00
Pateros 22,877 93.06 1,342 5.46 335 1.36 6 0.02 5 0.02 0 0.00 13 0.05 0 0.00 1 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.01
Puerto Princesa 22,556 89.49 2,481 9.84 157 0.62 4 0.02 3 0.01 1 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Quezon 231,831 68.01 104,766 30.73 3,712 1.09 114 0.03 108 0.03 116 0.03 42 0.01 30 0.01 54 0.02 31 0.01 39 0.01 37 0.01 14 0.00
Quezon City 580,821 89.33 48,167 7.41 19,358 2.98 460 0.07 367 0.06 216 0.03 234 0.04 74 0.01 64 0.01 195 0.03 64 0.01 97 0.01 64 0.01
Quirino 37,005 94.96 1,918 4.92 38 0.10 3 0.01 1 0.00 3 0.01 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.01 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00
Rizal 201,694 86.47 26,814 11.50 4,329 1.86 93 0.04 64 0.03 42 0.02 38 0.02 113 0.05 14 0.01 27 0.01 14 0.01 12 0.01 7 0.00
Romblon 67,721 94.44 3,463 4.83 473 0.66 8 0.01 22 0.03 4 0.01 1 0.00 3 0.00 3 0.00 3 0.00 2 0.00 4 0.01 1 0.00
Roxas City 42,020 90.84 2,974 6.43 1,263 2.73 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Samar 164,566 98.59 1,611 0.97 736 0.44 0 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.00 1 0.00 3 0.00 1 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00
San Carlos, Negros Occidental 25,470 84.80 2,636 8.78 1,844 6.14 13 0.04 10 0.03 52 0.17 0 0.00 1 0.00 1 0.00 1 0.00 4 0.01 1 0.00 2 0.01
San Carlos, Pangasinan 35,887 91.17 3,261 8.28 166 0.42 12 0.03 2 0.01 13 0.03 0 0.00 4 0.01 8 0.02 3 0.01 5 0.01 0 0.00 2 0.01
San Jose 26,145 88.24 3,246 10.96 225 0.76 2 0.01 3 0.01 4 0.01 0 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.00 1 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
San Juan 63,189 86.65 6,476 8.88 3,057 4.19 73 0.10 48 0.07 15 0.02 19 0.03 6 0.01 6 0.01 14 0.02 10 0.01 8 0.01 7 0.01
San Pablo 47,568 82.05 8,950 15.44 1,341 2.31 20 0.03 34 0.06 21 0.04 6 0.01 5 0.01 9 0.02 5 0.01 6 0.01 3 0.01 4 0.01
Silay 37,895 99.52 144 0.38 37 0.10 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Siquijor 27,935 89.51 2,006 6.43 1,247 4.00 7 0.02 4 0.01 2 0.01 1 0.00 1 0.00 1 0.00 1 0.00 1 0.00 3 0.01 0 0.00
Sorsogon 129,830 73.42 45,432 25.69 1,194 0.68 40 0.02 80 0.05 56 0.03 19 0.01 14 0.01 45 0.03 11 0.01 15 0.01 87 0.05 4 0.00
South Cotabato 153,454 75.46 39,549 19.45 10,142 4.99 26 0.01 46 0.02 22 0.01 28 0.01 5 0.00 33 0.02 6 0.00 22 0.01 16 0.01 8 0.00
Southern Leyte 142,989 96.38 3,175 2.14 2,200 1.48 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Sultan Kudarat 89,564 85.70 13,680 13.09 1,147 1.10 16 0.02 17 0.02 50 0.05 3 0.00 4 0.00 12 0.01 6 0.01 6 0.01 2 0.00 2 0.00
Sulu 125,976 96.69 3,748 2.88 382 0.29 19 0.01 30 0.02 22 0.02 12 0.01 17 0.01 24 0.02 10 0.01 15 0.01 18 0.01 13 0.01
Surigao City 26,388 84.62 2,767 8.87 1,965 6.30 17 0.05 12 0.04 8 0.03 3 0.01 11 0.04 7 0.02 2 0.01 3 0.01 1 0.00 0 0.00
Surigao del Norte 104,644 87.28 9,510 7.93 5,632 4.70 28 0.02 30 0.03 5 0.00 9 0.01 8 0.01 7 0.01 5 0.00 5 0.00 11 0.01 2 0.00
Surigao del Sur 92,663 73.55 20,771 16.49 12,108 9.61 84 0.07 67 0.05 69 0.05 33 0.03 36 0.03 62 0.05 15 0.01 38 0.03 32 0.03 10 0.01
Tacloban 58,614 98.27 703 1.18 330 0.55 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Tagaytay 8,181 98.16 138 1.66 15 0.18 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Tagbilaran City 15,300 80.62 822 4.33 2,818 14.85 9 0.05 12 0.06 3 0.02 3 0.02 6 0.03 1 0.01 2 0.01 1 0.01 1 0.01 1 0.01
Taguig 45,037 86.90 5,705 11.01 1,017 1.96 20 0.04 9 0.02 19 0.04 5 0.01 2 0.00 3 0.01 5 0.01 4 0.01 1 0.00 1 0.00
Tangub 13,973 96.81 310 2.15 144 1.00 1 0.01 2 0.01 2 0.01 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.01 0 0.00 0 0.00
Tarlac 294,750 97.12 7,427 2.45 1,236 0.41 28 0.01 18 0.01 7 0.00 4 0.00 2 0.00 5 0.00 2 0.00 1 0.00 5 0.00 0 0.00
Tawi-Tawi 33,331 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Toledo 31,354 84.80 2,121 5.74 3,455 9.34 18 0.05 2 0.01 8 0.02 0 0.00 5 0.01 1 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.01 8 0.02 0 0.00
Trece Martires 5,236 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Valenzuela 73,320 83.52 12,458 14.19 1,860 2.12 51 0.06 23 0.03 18 0.02 15 0.02 7 0.01 10 0.01 12 0.01 10 0.01 5 0.01 2 0.00
Zambales 124,609 96.62 3,759 2.91 515 0.40 3 0.00 6 0.00 5 0.00 4 0.00 2 0.00 3 0.00 63 0.05 1 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Zamboanga City 78,495 83.31 13,264 14.08 2,191 2.33 36 0.04 67 0.07 56 0.06 17 0.02 11 0.01 36 0.04 11 0.01 14 0.01 11 0.01 8 0.01
Zamboanga del Norte 97,141 88.74 8,367 7.64 3,888 3.55 16 0.01 14 0.01 10 0.01 2 0.00 6 0.01 8 0.01 4 0.00 7 0.01 3 0.00 2 0.00
Zamboanga del Sur 207,311 80.79 36,153 14.09 12,258 4.78 149 0.06 242 0.09 196 0.08 63 0.02 46 0.02 50 0.02 14 0.01 51 0.02 26 0.01 32 0.01
Total 18,309,360 88.02 1,716,449 8.25 749,845 3.60 6,499 0.03 4,955 0.02 4,224 0.02 1,954 0.01 1,945 0.01 1,740 0.01 1,421 0.01 1,234 0.01 1,185 0.01 592 0.00
Source: Commission on Elections

Referendum on holding barangay elections

Like the presidential election, the measure was carried by overwhelming margins, but notably a large majority in Muntinlupa and a smaller majority in Marawi rejected the measure; it was otherwise carried other places canvassed by the Batasang Pambansa.

Summary

Do you want to have a barangay election immediately after the presidential election?
Choice Votes %
Yes 16,268,523 81.09
No 3,793,322 18.91
Valid votes 20,061,845 91.84
Invalid or blank votes 1,781,984 8.16
Total votes 21,843,829 100.00
Registered voters/turnout 26,986,451 80.94
Source: Proclamation No. 2094, s. 1981
1981 Philippine barangay referendum results (excluding invalid votes)
Yes
16,268,523 (81.1%)
▲
50%

By province/city

Province/City Yes % No % Total
Abra 75,348 88.40% 9,889 11.60% 85,237
Agusan del Norte 71,803 83.74% 13,946 16.26% 85,749
Agusan del Sur 75,720 82.04% 16,571 17.96% 92,291
Aklan 104,436 78.24% 29,038 21.76% 133,474
Albay 209,958 82.85% 43,452 17.15% 253,410
Angeles City 54,054 85.70% 9,016 14.30% 63,070
Antique 113,333 71.22% 45,796 28.78% 159,129
Aurora 27,961 74.78% 9,428 25.22% 37,389
Bacolod City 103,869 82.06% 22,708 17.94% 126,577
Bago 29,835 74.49% 10,218 25.51% 40,053
Baguio 49,448 85.40% 8,455 14.60% 57,903
Bais 15,819 81.47% 3,599 18.53% 19,418
Basilan 45,758 77.82% 13,042 22.18% 58,800
Bataan 115,717 85.37% 19,824 14.63% 135,541
Batanes 3,660 87.60% 518 12.40% 4,178
Batangas 307,990 75.73% 98,695 24.27% 406,685
Batangas City 46,368 79.37% 12,052 20.63% 58,420
Benguet 78,242 77.45% 22,787 22.55% 101,029
Bohol 284,571 84.05% 53,984 15.95% 338,555
Bukidnon 162,054 81.27% 37,339 18.73% 199,393
Bulacan 385,518 84.68% 69,766 15.32% 455,284
Butuan 57,128 86.41% 8,983 13.59% 66,111
Cabanatuan 49,215 89.44% 5,810 10.56% 55,025
Cadiz 51,271 85.92% 8,400 14.08% 59,671
Cagayan 241,410 74.10% 84,366 25.90% 325,776
Cagayan de Oro 79,992 84.71% 14,433 15.29% 94,425
Calbayog 35,527 86.16% 5,709 13.84% 41,236
Caloocan 173,165 84.54% 31,660 15.46% 204,825
Camarines Norte 66,338 79.00% 17,632 21.00% 83,970
Camarines Sur 258,506 76.90% 77,632 23.10% 336,138
Camiguin 21,548 87.64% 3,039 12.36% 24,587
Canlaon 9,332 83.66% 1,823 16.34% 11,155
Capiz 112,714 69.95% 48,418 30.05% 161,132
Catanduanes 61,973 85.76% 10,287 14.24% 72,260
Cavite 181,276 64.31% 100,602 35.69% 281,878
Cavite City 39,334 86.58% 6,099 13.42% 45,433
Cebu 451,192 80.68% 108,049 19.32% 559,241
Cebu City 270,575 94.23% 16,553 5.77% 287,128
Cotabato City 23,476 84.27% 4,383 15.73% 27,859
Dagupan 38,443 89.60% 4,464 10.40% 42,907
Danao 49,356 96.26% 1,916 3.74% 51,272
Dapitan 18,297 82.06% 3,999 17.94% 22,296
Davao City 128,028 79.34% 33,335 20.66% 161,363
Davao del Norte 211,333 76.55% 64,754 23.45% 276,087
Davao del Sur 126,691 79.49% 32,696 20.51% 159,387
Davao Oriental 100,175 82.27% 21,584 17.73% 121,759
Dipolog 20,040 71.35% 8,048 28.65% 28,088
Dumaguete 23,860 81.56% 5,395 18.44% 29,255
Eastern Samar 142,199 98.98% 1,459 1.02% 143,658
General Santos 48,544 77.55% 14,052 22.45% 62,596
Gingoog 26,025 83.29% 5,223 16.71% 31,248
Ifugao 26,405 69.69% 11,482 30.31% 37,887
Iligan City 51,067 84.64% 9,264 15.36% 60,331
Ilocos Norte 155,515 89.64% 17,980 10.36% 173,495
Ilocos Sur 196,979 85.92% 32,276 14.08% 229,255
Iloilo 406,918 76.04% 128,213 23.96% 535,131
Iloilo City 118,397 72.28% 45,412 27.72% 163,809
Iriga City 23,765 86.49% 3,711 13.51% 27,476
Isabela 341,115 88.91% 42,569 11.09% 383,684
Kalinga-Apayao 63,301 69.58% 27,673 30.42% 90,974
La Carlota City 27,267 87.84% 3,776 12.16% 31,043
La Union 230,516 84.17% 43,349 15.83% 273,865
Laguna 227,928 78.84% 61,180 21.16% 289,108
Lanao del Norte 85,853 77.32% 25,176 22.68% 111,029
Lanao del Sur 134,466 65.12% 72,039 34.88% 206,505
Laoag City 35,160 90.63% 3,633 9.37% 38,793
Lapu-Lapu City 38,394 84.70% 6,938 15.30% 45,332
Las Piñas 46,098 84.20% 8,649 15.80% 54,747
Legazpi City 36,156 82.61% 7,610 17.39% 43,766
Leyte 484,538 93.11% 35,853 6.89% 520,391
Lipa City 44,226 84.84% 7,900 15.16% 52,126
Lucena City 37,427 83.35% 7,475 16.65% 44,902
Maguindanao 163,076 72.99% 60,342 27.01% 223,418
Makati 84,150 70.23% 35,674 29.77% 119,824
Malabon 94,277 84.71% 17,014 15.29% 111,291
Mandaluyong 72,826 68.39% 33,657 31.61% 106,483
Mandaue City 43,300 85.38% 7,416 14.62% 50,716
Manila 699,432 85.24% 121,158 14.76% 820,590
Marawi City 11,600 46.90% 13,134 53.10% 24,734
Marikina 74,569 86.13% 12,009 13.87% 86,578
Marinduque 66,406 84.57% 12,117 15.43% 78,523
Masbate 171,991 85.36% 29,503 14.64% 201,494
Misamis Occidental 75,352 82.15% 16,369 17.85% 91,721
Misamis Oriental 124,987 83.21% 25,223 16.79% 150,210
Mountain Province 28,741 83.68% 5,606 16.32% 34,347
Muntinlupa 14,532 18.55% 63,805 81.45% 78,337
Naga City 32,039 85.12% 5,602 14.88% 37,641
Navotas 45,637 90.08% 5,027 9.92% 50,664
Negros Occidental 318,634 76.85% 96,008 23.15% 414,642
Negros Oriental 207,909 83.56% 40,908 16.44% 248,817
North Cotabato 195,220 81.38% 44,662 18.62% 239,882
Northern Samar 110,531 84.60% 20,114 15.40% 130,645
Nueva Ecija 269,078 80.77% 64,077 19.23% 333,155
Nueva Vizcaya 91,965 78.84% 24,682 21.16% 116,647
Occidental Mindoro 52,804 85.44% 8,995 14.56% 61,799
Olongapo City 61,506 77.15% 18,217 22.85% 79,723
Oriental Mindoro 145,221 85.92% 23,791 14.08% 169,012
Ormoc City 48,330 98.45% 761 1.55% 49,091
Oroquieta City 16,186 82.10% 3,529 17.90% 19,715
Ozamiz City 25,355 78.45% 6,965 21.55% 32,320
Pagadian City 22,538 80.91% 5,319 19.09% 27,857
Palawan 82,003 83.90% 15,735 16.10% 97,738
Palayan City 8,181 82.11% 1,782 17.89% 9,963
Pampanga 280,741 80.34% 68,714 19.66% 349,455
Pangasinan 569,883 88.90% 71,132 11.10% 641,015
Parañaque 108,216 85.18% 18,825 14.82% 127,041
Pasay City 116,428 77.37% 34,062 22.63% 150,490
Pasig 85,510 84.65% 15,508 15.35% 101,018
Pateros 16,704 81.48% 3,796 18.52% 20,500
Puerto Princesa City 22,407 87.79% 3,115 12.21% 25,522
Quezon 278,706 81.56% 62,996 18.44% 341,702
Quezon City 468,821 73.93% 165,349 26.07% 634,170
Quirino 30,772 79.93% 7,728 20.07% 38,500
Rizal 198,945 88.60% 25,596 11.40% 224,541
Romblon 62,993 85.01% 11,104 14.99% 74,097
Roxas City 26,085 80.90% 6,159 19.10% 32,244
Samar 98,334 82.55% 20,792 17.45% 119,126
San Carlos City, Negros Occidental 25,415 86.75% 3,882 13.25% 29,297
San Carlos City, Pangasinan 32,426 81.56% 7,329 18.44% 39,755
San Jose City 27,464 90.88% 2,756 9.12% 30,220
San Juan 59,500 80.27% 14,621 19.73% 74,121
San Pablo City 49,879 81.98% 10,964 18.02% 60,843
Silay City 28,473 77.17% 8,422 22.83% 36,895
Siquijor 26,807 81.42% 6,118 18.58% 32,925
Sorsogon 154,603 85.27% 26,708 14.73% 181,311
South Cotabato 147,860 72.48% 56,148 27.52% 204,008
Southern Leyte 145,189 97.86% 3,175 2.14% 148,364
Sultan Kudarat 86,585 85.83% 14,290 14.17% 100,875
Sulu 95,311 74.88% 31,980 25.12% 127,291
Surigao City 28,015 87.67% 3,941 12.33% 31,956
Surigao del Norte 110,183 88.29% 14,608 11.71% 124,791
Surigao del Sur 104,787 81.39% 23,967 18.61% 128,754
Tacloban City 58,945 99.01% 590 0.99% 59,535
Tagaytay City 5,231 63.78% 2,970 36.22% 8,201
Tagbilaran City 15,034 76.31% 4,666 23.69% 19,700
Taguig 45,214 86.71% 6,930 13.29% 52,144
Tangub City 10,433 71.00% 4,261 29.00% 14,694
Tarlac 233,144 93.37% 16,548 6.63% 249,692
Tawi-Tawi 45,610 77.01% 13,616 22.99% 59,226
Toledo City 27,486 71.87% 10,759 28.13% 38,245
Trece Martires City 3,218 61.42% 2,021 38.58% 5,239
Valenzuela 53,337 83.95% 10,198 16.05% 63,535
Zambales 111,470 87.07% 16,548 12.93% 128,018
Zamboanga City 73,896 78.86% 19,812 21.14% 93,708
Zamboanga del Norte 91,490 81.79% 20,365 18.21% 111,855
Zamboanga del Sur 208,751 79.81% 52,804 20.19% 261,555
Total 16,268,523 81.55% 3,793,322 18.45% 19,886,751
Source: Commission on Elections

Aftermath

Marcos was inaugurated on June 30, 1981, at the Quirino Grandstand, with then-United States Vice President George H. W. Bush in attendance. This is when Bush made the infamous praise for Marcos: "We love your adherence to democratic principles and to the democratic process."

Barangay elections were indeed held on May 17, 1982.

On August 21, 1983, Senator Aquino returned from exile in the United States, but was assassinated at Manila International Airport. Growing unrest followed, and Marcos was forced to call the snap election of 1986, where UNIDO and Partido Demokratiko Pilipino–Lakas ng Bayan (PDP–Laban) participated and nominated Aquino's widow Corazon Aquino as their presidential nominee. Marcos claimed victory over Aquino despite reports of massive cheating, but he was removed from power a few hours after his oath-taking on February 25, 1986.

See also

  • Commission on Elections
  • Politics of the Philippines
  • Philippine elections
  • President of the Philippines

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