Legislative elections were held in South Korea on 11 April 2012. The election was won by the ruling Saenuri or New Frontier Party, which renewed its majority in the National Assembly, despite losing seats. The election was read as a bellwether for the presidential election to be held later in the year. The result confounded exit polls and media analysis, which had predicted a closer outcome.
11 April 2012 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
All 300 seats in the National Assembly 151 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Turnout | 54.24% (8.16pp; Const. votes) 54.24% (8.16pp; PR votes) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Background
The South Korean National Assembly consists of 246 directly elected seats and 54 nationwide proportional representation seats chosen under an FPTP-PR parallel voting system. Proportional seats were only available to parties which one three percent of the national valid vote among seat-allocated parties and/or won five or more constituency seats. In South Korea's presidential system, the head of state controls the executive, but the loss of control in congress could have hampered President Lee's ability to govern alone.
Political parties
| Parties | Leader | Ideology | Seats | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last election | Before election | |||||
| Saenuri Party | Park Geun-hye | Conservatism | 153 / 299 | 163 / 299 | Government | |
14 / 299 | ||||||
| Democratic United Party | Han Myeong-sook | Liberalism | 81 / 299 | 79 / 299 | Opposition | |
| Liberty Forward Party | Lee Hoi-chang | Conservatism | 18 / 299 | 13 / 299 | Opposition | |
| Unified Progressive Party | Lee Jung-hee Rhyu Si-min Sim Sang-jung | Progressivism | 5 / 299 | 7 / 299 | Opposition | |
| Creative Korea Party | Han Myeon-hee | Centrist reformism | 3 / 299 | 0 / 299 | Opposition | |
Four parties won seats in the 2012 election:
- Saenuri Party (Korean: 새누리당, Saenuri-dang), led by Park Geun-hye.
The largest conservative party and incumbent government. Formerly name the Grand National Party, the party was renamed in February after a period of internal crisis in which an Emergency Response Commission assumed control of the party. - Democratic United Party (Korean: 민주통합당, Minju Tonghap-dang), led by Han Myeong-sook. The largest liberal party and principal opposition.
- Liberty Forward Party (Korean: 자유선진당, Jayu Seonjin-dang), led by Sim Dae-pyung. The second-largest conservative party with its primary support base in Chungcheong.
- Unified Progressive Party (Korean: 통합진보당, Tonghap Jinbo-dang), led jointly by Rhyu Si-min, Lee Jung-hee, and Sim Sang-jeong. The largest left-progressive party.
Other parties that put forward candidates included the left-wing New Progressive Party and the centre-right Korea Vision Party.
The conservative parties were fragmented, particularly between Saenuri and the new KVP over the latter recruiting high-profile defected members of the incumbent party and those who were denied tickets in the election, which was also reflective of a division grew between Park's leadership and loyalists of Lee Myung-bak. However, the DUP–UPP coalition also came under strain due to irregularities in the UPP's primaries that involved co-leader Lee Jung-hee.
Campaign
Campaigning for the election officially began on 29 March, though party leaders toured the country beforehand to rally support for their bids. The international media suggested that the main issues in the campaign were economic, including inflation, educational and housing costs, unemployment and underemployment, the income gap, and social welfare, while the North Korean issue did not play a role.
The opposition DUP tried to harness discontent with the incumbent Lee's administration, and called on the electorate to adjudge the election as a referendum on Lee's presidency. The opposition coalition endeavored to depict the ruling party as unsocial and favoring the rich, while promising to create jobs. The incumbent government emphasised the threat of North Korea and made the case for continuing their hard line towards the northern neighbour and maintaining a close alliance with the United States. They accused the opposition of jeopardising the free trade agreement with the U.S. The DUP had demanded renegotiation of the treaty and threatened to cancel it in case of the United States' refusal to negotiate.
The international media highlighted the candidacy of Cho Myung-chul, a professor who defected from North Korea in 1994. In its newspaper Rodong Sinmun, the North Korean Workers' Party called on the electorate to vote out the incumbent government: "Young voters, students and people must deliver a crushing defeat to the traitors."
Scandals
After accusations of unauthorized government surveillance surfaced, legislators called for an investigation, while the ruling party accused the previous government of doing the same. The presidential office published an analysis stating that 84% of the recorded incidents had taken place under the previous administration of Roh Moo-hyun. A post-election analysis by polling institute Realmeter showed that the ruling party's handling of scandal was effective, and that the surveillance scandal didn't affect voters' decision much. A DUP candidate, Kim Yong-min, was also accused of having made numerous offensive comments on the podcast-talk-show Naneun Ggomsuda, for which he apologized but refused to rescind his candidacy, despite the DUP leadership advising him to do so. Kim subsequently failed to win his seat in the election.
Opinion polling
Polls were barred in the final week of the election, just before indications suggested the two largest parties would get somewhere between 130 and 135 seats each. A high turnout, particularly with the youth, was seen as beneficial to the opposition.
| Institute | Date | Saenuri (SP) | Democratic United (DUP) | Unified Progressive (UPP) | Liberty Forward (LFP) | Korea Vision (KVP) | New Progressive (NPP) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Realmeter | 23 December 2011 | 31.2% | 30.9% | 6.1% | 2.2% | – | 1.3% |
| Realmeter | 13 January 2012 | 29.5% | 34.7% | 3.2% | 2.4% | – | 1.8% |
| Realmeter | Jan.25–27, 2012 | 30.3% | 37.1% | 4.0% | 2.0% | – | 1.0% |
| Realmeter | Jan.30–Feb.2, 2012 | 32.9% | 36.9% | 3.9% | 1.5% | – | 0.9% |
| Realmeter | Feb.6–10, 2012 | 33.9% | 35.8% | 4.2% | 2.4% | – | 0.8% |
| Hankyoreh / KSOI | Feb.24–25, 2012 | 38.2% | 32.9% | 3.1% | 1.7% | 1.5% | 1.1% |
| Realmeter | Feb.27–Mar.2, 2012 | 36.3% | 36.3% | 6.1% | 1.7% | 0.4% | – |
| Realmeter | 5–9 March 2012 | 40.3% | 32.7% | 4.8% | 2.3% | – | – |
| KBS[nb 2] | 10–11 March 2012 | 34.1% | 35.4% | 3.6% | 1.7% | – | – |
| Realmeter | 12–16 March 2012 | 39.4% | 33.7% | 5.7% | 2.3% | – | – |
| Realmeter | 19–23 March 2012 | 37.4% | 33.3% | 7.5% | 2.1% | – | – |
| Realmeter | 26–30 March 2012 | 39.8% | 30.5% | 8.1% | 2.3% | – | – |
| Realmeter[nb 3] | 28 March 2012 | 37.8% | 30.5% | 12.1% | 2.3% | 1.9% | 1.6% |
| Hankyoreh / KSOI | 31 March 2012 | 38.3% | 33.5% | 7.2% | 2.4% | 0.3% | 1.0% |
| Research View[unreliable source?] | 1 April 2012 | 42.3% | 29.5% | 9.7% | 3.9% | 1.1% | 2.1% |
Results
The voting centres were open from 6:00−18:00. Voting occurred via electronic ballot counting and scanning that gave an instantaneous result. Cho Myung-chul's successful candidature was the first time that one of the 23 thousand North Korean refugees living in the South was elected to the National Assembly.
| Party | Proportional | Constituency | Total seats | +/– | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | ||||
| Saenuri Party | 9,130,651 | 42.80 | 25 | 9,324,911 | 43.28 | 127 | 152 | –15 | |
| Democratic United Party | 7,777,123 | 36.46 | 21 | 8,156,045 | 37.85 | 106 | 127 | +46 | |
| Unified Progressive Party | 2,198,405 | 10.31 | 6 | 1,291,306 | 5.99 | 7 | 13 | +8 | |
| Liberty Forward Party | 690,754 | 3.24 | 2 | 474,001 | 2.20 | 3 | 5 | –13 | |
| Christian Liberal Democratic Party | 257,190 | 1.21 | 0 | 2,241 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| New Progressive Party | 243,065 | 1.14 | 0 | 101,614 | 0.47 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Hannara Party | 181,822 | 0.85 | 0 | 454 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| Korea Vision Party | 156,241 | 0.73 | 0 | 44,379 | 0.21 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| Pro-Park United | 134,898 | 0.63 | 0 | 25,302 | 0.12 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| Green Party Korea | 103,842 | 0.49 | 0 | 4,843 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| Creative Korea Party | 91,935 | 0.43 | 0 | 3,624 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | –3 | |
| Party for Youth | 73,194 | 0.34 | 0 | 5,569 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| Go! Party for the Grand People | 60,428 | 0.28 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| Korean Christian Party | 54,332 | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| Authentic Democratic Party | 48,648 | 0.23 | 0 | 71,867 | 0.33 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| United Buddhist Party | 36,262 | 0.17 | 0 | 68 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| People's Happiness Party | 35,846 | 0.17 | 0 | 18,028 | 0.08 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| Party for Culture and Art | 23,330 | 0.11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Future Union | 19,962 | 0.09 | 0 | 5,403 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| Grand Korea Party | 14,133 | 0.07 | 0 | 887 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| Democratic Unification Party | 524 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| People's Power | 153 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| Independents | 2,014,777 | 9.35 | 3 | 3 | –22 | ||||
| Total | 21,332,061 | 100.00 | 54 | 21,545,996 | 100.00 | 246 | 300 | +1 | |
| Valid votes | 21,332,061 | 97.82 | 21,545,996 | 98.87 | |||||
| Invalid/blank votes | 474,737 | 2.18 | 246,855 | 1.13 | |||||
| Total votes | 21,806,798 | 100.00 | 21,792,851 | 100.00 | |||||
| Registered voters/turnout | 40,205,055 | 54.24 | 40,181,623 | 54.24 | |||||
| Source: NEC, CLEA, IPU | |||||||||
By city/province
| Region | Saenuri | DUP | UPP | LFP | Ind. | Total seats |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seoul | 16 | 30 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 48 |
| Busan | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 |
| Daegu | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 |
| Incheon | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 |
| Gwangju | 0 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 8 |
| Daejeon | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| Ulsan | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| Sejong | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Gyeonggi | 21 | 29 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 52 |
| Gangwon | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
| North Chungcheong | 5 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| South Chungcheong | 4 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 10 |
| North Jeolla | 0 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 11 |
| South Jeolla | 0 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 11 |
| North Gyeongsang | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 |
| South Gyeongsang | 14 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 16 |
| Jeju | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Total | 127 | 106 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 246 |
| Region | Saenuri | DUP | UPP | LFP | Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seoul | 42.3 | 38.2 | 10.6 | 2.1 | 6.9 |
| Busan | 51.3 | 31.8 | 8.4 | 1.9 | 6.6 |
| Daegu | 66.5 | 16.4 | 7.0 | 2.0 | 8.1 |
| Incheon | 42.9 | 37.7 | 9.7 | 2.6 | 7.1 |
| Gwangju | 5.5 | 68.9 | 18.6 | 1.0 | 5.9 |
| Daejeon | 34.3 | 33.7 | 9.0 | 17.9 | 5.1 |
| Ulsan | 49.5 | 25.2 | 16.3 | 1.6 | 7.4 |
| Sejong | 27.8 | 38.7 | 5.4 | 22.6 | 5.5 |
| Gyeonggi | 42.4 | 27.7 | 11.0 | 2.2 | 6.7 |
| Gangwon | 51.3 | 33.5 | 6.6 | 1.8 | 6.8 |
| North Chungcheong | 43.8 | 36.0 | 7.7 | 5.3 | 7.1 |
| South Chungcheong | 36.6 | 30.4 | 6.8 | 20.4 | 5.8 |
| North Jeolla | 9.6 | 65.6 | 14.2 | 1.4 | 9.2 |
| South Jeolla | 6.3 | 69.6 | 14.8 | 1.2 | 8.2 |
| North Gyeongsang | 69.0 | 13.4 | 6.2 | 1.4 | 9.9 |
| South Gyeongsang | 53.8 | 25.6 | 10.5 | 1.6 | 8.5 |
| Jeju | 38.5 | 39.5 | 12.4 | 2.0 | 7.6 |
| Overall total | 42.8 | 36.5 | 10.3 | 3.2 | 7.2 |
| Seat allocation | 25 | 21 | 6 | 2 | 0 |
Reactions and aftermath
President Lee said that the "people made wise choices. The government will do its best to manage state affairs in a stable manner and take care of the people's livelihood". The DUP's secretary-general Park Sun-sook conceded the election and added: "The DUP failed to turn public calls for punishing the ... ruling party into reality. We apologise for disappointing supporters. We will sincerely think over what today's election means and try ceaselessly to be reborn as a party the people can lean and rely on." Sim Dae-pyung, leader of the Liberty Forward Party, announced his resignation after the party's poor performance.
On 13 April, the DUP leader Han Myeong-sook announced her resignation on account of her party's defeat.
See also
- List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 2012–2016
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