Presidential elections are scheduled to be held in the United States on November 7, 2028, to elect the president and vice president for a term of four years. In the 2024 elections, then-former president Donald Trump won a non-consecutive second term. The Republican Party retained its majority in the House of Representatives and gained control of the Senate. Trump is ineligible for a third term, as the term limits imposed by the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibit presidents from being elected more than twice.
November 7, 2028 | |||||||
538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win | |||||||
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2028 electoral map, based on the results of the 2020 census | |||||||
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Background
The Republican Party returned to power in the United States in January 2025 with a government trifecta following the 2024 elections. Donald Trump, who was elected president in 2016 before losing a re-election bid in 2020 to Joe Biden, defeated Vice President Kamala Harris, who began her campaign following Biden's withdrawal from his re-election bid. Trump's victory was credited to a post-pandemic surge in inflation, a migrant crisis at the U.S.–Mexico border, and a global anti-incumbent backlash. In March 2024, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled in Trump v. Anderson that former president Donald Trump could seek office after challenges to his ballot eligibility were raised by several state attorneys general.
This election also saw JD Vance, a then-senator from Ohio, defeat Minnesota governor Tim Walz for the vice presidency. In addition, Republicans secured control of the Senate, flipping four seats and earning a three-seat majority, while also retaining a House majority, though the party's majority narrowed to three seats after losing two seats.
Electoral system
The president and vice president of the United States are elected through the Electoral College, determined by the number of senators and representatives with an additional three representatives for Washington, D.C. A majority of 270 votes is needed to win the election. Forty-eight states use a winner-take-all system, in which states award all of their electors to the winner of the popular vote. In Maine and Nebraska, two votes are allocated to the winner of the popular vote, while each of the individual congressional districts have one vote. Electoral votes are certified by state electors in December and by Congress on January 6. Presidential candidates are selected in a presidential primary, conducted through primary elections run by state governments or caucuses run by state parties which bind convention delegates to candidates. A brokered convention occurs when a candidate does not receive a majority of votes on the first round of voting, or when a candidate withdraws.
Election Day in the United States is held on the first Tuesday that falls after the first Monday in November. The 2028 presidential election will occur on November 7, 2028.
Eligibility
The United States Constitution limits occupancy of the presidency to individuals who are at least thirty-five, who have been a resident in the United States for at least fourteen years, and who are a natural-born citizen. Section three of the Fourteenth Amendment prevents current and former federal, state, and military officials from holding office—including the presidency—if they have "engaged in insurrection or rebellion" against the United States. A convicted felon may serve as president.
Incumbent president Trump, along with former presidents Bill Clinton, George W. Bush and Barack Obama, are ineligible to be elected to a third term, as the Twenty-second Amendment prohibits any person from being elected president more than twice.
Trump's suggestions on running for a third term
Since beginning his second term in January 2025, Trump has floated the possibility of seeking a third term upon the 2028 United States presidential election on November 7, 2028. On October 27, 2025, Trump (when asked about a third term by a reporter on Air Force One) said that he would "love to do it". Trump did rule out a run for vice president, stating that it "wouldn't be right". A hypothetical third term would give Trump an additional four more years of presidency after 2028, which would last through the 2032 United States presidential election which will be held on November 2, 2032. However, the possibility of a third term is unconstitutional under the Twenty-second Amendment, barring all former and current presidents from seeking more than two terms in office. If Trump intends to have the amendment repealed, he would have to either require approval from two-thirds of both the House of Representatives and the Senate, or he would need a constitutional convention called by two-thirds of state legislatures, a process viewed by experts as extremely unlikely. In January 2025, Tennessee representative Andy Ogles proposed a resolution to amend the Twenty-second Amendment, allowing for presidents who have served two non-consecutive terms to seek a third term. The amendment would not permit living presidents Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, or Barack Obama to run for a third term, due to the allowed third term being contingent on the first two being served non-consecutively. Trump is the only living president to have served two non-consecutive terms. At CPAC 2025, conservative groups, such as the Third Term Project, supported Ogles' resolution and promoted the idea of Trump running for what is currently an unconstitutional third term. In response, New York Democratic representative Dan Goldman planned to introduce a resolution affirming the Twenty-second Amendment.
In March, Trump floated the possibility of serving a third term in an interview with NBC News, saying "A lot of people want me to do it. But, I mean, I basically tell them we have a long way to go, you know, it's very early in the administration. I'm focused on the current." He added that "there are methods" to run for a third term and that he was "not joking". On April 24, 2025, multiple news outlets reported that the Trump store was selling "Trump 2028" hats. In a May interview with NBC News, Trump said he would make it his goal to only serve two terms and named JD Vance and Marco Rubio as potential successors. Trump said in an August interview on CNBC's Squawk Box that he would "probably not" run for a third term, though he would like to. Later that month, Trump quipped that he could cancel the 2028 elections if the United States was at war. During a meeting before the 2025 government shutdown with Hakeem Jeffries and Chuck Schumer, Trump had red hats with Trump 2028 emblazoned on the front. Jeffries later spoke after Trump posted a AI generated video to Truth Social of him throwing the hats at Jeffries, indicating the hats had appeared on the desk during the meeting and when he asked JD Vance if Vance had a problem with it, Vance responded "No comment". Steve Bannon stated in an October 2025 interview that there were "alternatives" to ensuring Trump would be on the ballot in 2028. While speaking to reporters in late October 2025, Trump refused to rule out a third term presidential bid for himself, but ruled out the possibility of running as a vice presidential candidate. In late December 2025, political donor Miriam Adelson pledged $250 million dollars to Trump to help him run for a third term.
Electoral map
Most U.S. states are usually not highly competitive in presidential elections, often voting consistently for the same party due to longstanding demographic and ideological differences. In the Electoral College, this results in major-party candidates primarily focusing their campaigns on swing states, which can swing between parties from election to election. These states are critical for a presidential candidate's path to victory. For 2028, the expected swing states likely include the Rust Belt states of Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Michigan, and the Sun Belt states of Arizona, Georgia, Nevada, and North Carolina, all of which narrowly voted for Trump in 2024. Other possible swing states include traditional Democratic strongholds that shifted toward Trump and were only narrowly won by Harris in 2024: New Jersey and Minnesota; though 2025 polls show a reversal of pro-Trump trends.
States formerly considered swing states, such as Florida, Iowa, and Ohio, voted for Trump in all three of his previous election bids, as well as for Republican candidates in other state and federal elections, with increasing margins in each election and are now seen as solidly red states. Former red or swing states that, since 2008, have consistently voted Democratic include Colorado, New Hampshire, New Mexico, and Virginia. Due to its recent record of voting Democratic even during Republican national victories, Nebraska's 2nd congressional district has been called "the Blue Dot".
Republican Party primaries
Candidates
Expressed interest
- Senator
Rand Paul
from Kentucky
(2011–present) -
- Businessman
Eric Trump
from Florida -
Rand Paul
Rand Paul has served as a U.S. senator from Kentucky since 2011. His father, Ron Paul, is a former U.S. representative from Texas who sought the presidency on three separate occasions; once in 1988 with the Libertarian Party and twice with the Republican Party in 2008 and 2012. Rand Paul ran for president in 2016. A Libertarian Republican, Paul has generally been a supporter of Donald Trump since the latter first became president, but he has been a frequent critic of Trump on different occasions concerning mass deportations, foreign policy, tariffs, and Trump's attitude towards the constitution.
Paul has been described as a potential candidate in late May by CNN, which called him a senator with "2028 ambitions", outlining his critiques of Trump's One Big Beautiful Bill Act delivered in Iowa. During an event in Shepherdsville, Kentucky, in July 2025, Paul declined to rule out a run for president, expressing a desire for someone in the Republican Party who supports international trade. In September 2025, Paul expressed an interest in running for president in 2028 in multiple interviews.
Marco Rubio
Marco Rubio is the United States Secretary of State and served as a U.S. senator from Florida from 2011 to 2025. Rubio sought the Republican nomination for president of the United States in 2016, losing to Donald Trump. Six former secretaries of state have been elected president of the United States and Rubio has been mentioned as a potential candidate by as CNN. President Trump later mentioned Rubio as a potential successor in May 2025. According to The Wall Street Journal, Rubio has considered running with JD Vance as his vice president, although it was later speculated in November that Vance and Rubio would likely run against each other. Other sources report Rubio acknowledging Vance as the clear front-runner for the nomination, and that he "will do anything he can just to support the vice president in that effort."
Eric Trump
Eric Trump is a businessman, activist, and former reality television presenter. He is the second son of President Trump. In June 2025, in an interview with the Financial Times, he left open the possibility of himself or a family member running in 2028, saying "the political path" for a family dynasty "would be an easy one" and that he could do the job "very effectively". In September 2025 in an interview with Nikkei Asia, Eric Trump again expressed his openness to run for president.
JD Vance
JD Vance has served as the vice president of the United States since 2025. He previously served as a U.S. senator from Ohio from 2023 to 2025. Trump mentioned Vance as a potential successor in May 2025. In an interview with NBC News, Vance said he does not think he is "entitled" to a presidential run in 2028 and said there was no bad blood between him and fellow potential candidate Rubio. According to some commentators, Vance would be the likely successor for Trump's presidency. In an interview in November 2025, he acknowledged that he thought about running for president in 2028 and planned to speak with President Trump about it after the midterms, but said he wants to focus on winning the midterms first.
Speculated by the media
- Governor
Greg Abbott
of Texas
(2015–present) - Senator
Tom Cotton
from Arkansas
(2015–present) - Senator
Ted Cruz
from Texas
(2013–present) - Governor
Ron DeSantis
of Florida
(2019–present) -
-
- Governor
Sarah Huckabee Sanders
of Arkansas
(2023–present) - Senator
Tim Scott
from South Carolina
(2013–present) - Governor
Glenn Youngkin
of Virginia
(2022–present)
Greg Abbott
Greg Abbott is a politician, attorney, and jurist serving since 2015 as the 48th governor of Texas. He served from 2002 to 2015 as the 50th attorney general of Texas and from 1996 to 2001 as a justice of the Texas Supreme Court after being appointed by then Texas governor and future president George W. Bush. Abbott is the longest-serving incumbent governor in the United States, and has been one of the most prominent Republican governors, serving as the chair of the Republican Governors Association from 2019 to 2020. Abbott is a key Trump ally, initiating a redistricting process at the behest of the president, this gave him renewed media attention and as stated by Politico has potentially set him up for a run in 2028. He is running for reelection in 2026 with the backing of Trump. He has also been noted as a potential candidate by the Houston Chronicle.
Tom Cotton
Tom Cotton has served as a U.S. senator from Arkansas. Initially elected in 2015 after being a Member of the United States House of Representatives from Arkansas's 4th district and captain in the army. He is running a Trump-backed reelection campaign in 2026. He became one of the top Republicans in the senate in 2025, now serving as Chair of the Senate Republican Conference and Chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee. A staunch Trump ally, Cotton is considered a hardliner within the GOP who has repeatedly called for the use of force against opponents of the president and the Republican agenda. He has been mentioned as a potential candidate by the Associated Press and CNN.
Ted Cruz
Ted Cruz has served as a United States senator from Texas since 2013 after being appointed as the 3rd Solicitor General of Texas by then Texas Attorney General and fellow potential candidate Greg Abbott, he served this role from 2003 to 2008. Initially reluctant to support Trump, Cruz has become a key Republican figure and a close ally of Trump. Cruz was born in Canada after his father, preacher Rafael Cruz, immigrated there from Cuba, though he is still able fulfill the natural-born citizen requirement due to his mother's American citizenship which he inherited. He now serves as the chair of the Senate Commerce Committee after serving as the ranking member from 2023 to 2025. The runner-up to Donald Trump in the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries, Cruz has said that he expects to seek the presidency again at some point. He was mentioned as a potential candidate by CNN, Axios, and The Hill. In December 2025, The Washington Post reported that Cruz was considering a presidential campaign.
Ron DeSantis
Ron DeSantis has served as the governor of Florida since 2019 and previously ran for the Republican presidential nomination in 2024. He is barred by the state's constitution from seeking a third term as governor. He has been considered a possible candidate by Florida Politics and CNN.
Nikki Haley
Nikki Haley was the runner-up in the Republican presidential nomination in 2024. She previously served as the United States Ambassador to the United Nations from 2017 to 2018, during the first Trump administration, and as the governor of South Carolina from 2011 to 2017. She has been considered a potential candidate by CNN and YouGov.
Kristi Noem
Kristi Noem is the United States Secretary of Homeland Security and previously served as the governor of South Dakota from 2019 to 2025. She considered running for the president in 2024, but decided against pursuing the nomination. She has been mentioned as a possible candidate by CNN and Axios.
Sarah Huckabee Sanders
Sarah Huckabee Sanders has served as the governor of Arkansas since 2023 and previously served as the 31st White House Press Secretary in the first Trump administration. She is the daughter of current United States Ambassador to Israel and former Governor of Arkansas Mike Huckabee, who ran in the 2008 and 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries. She has been noted as a possible contender by Axios, The Des Moines Register, the Financial Times, and CNN.
Tim Scott
Tim Scott has served as a U.S. senator from South Carolina since 2013 and ran for the nomination in 2024. He previously served as U.S. representative from South Carolina's 1st congressional district from 2011 to 2013. He is retiring from the Senate in 2028 and has been considered as a possible candidate for president in 2028 by Axios and the Courier Journal.
Glenn Youngkin
Glenn Youngkin has served as the governor of Virginia since 2022, and is barred by the state's constitution from seeking a second consecutive term. He has been noted as a possible candidate by CNN. On July 17, 2025, Youngkin headlined and spoke at the Iowa Republican Party's annual Lincoln Dinner, which is often described as a first step in a presidential campaign. In November 2025, Youngkin publicly expressed that he was not interested in running for Virginia’s U.S. Senate seat in the 2026 election, fueling further speculation about a 2028 presidential run.
Declined to be candidates
The following individuals have publicly denied interest in being a candidate:
- Mike Braun, 52nd governor of Indiana (2025–present), U.S. senator from Indiana (2019–2025)
- Tucker Carlson, media proprietor and podcast host from Maine
- Spencer Cox, 18th governor of Utah (2021–present)
- Mike Johnson, speaker of the United States House of Representatives (2023–present), U.S. representative from LA-4 (2017–present)[better source needed]
- Adam Kinzinger, U.S. representative from IL-16 (2011–2023)[better source needed]
- Marjorie Taylor Greene, U.S. representative from GA-14 (2021–2026)
- Dave McCormick, U.S. senator from Pennsylvania (2025–present)
- Donald Trump Jr., businessman and son of incumbent president Donald Trump
Endorsements
- Individuals
- Erika Kirk, CEO of Turning Point USA and widow of Charlie Kirk
Democratic Party primaries
Primary schedule
NBC News has reported that multiple DNC members are looking into changing the order of state primaries for the Democratic nomination. Chair of the Nebraska Democratic Party Jane Kleeb stated in November 2024 that "The 2024 calendar will absolutely not be the calendar for 2028." The DNC chose South Carolina to be the first primary in 2024. In December 2024, Ray Buckley, Chairman of the New Hampshire Democratic Party, announced his intention to work towards restoring New Hampshire's status as the first-in-the-nation Democratic presidential primary for the 2028 presidential nominating calendar. Democrats in Nevada have started a bid to hold the first-in-the-nation primary in 2028.
In 2023, the Democratic National Committee voted to strip Iowa of its first-in-the-nation presidential caucuses. In November 2024, after the presidential election, Scott Brennan, the only Iowan on the DNC Rules and Bylaws Committee at the time, said he still plans to fight for the return of the first-in-the-nation presidential caucus spot back to Iowa. In June 2025, Iowa's only seat on the DNC's Rules and Bylaws Committee, which determines the order of states in the presidential nominating process, was removed, and New Hampshire was awarded a second seat on the committee.
Ken Martin, the chair of the Democratic National Committee, said in an August 2025 NewsNation interview that the Rules and Bylaws Committee would discuss the 2028 primary calendar in a Minneapolis meeting later in the month.
Martin and other party officials, including Representative Jamie Raskin of Maryland, have discussed the possibility of using ranked-choice voting in the 2028 Democratic presidential primaries. Supporters argue that the system could reduce "wasted votes" and that it would encourage more positive campaigning. Sources such as Alaska Beacon pointed out how plurality voting can be "dishonest" as a result of winners winning the election without majority support. After Zohran Mamdani won the 2025 New York City Democratic mayoral primary, progressives voters have proposed that ranked-choice voting could allow more voters to vote for anyone rather than just one candidate.
Candidates
Expressed interest
- Governor
Andy Beshear
of Kentucky
(2019–present) - Senator
Cory Booker
from New Jersey
(2013–present) -
-
- Governor
Josh Green
of Hawaii
(2022–present) - Governor
Gavin Newsom
of California
(2019–present)
Andy Beshear
Andy Beshear has served as the governor of Kentucky since 2019. He was previously on the shortlist to be the vice presidential nominee for the 2024 election. In a May 2025 interview with WDRB, Beshear said he "would consider" running for president in 2028. He also mentioned running for president in a July interview with Vanity Fair, in an October interview with NPR, and during a visit to early primary state New Hampshire later that month.
Cory Booker
Cory Booker has served as a U.S. senator from New Jersey since 2013 and ran for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2020. He previously served as mayor of Newark, New Jersey from 2006 to 2013. On April 1, 2025, Booker broke the record for the longest Senate floor speech in protest against Donald Trump and Elon Musk, which GOP pollster Frank Luntz remarked positioned him as a party leader in the coming future. He has been considered a presidential candidate by The Birmingham News. In November 2025, during a visit to New Hampshire, Booker told Fox News, "Of course I'm thinking about it, I haven't ruled it out." with respect to a 2028 campaign, while saying he was focused on his re-election campaign in 2026.
Pete Buttigieg
Pete Buttigieg served as the United States Secretary of Transportation from 2021 to 2025. Prior to becoming Secretary of Transportation, he served as mayor of South Bend, Indiana, from 2012 to 2020. Buttigieg was thrust into the national spotlight with his 2020 presidential campaign, where he narrowly won the Iowa caucus and finished a close second in the New Hampshire primary, but ultimately dropped out after a poor performance in South Carolina. Buttigieg was also a contender to be Vice President Kamala Harris' running mate after she secured the Democratic nomination for president. If nominated, Buttigieg would be the first openly LGBT individual to receive the nomination of a major party in the United States. After Buttigieg's radio talk show appearances in New Hampshire and Cleveland to address infrastructure plans for the future, there had been speculation that Buttigieg might be making early campaign stops for the governor race in Michigan (where he moved to in 2022) as well as the presidential election. NBC News reported in March that he did not intend to run for Senate, setting up a potential presidential bid.
In May 2025, in an interview with Anand Giridharadas, he confirmed he is considering a 2028 presidential run, saying he will "assess what I bring to the table and how it's different than the others." It was later reported that Buttigieg was leading polls in New Hampshire in October 2025.
Rahm Emanuel
Rahm Emanuel most recently served as United States ambassador to Japan from 2022 to 2025. He represented Illinois in the United States House of Representatives for three terms from 2003 to 2009. He was the White House Chief of Staff from 2009 to 2010 under President Barack Obama and served as mayor of Chicago from 2011 to 2019. In May 2025, Emanuel confirmed the speculation, saying "I am in training, I don't know if I'll make it to the Olympics". He has also been noted as expressing interest in The Atlantic and The Wall Street Journal.
Josh Green
Josh Green has served as the 9th governor of Hawaii since 2022, and previously served as the 15th lieutenant governor and in both houses of the Hawaii Legislature. In an interview with NBC, Green explained that he is considering a presidential campaign, stating "Among governors, I think there are probably eight to 10 of us who are elevating in the public dialogue. I haven't made up my mind about what the future holds. I would be honored to help whomever. I might even become a potential candidate, but only if I’ve actually done a good job." Green also told the Associated Press in November 2025 that he is open to running but would rather support someone else.
Kamala Harris
Kamala Harris served as the first female vice president of the United States from 2021 to 2025. She became the party's nominee for president in the 2024 presidential election after President Joe Biden withdrew from the race, losing to Trump. Following the 2024 presidential election, Harris considered running for governor of California in 2026, but in July 2025 she opted not to. In a Chicago stop of her 107 Days book tour, Harris expressed uncertainty about running again. She later spoke with Laura Kuenssberg in an October 2025 interview on BBC News about potentially running for president again, stating "I am not done".
Gavin Newsom
Gavin Newsom has served as the governor of California since 2019. Newsom has been viewed as a contender for the 2028 presidential election by The New York Times and he was seen as a potential replacement for Biden after his withdrawal from the 2024 election by The New York Times. According to The New York Times, Newsom was considering a bid for the presidency by September 2023. After Newsom's response to the June 2025 Los Angeles protests, it was reported that his chances of being the 2028 Democratic nominee increased significantly. Newsom's chances reportedly rose further in August 2025, attributed to the Election Rigging Response Act and him mocking President Donald Trump on social media. In October 2025, in an interview with CBS News Sunday Morning, Newsom stated that after the 2026 midterm elections, he would give "serious thought" to it, adding, "Yeah, I'd be lying otherwise."
Speculated by the media
- Senator
Mark Kelly
from Arizona
(2020–present) - Governor
Phil Murphy
of New Jersey
(2018–present) - Representative
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez
from New York
(2019–present) - Governor
JB Pritzker
of Illinois
(2019–present) - Activist and political commentator
Jon Stewart
from New Jersey - Senator
Chris Van Hollen
from Maryland
(2017–present) - Senator
Raphael Warnock
from Georgia
(2021–present) - Governor
Gretchen Whitmer
of Michigan
(2019–present)
Mark Kelly
Mark Kelly has served as a U.S. senator from Arizona since 2020. He was previously on the shortlist to be the vice presidential nominee for the 2024 election, and was seen as a potential replacement for President Joe Biden before he withdrew from the race. He has been noted as a potential candidate by Axios and Politico, and declined to give an answer to whether he was running for president in a July 2025 interview with Jake Tapper.
Phil Murphy
Phil Murphy has served as the governor of New Jersey since 2018. He previously served as U.S. ambassador to Germany from 2009 to 2013 under President Barack Obama. He has been considered a potential presidential candidate by NBC News and Axios. In December 2025, Murphy later confirmed that while he hadn't ruled out running for president in 2028, he claimed "I wouldn't put a lot of money on that."
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez has served as the representative of New York's 14th congressional district since 2019. Politico noted that Ocasio-Cortez "has a prominent following from younger, diverse people".
Axios noted in April 2025 that Ocasio-Cortez has been "surging in early polling of potential 2028 presidential candidates". Despite this lead, it was later noted that the odds of other candidates such as Gavin Newsom were starting to widen. Vanity Fair has reported that Ocasio-Cortez is reluctant to launch a presidential campaign and also noted that some have called for her to primary Chuck Schumer in the 2028 New York Senate elections. In September 2025, Axios reported that Ocasio-Cortez was positioning to run for president or Senate in 2028. The Hill conducted a poll on December 8, 2025, where Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez led among young voters. According to other polls by The Guardian, Ocasio-Cortez is one of top contenders beside Harris and Newsom. In December, Ocasio-Cortez responded to a poll that showed she led Vance by tweeting “Bloop!”
JB Pritzker
JB Pritzker has served as the governor of Illinois since 2019. Pritzker is one of the wealthiest elected officials in America, with an estimated net worth of $3.7 billion, and has largely bankrolled his own gubernatorial campaigns, as well as national abortion-rights initiatives. Pritzker was considered a potential running mate to Kamala Harris in the 2024 presidential election. Pritzker is a potential Democratic contender, according to WMAQ-TV and The Wall Street Journal, and has declined to rule out a run. In 2023, Pritzker declined to speak directly with Representative Dean Phillips regarding his effort to try to convince him to enter the Democratic Party presidential primary race to oppose Biden. Pritzker is also seeking a third term as governor of Illinois in 2026.
Jon Stewart
Jon Stewart is a progressive activist, comedian, and commentator. Stewart had been the subject of speculation for years as a potential presidential candidate, including in a Politico opinion piece by Juleanna Glover where Stewart was described as a potentially formidable anti-establishment outsider 2024 Democratic candidate in the event that Biden did not run. Since then, Stewart has been mentioned as a potential 2028 Democratic candidate by USA Today, The Washington Examiner, and Zeteo in late 2025. In a late July 2025 interview with journalist and commentator Mehdi Hasan, Stewart stated that "the Democratic Party is ripe for a takeover...they just need to find the right reality host," and was pressed by Hasan on a potential 2028 Democratic presidential run, to which Hasan recalled that Stewart "didn’t deny that was what he was suggesting." The Hill described a "soft endorsement" from radio host Charlamagne Tha God for a Stewart 2028 Democratic presidential run. Stewart has been included in multiple 2028 national primary polls by Echelon Insights from September to November 2025. Race to the White House includes Stewart at 2% in its national presidential polling average for the Democratic primaries as of January 2026.
Chris Van Hollen
Chris Van Hollen has served as a U.S. senator from Maryland since 2017, and as the U.S. representative for Maryland's 8th congressional district from 2003 to 2017. In September 2025, he gave a speech at an Iowa fundraising event that led to speculation he could be a 2028 candidate.
Raphael Warnock
Raphael Warnock has served as a U.S. senator from Georgia since 2021. He has been mentioned as a potential candidate by Katie Couric Media and Axios.
Gretchen Whitmer
Gretchen Whitmer has served as the governor of Michigan since 2019. Whitmer has been considered a potential presidential candidate by multiple media sources. Whitmer has cast doubt on a 2028 presidential bid, but said she would not close the door on it.
Declined to be candidates
The following individuals have publicly denied interest in being a candidate:
- Joe Biden, 46th President of the United States (2021–2025), 47th Vice President of the United States (2009–2017) and U.S. Senator from Delaware (1973–2009)
- Stephen Colbert, comedian and host of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert
- Ruben Gallego, U.S. senator from Arizona (2025–present), U.S. representative from Arizona (2015–2025)[better source needed]
- Josh Gottheimer, U.S. representative from NJ-05 (2017–present) and candidate for governor of New Jersey in 2025
- John Hickenlooper, U.S. senator from Colorado (2021–present), 42nd governor of Colorado (2011–2019), and candidate for president in 2020
- Ro Khanna, U.S. representative from CA-17 (2017–present)[better source needed]
- Wes Moore, 63rd governor of Maryland (2023–present) and CEO of the Robin Hood Foundation (2017–2021)
- Chris Murphy, U.S. senator from Connecticut (2013–present), U.S. representative from CT-05 (2007–2013)[verification needed][better source needed]
- Michelle Obama, First Lady of the United States (2009–2017)
- Jared Polis, 43rd governor of Colorado (2019–present) and U.S. representative from CO-02 (2009–2019)
- Bernie Sanders, U.S. senator from Vermont (2007–present), U.S. representative from VT-AL (1991–2007), and candidate for president in 2016 and 2020
- Elissa Slotkin, U.S. senator from Michigan (2025–present) and U.S representative from MI-07 (2019–2025)
- Tim Walz, 41st governor of Minnesota (2019–present), U.S. representative from MN-01 (2007–2019) and vice presidential nominee in 2024
Third-party and independent candidates
Candidates
Expressed interest
- Former Senator
Joe Manchin
from West Virginia
(2010–2025)
Joe Manchin
Joe Manchin served as a U.S. senator from West Virginia from 2010 to 2025, and previously served as the governor of West Virginia from 2005 to 2010. He considered a third-party run in the 2024 presidential election with the centrist political organization No Labels but ultimately decided against it. In September 2025, in an interview with The New York Times, Manchin acknowledged that he is considering running as a third-party candidate in 2028, saying his objective is "for the middle to compete".
Declined to be candidates
The following individuals have publicly denied interest in being a candidate:
- Mark Cuban, billionaire businessman, co-owner of the Dallas Mavericks, and co-founder of 2929 Entertainment
- Robert F. Kennedy Jr., 26th United States Secretary of Health and Human Services (2025–present)
- Kyrsten Sinema, U.S. senator from Arizona (2019–2025) and U.S. representative from AZ-09 (2013–2019)
Timeline
Opinion polling
Republican primary
Aggregate
| Aggregator | Updated | JD Vance | Donald Trump Jr. | Marco Rubio | Ron DeSantis | Nikki Haley | Robert F. Kennedy Jr. | Ted Cruz | Tulsi Gabbard | Vivek Ramaswamy | Glenn Youngkin | Other | Lead |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Race to the WH | December 24, 2025 | 44.9% | 9.4% | 10.7% | 9.3% | 4.1% | 4.2% | 3.4% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 1.0% | 9.3% | Vance +34.2% |
| Real Clear Polling | December 24, 2025 | 48.8% | 11.0% | 9.3% | 9.0% | 4.5% | 4.3% | 3.3% | 3.0% | 2.5% | 2.0% | — | Vance +37.8% |
| Aggregate | 46.85% | 10.2% | 10.0% | 9.15% | 4.3% | 4.25% | 3.35% | 2.6% | 2.3% | 1.5% | 5.5% | Vance +36.65% | |
Nationwide
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Ted Cruz | Ron DeSantis | Nikki Haley | Robert F. Kennedy Jr. | Vivek Ramaswamy | Marco Rubio | Donald Trump | Donald Trump Jr. | JD Vance | Other | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atlas Intel | December 15–19, 2025 | 2,315 (A) | — | 13.4% | — | — | 1.5% | 22.6% | — | 1.6% | 46.7% | 14.3% | — |
| McLaughlin & Associates | December 12–19, 2025 | 433 (LV) | — | 7% | 3% | — | 2% | 6% | — | 26% | 34% | 9% | 14% |
| Echelon Insights | December 11–15, 2025 | 426 (LV) | 3% | 9% | 4% | 3% | 2% | 4% | — | 12% | 45% | 8% | 9% |
| Big Data Poll | December 10–12, 2025 | 1,337 (RV) | 5% | 8% | 5% | 6% | — | 7% | — | — | 45% | 11% | 14% |
| McLaughlin & Associates | November 17–24, 2025 | 439 (LV) | — | 6% | 6% | — | 3% | 4% | — | 24% | 34% | 11% | 15% |
| Echelon Insights | November 13–17, 2025 | 472 (LV) | 2% | 10% | 5% | 5% | 2% | 8% | — | — | 47% | 4% | 12% |
| Yale Youth Poll | October 29 – November 11, 2025 | 3,426 (RV) | — | 6% | 5% | 3% | — | 5% | — | 8% | 51% | 8% | 14% |
| Morning Consult | November 7–9, 2025 | 936 (RV) | — | 7% | 5% | 3% | 3% | 3% | — | 19% | 42% | — | 18% |
| YouGov | November 6–9, 2025 | 2,172 (A) | 4% | 7% | 1% | 3% | 2% | 5% | — | 13% | 42% | 5% | 17% |
| Emerson College | November 3–4, 2025 | 420 (RV) | — | 1.7% | — | — | — | 6.1% | 7.4% | — | 53.6% | 5.7% | 25.4% |
| Overton Insights | October 27–29, 2025 | 1,200 (RV) | — | 12% | 5% | 8% | 5% | 7% | — | 22% | 34% | — | 8% |
| McLaughlin & Associates | October 21–27, 2025 | 458 (LV) | — | 5% | 4% | — | 2% | 7% | — | 20% | 38% | 10% | 14% |
| Echelon Insights | October 16–20, 2025 | 400 (LV) | 2% | 10% | 6% | 5% | 3% | 6% | — | — | 46% | 4% | 15% |
| J.L. Partners | October 14–15, 2025 | 1,000 (RV) | 4% | 7% | 5% | — | 3% | 8% | — | — | 40% | 7% | 20% |
| Noble Predictive Insights | October 2–6, 2025 | 1,156 (RV) | 3% | 6% | 3% | — | — | 4% | — | 25% | 38% | 6% | 15% |
| Leger360 | September 26–29, 2025 | 294 (LV) | 6% | — | — | — | — | 6% | — | — | 50% | 20% | 18% |
| McLaughlin & Associates | September 17–22, 2025 | 470 (LV) | — | 8% | 3% | — | 2% | 5% | — | 14% | 42% | 7% | 19% |
| Echelon Insights | September 18–22, 2025 | 467 (LV) | 2% | 8% | 4% | 6% | 3% | 5% | — | — | 43% | 11% | 18% |
| Atlas Intel | September 12–16, 2025 | 1,066 (A) | — | 16.3% | — | — | 5.7% | 12.2% | — | 1.2% | 54.6% | 10% | — |
| YouGov | September 5–8, 2025 | 1,114 (A) | 2% | 8% | 3% | 1% | 2% | 4% | — | 10% | 44% | 6% | 20% |
| Leger360 | August 29–31, 2025 | 308 (LV) | 8% | — | — | — | — | 9% | — | — | 50% | 19% | 14% |
| McLauglin & Associates | August 21–26, 2025 | 457 (RV) | — | 10% | 3% | — | 2% | 4% | — | 16% | 36% | 11% | 18% |
| Emerson College | August 25–26, 2025 | 410 (RV) | 2.4% | 7.1% | 3.8% | 4.5% | 2.8% | 9.4% | — | — | 51.7% | 7.2% | 11.1% |
| Echelon Insights | August 14–18, 2025 | 441 (LV) | 2% | 9% | 4% | 9% | 2% | 6% | — | — | 43% | 10% | 15% |
| Atlas Intel | July 13–18, 2025 | 1,935 (A) | — | 13.2% | — | — | 1.8% | 9.7% | — | 4.6% | 57.9% | 12.8% | — |
| Echelon Insights | July 10–14, 2025 | 463 (LV) | 3% | 9% | 6% | 5% | 4% | 7% | — | — | 42% | 8% | 16% |
| McLaughlin & Associates | July 9–14, 2025 | 459 (LV) | — | 8% | 4% | — | 3% | 4% | — | 19% | 31% | 10% | 21% |
| Overton Insights | June 23–26, 2025 | 444 (RV) | — | 11% | 7% | 4% | 3% | 9% | — | 26% | 32% | — | 9% |
| Emerson College | June 24–25, 2025 | 416 (RV) | <0.5% | 9% | 2% | 5% | 1% | 12% | — | — | 46% | 9% | 17% |
| co/efficient | June 12–16, 2025 | 1,035 (LV) | — | 10% | — | — | 6% | 5% | 24% | — | 61% | 11% | 9% |
| McLaughlin & Associates | June 10–15, 2025 | 455 (LV) | — | 6% | 4% | — | 2% | 4% | — | 14% | 36% | 10% | 24% |
| Atlas Intel | May 21–27, 2025 | 1,044 (A) | — | 8% | — | — | 5.3% | 18.7% | — | 8.8% | 37.3% | 21.8% | — |
| McLaughlin & Associates | May 21–26, 2025 | 457 (LV) | — | 5% | 4% | — | 1% | 5% | — | 19% | 34% | 10% | 22% |
| J.L. Partners | May 13–14, 2025 | 975 (RV) | 6% | 8% | 5% | — | 7% | 6% | — | — | 46% | 9% | 13% |
| Echelon Insights | May 8–12, 2025 | 426 (LV) | 4% | 7% | 8% | 6% | 5% | 4% | — | — | 44% | 9% | 13% |
| McLaughlin & Associates | April 22–29, 2025 | 456 (LV) | — | 6% | 5% | — | 2% | 2% | — | 14% | 43% | 9% | 19% |
| J.L. Partners | April 23–28, 2025 | 1,006 (RV) | 4% | 8% | 5% | — | 3% | 5% | — | — | 48% | 12% | 14% |
| 2% | 6% | 4% | — | 3% | 3% | 39% | — | 19% | 14% | 11% | |||
| 2% | 10% | 4% | — | 5% | 3% | — | 11% | 40% | 12% | 12% | |||
| YouGov/ The Times | April 21–23, 2025 | 1,296 (A) | 3% | 6% | 2% | 5% | 4% | 2% | 16% | 5% | 31% | 6% | 20% |
| Atlas Intel | April 10–14, 2025 | 2,347 (A) | — | 9% | — | — | 1% | 9% | — | — | 60% | 16% | 6% |
| Echelon Insights | April 10–14, 2025 | 1,014 (LV) | 1% | 9% | 4% | 7% | 5% | 4% | — | — | 47% | 7% | 16% |
| Yale Youth Poll | April 1–3, 2025 | 1% | 4% | 3% | 4% | 3% | 2% | 56% | — | 19% | 8% | — | |
| 3% | 8% | 4% | 9% | 4% | 3% | — | — | 53% | 17% | — | |||
| YouGov/Economist | March 30 – April 1, 2025 | 594 (RV) | 2% | 8% | 3% | 2% | 3% | 4% | — | 11% | 43% | 4% | 20% |
| Overton Insights | March 24–28, 2025 | 536 (RV) | – | 13% | – | – | 6% | 6% | — | 31% | 36% | 7% | – |
| Echelon Insights | March 10–13, 2025 | 450 (LV) | 5% | 7% | 7% | 7% | 3% | 4% | — | — | 46% | 5% | 16% |
| McLaughlin & Associates | February 11–18, 2025 | 468 (LV) | — | 6% | 3% | — | 4% | 3% | — | 17% | 37% | 10% | 22% |
| Echelon Insights | February 10–13, 2025 | 466 LV | 4% | 10% | 8% | — | 5% | 4% | — | — | 39% | 10% | 20% |
| McLaughlin & Associates | January 22–27, 2025 | 453 (LV) | — | 8% | 2% | — | 3% | 3% | — | 21% | 27% | 11% | 24% |
| Second inauguration of Donald Trump | |||||||||||||
| McLaughlin & Associates | December 11–16, 2024 | 463 (LV) | — | 9% | 4% | – | 4% | 2% | — | 21% | 25% | 9% | 24% |
| Morning Consult | December 6–8, 2024 | 994 (RV) | — | 9% | 6% | 5% | 5% | 1% | — | 30% | 30% | 19% | — |
| Emerson College | November 20–22, 2024 | 420 (RV) | 1% | 5% | 2% | 2% | 3% | 1% | 23% | — | 30% | 9% | 28% |
| Echelon Insights | November 14–18, 2024 | 483 (LV) | 5% | 8% | 9% | — | 9% | 5% | — | — | 37% | 9% | 18% |
| 2024 United States presidential election held. | |||||||||||||
| Echelon Insights | July 19–21, 2024 | 456 (LV) | 4% | 14% | 9% | — | 10% | 2% | — | 25% | 16% | 21% | |
| Echelon Insights | January 16–18, 2024 | 832 (RV) | — | 27% | 19% | — | 18% | — | — | 1% | 18% | 17% | |
Statewide
California
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Ted Cruz | Ron DeSantis | Robert F. Kennedy Jr. | Marco Rubio | JD Vance | Other | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emerson College | December 1–2, 2025 | 339 (LV) | 2.2% | 5.7% | 10.2% | 11.2% | 51.8% | 7.1% | 11.8% |
| Emerson College | August 4–5, 2025 | 221 (LV) | 6.4% | 8.8% | 9.9% | 4.2% | 39.6% | 14.6% | 16.5% |
Florida
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Ron DeSantis | JD Vance | Nikki Haley |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fabrizio | February 26–27, 2025 | 600 (LV) | 33% | 47% | 20% |
Georgia
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Ron DeSantis | JD Vance | Donald Trump Jr. | Marco Rubio | Other | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| yes. every kid. | July 22–23, 2025 | 608 (LV) | 9% | 48% | 9% | 7% | 16% | 11% |
South Carolina
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Ron DeSantis | JD Vance | Donald Trump Jr. | Nikki Haley | Tim Scott | Other | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| yes. every kid. | July 18–21, 2025 | 406 (LV) | 6% | 46% | 8% | 12% | 5% | 14% | 9% |
Maine
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Ron DeSantis | Nikki Haley | Marco Rubio | JD Vance | Other | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of New Hampshire | October 16–21, 2025 | 381 (LV) | 11% | 4% | 4% | 60% | 3% | 8% |
New Hampshire
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Ron DeSantis | Tulsi Gabbard | Nikki Haley | Vivek Ramaswamy | Marco Rubio | JD Vance | Other | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saint Anselm | November 18–19, 2025 | 1000 (LV) | 7% | 4% | 4% | 4% | 9% | 57% | 2% | 10% |
| University of New Hampshire | October 16–21, 2025 | 679 (LV) | 3% | 8% | 9% | 3% | 5% | 51% | 10% | 11% |
| Saint Anselm | August 26–27, 2025 | 1776 (RV) | 8% | 5% | 3% | 3% | 7% | 56% | 11% | 7% |
Nevada
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Ron DeSantis | Vivek Ramaswamy | Marco Rubio | JD Vance | Other | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emerson College | November 16–18, 2025 | 800 (RV) | 5.8% | 3.6% | 6.7% | 63.3% | 14.4% | 11.8% |
North Carolina
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Ron DeSantis | Robert F. Kennedy Jr. | Marco Rubio | JD Vance | Other | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emerson College | July 28–30, 2025 | 416 (LV) | 7.4% | 5.1% | 5.3% | 53.0% | 14.4% | 14.8% |
Ohio
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Ron DeSantis | Vivek Ramaswamy | Marco Rubio | JD Vance | Other | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emerson College | August 18–19, 2025 | 490 (RV) | 6.7% | 6.3% | 8.9% | 55.4% | 12.4% | 10.3% |
Texas
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Ted Cruz | Ron DeSantis | Marco Rubio | JD Vance | Other | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emerson College | August 11–12, 2025 | 491 (RV) | 8.8% | 6.1% | 5.8% | 44.6% | 18% | 16.7% |
Vermont
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Ron DeSantis | Tulsi Gabbard | Nikki Haley | Sarah Huckabee Sanders | Marco Rubio | JD Vance | Other | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of New Hampshire | October 16–21, 2025 | 186 (LV) | 6% | 4% | 4% | 8% | 5% | 60% | 3% | 5% |
Democratic primary
Aggregate
| Aggregator | Updated | Gavin Newsom | Kamala Harris | Pete Buttigieg | Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez | Josh Shapiro | Andy Beshear | JB Pritzker | Cory Booker | Gretchen Whitmer | Other | Lead |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Race to the WH | December 24, 2025 | 25.4% | 20.5% | 10.9% | 8.8% | 4.8% | 3.7% | 3.6% | 3.1% | 2.0% | 14.2% | Newsom +4.9% |
| Real Clear Polling | December 24, 2025 | 23.6% | 21.4% | 11.0% | 7.7% | 4.6% | 3.4% | 4.8% | 3.0% | 2.3% | 3.2% | Newsom +2.2% |
| VoteHub | December 24, 2025 | 24.1% | 21.1% | 10.7% | 8.2% | 4.7% | 3.4% | — | — | — | — | Newsom +3.0% |
| Aggregate | 24.5% | 20.95% | 10.85% | 8.25% | 4.7% | 3.55% | 4.2% | 3.05% | 2.15% | 17.8% | Newsom +3.55% | |
Nationwide
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Cory Booker | Pete Buttigieg | Kamala Harris | Gavin Newsom | Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez | JB Pritzker | Josh Shapiro | Tim Walz | Other | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J.L. Partners | December 17–19, 2025 | 383 (LV) | 3% | 7% | 30% | 21% | 3% | 3% | 4% | 3% | 13% | 13% |
| Atlas Intel | December 15–19, 2025 | 2,315 (A) | 2.5% | 14.5% | 7.8% | 35.4% | 16% | — | 6.1% | 4.3% | 13.3% | — |
| McLaughlin & Associates | December 12–19, 2025 | 460 (LV) | 2% | 8% | 27% | 17% | 6% | 2% | 5% | 4% | 10% | 21% |
| Echelon Insights | December 11–15, 2025 | 498 (LV) | 4% | 11% | 22% | 23% | 6% | 5% | 4% | 3% | 11% | 12% |
| Big Data Poll | December 10–12, 2025 | 1,331 (RV) | — | 10% | 31% | 20% | 6% | — | 6% | — | 12% | 14% |
| McLaughlin & Associates | November 17–24, 2025 | 460 (LV) | 3% | 8% | 29% | 20% | 6% | 3% | 4% | 1% | 12% | 16% |
| Echelon Insights | November 13–17, 2025 | 484 (LV) | 4% | 12% | 17% | 29% | 6% | 2% | 3% | 2% | 14% | 11% |
| Yale Youth Poll | October 29 – November 11, 2025 | 3,426 (RV) | — | 14% | 18% | 25% | 16% | — | 4% | 3% | 3% | 17% |
| Morning Consult | November 7–9, 2025 | 984 (RV) | — | 8% | 29% | 20% | 7% | — | — | — | — | 36% |
| YouGov | November 6–9, 2025 | 2,172 (A) | 4% | 10% | 21% | 19% | 6% | 2% | 3% | 3% | 15% | 17% |
| Emerson College | November 3–4, 2025 | 417 (RV) | 1.2% | 8.6% | 10.3% | 24.5% | 2.8% | 2.3% | 2.6% | — | 12.9% | 34.9% |
| Overton Insights | October 27–29, 2025 | 1,200 (RV) | 5% | 7% | 35% | 23% | 7% | 5% | 3% | 3% | 8% | 6% |
| McLaughlin & Associates | October 21–27, 2025 | 437 (LV) | 3% | 6% | 25% | 22% | 4% | 4% | 6% | 2% | 13% | 17% |
| Echelon Insights | October 16–20, 2025 | 512 (LV) | 5% | 10% | 24% | 15% | 4% | 4% | 5% | 5% | 14% | 12% |
| Noble Predictive Insights | October 2–6, 2025 | 2,565 (RV) | — | 7% | 33% | 21% | 8% | 4% | 4% | — | 5% | 17% |
| Leger360 | September 26–29, 2025 | 341 (LV) | — | 9% | 24% | 19% | 9% | 6% | 8% | — | 8% | 17% |
| McLaughlin & Associates | September 17–22, 2025 | 429 (LV) | 4% | 7% | 21% | 22% | 5% | 2% | 4% | 2% | 11% | 20% |
| Echelon Insights | September 18–22, 2025 | 500 (LV) | 6% | 7% | 23% | 17% | 7% | 2% | 6% | 2% | 19% | 12% |
| Atlas Intel | September 12–16, 2025 | 1,066 (A) | 2.9% | 12.1% | 20.5% | 37.4% | 10.8% | — | 2.1% | 3.6% | 10.4% | — |
| YouGov | September 5–8, 2025 | 1,114 (A) | 1% | 6% | 19% | 23% | 8% | 4% | — | 5% | 18% | 16% |
| YouGov/Yahoo | August 29 – September 2, 2025 | 1,690 (A) | — | 10% | 19% | 21% | 12% | 7% | 4% | 4% | 2% | — |
| Leger360 | August 29–31, 2025 | 328 (LV) | — | 8% | 30% | 24% | 10% | 4% | 2% | — | 5% | 18% |
| McLaughlin & Associates | August 21–26, 2025 | 434 (RV) | 3% | 9% | 27% | 18% | 4% | 2% | 3% | 2% | 12% | 20% |
| Emerson College | August 25–26, 2025 | 387 (RV) | 2.3% | 16% | 11.4% | 25.1% | 4.1% | 4.1% | 5.3% | 2.2% | 13.6% | 15.9% |
| Morning Consult | August 22–24, 2025 | — | 9% | 29% | 19% | 6% | 3% | 4% | 3% | 5% | 22% | |
| Echelon Insights | August 14–18, 2025 | 552 (LV) | 5% | 11% | 26% | 13% | 6% | 3% | 3% | 2% | 15% | 16% |
| Atlas Intel | July 13–18, 2025 | 1,935 (A) | 4.1% | 26.7% | 14.5% | 15.8% | 18.5% | — | 3.2% | 8.7% | 8.5% | — |
| Echelon Insights | July 10–14, 2025 | 505 (LV) | 7% | 11% | 26% | 10% | 6% | 2% | 4% | 3% | 18% | 13% |
| 8% | 12% | — | 12% | 9% | 3% | 5% | 7% | 25% | 19% | |||
| McLaughlin & Associates | July 9–14, 2025 | 444 (LV) | 4% | 8% | 25% | 9% | 9% | 2% | 4% | 4% | 13% | 22% |
| Rasmussen Reports | June 25–26, and 29, 2025 | 1,229 (LV) | 6% | 8% | 22% | 12% | 6% | — | 12% | 5% | 15% | 15% |
| Overton Insights | June 23–26, 2025 | 396 (RV) | 4% | 11% | 38% | 10% | 7% | — | 7% | 7% | 9% | 6% |
| 7% | 15% | — | 15% | 11% | — | 8% | 15% | 15% | 16% | |||
| — | — | 67% | — | 20% | — | — | — | 6% | 8% | |||
| Emerson College | June 24–25, 2025 | 404 (RV) | 3% | 16% | 13% | 12% | 7% | 2% | 7% | — | 16% | 23% |
| co/efficient | June 12–16, 2025 | 1,035 (LV) | — | 11% | 26% | 21% | 14% | — | 3% | 10% | 33% | 11% |
| McLaughlin & Associates | June 10–15, 2025 | 434 (LV) | 7% | 10% | 30% | 8% | 7% | 1% | 3% | 4% | 13% | 21% |
| Morning Consult | June 13–15, 2025 | 1,000 (RV) | 3% | 7% | 34% | 11% | 7% | 2% | 2% | 4% | 24% | 16% |
| Atlas Intel | May 21–27, 2025 | 930 (A) | 10.4% | 31.5% | 16.6% | 7.1% | 19.4% | 0.1% | 4.8% | — | 10.1% | — |
| McLaughlin & Associates | May 21–26, 2025 | 439 (LV) | 7% | 10% | 29% | 4% | 9% | 2% | 6% | 3% | 11% | 19% |
| Echelon Insights | May 8–12, 2025 | 471 (LV) | 6% | 10% | 32% | 5% | 8% | 5% | 2% | 5% | 14% | 13% |
| McLaughlin & Associates | April 22–29, 2025 | 442 (LV) | 7% | 6% | 30% | 8% | 8% | 3% | 4% | 4% | 9% | 21% |
| YouGov/The Times | April 21–23, 2025 | 1,296 (A) | 7% | 9% | 28% | 7% | 7% | 3% | 4% | 3% | 10% | 22% |
| Quantus Insights | April 21–23, 2025 | 1,000(RV) | 13% | 13% | 30% | 7% | 14% | — | 5% | 5% | 6% | 5% |
| Atlas Intel | April 10–14, 2025 | 2,347 (A) | 9% | 28% | 24% | 7% | 16% | — | — | — | 15% | 2% |
| Data For Progress | April 9–14, 2025 | 745 (LV) | 14% | 17% | — | 10% | 14% | 4% | 6% | 7% | 15% | 9% |
| Data For Progress | April 9–14, 2025 | 745 (LV) | 12% | 14% | 18% | 8% | 12% | 4% | 5% | 4% | 16% | 7% |
| Echelon Insights | April 10–14, 2025 | 1,014 (V) | 11% | 7% | 28% | 4% | 7% | 3% | 3% | 5% | 17% | 12% |
| Yale Youth Poll | April 1–3, 2025 | — | 14% | 28% | 6% | 21% | 3% | 5% | — | 23% | — | |
| YouGov/Economist | March 30 – April 1, 2025 | 650 (RV) | 1% | 10% | 25% | 7% | 8% | — | — | 4% | 20% | 25% |
| Morning Consult | March 14–16, 2025 | 3% | 10% | 36% | 5% | 5% | 2% | 4% | 5% | 21% | 13% | |
| Echelon Insights | March 10–13, 2025 | 457 (LV) | 2% | 10% | 33% | 7% | 7% | 2% | 2% | 5% | 19% | 15% |
| SurveyUSA | February 13–16, 2025 | 835 (RV) | — | 11% | 37% | 9% | 7% | — | 6% | 0% | 20% | — |
| McLaughlin & Associates | February 11–18, 2025 | 418 (LV) | — | 8% | 36% | 4% | 3% | 2% | 3% | 4% | 18% | 23% |
| Echelon Insights | February 10–13, 2025 | 447 (LV) | 2% | 10% | 36% | 6% | 5% | 2% | 3% | 9% | 19% | 10% |
| McLaughlin & Associates | January 22–27, 2025 | 414 (LV) | 2% | 9% | 33% | 7% | 6% | 1% | 3% | 3% | 22% | 22% |
| January 20, 2025 | Second inauguration of Donald Trump | |||||||||||
| McLaughlin & Associates | December 11–16, 2024 | 428 (LV) | 2% | 12% | 35% | 7% | 3% | 3% | 5% | 5% | 15% | 19% |
| Emerson College | November 20–22, 2024 | 400 (RV) | 4% | 37% | 7% | 1% | 1% | 3% | 1% | 15% | 35% | |
| Echelon Insights | November 14–18, 2024 | 457 (LV) | 2% | 6% | 41% | 8% | 4% | 2% | 7% | 6% | 10% | 16% |
| Morning Consult | November 15–17, 2024 | 1,012 (V) | 2% | 9% | 43% | 8% | 4% | 1% | 5% | 7% | 22% | — |
| 2024 United States presidential election held. | ||||||||||||
| Morning Consult/Politico | May 28–29, 2024 | 3,997 (RV) | — | 10% | 21% | 10% | — | — | 3% | — | 12% | 41% |
| Echelon Insights | January 16–18, 2024 | 499 (RV) | — | 13% | 33% | 11% | — | 3% | 2% | — | 9% | 29% |
Statewide
Alaska
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Andy Beshear | Pete Buttigieg | Kamala Harris | Gavin Newsom | Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez | JB Pritzker | Josh Shapiro | Tim Walz | Gretchen Whitmer | Other | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alaska Survey Research | October 10–15, 2025 | 315 (RV) | 3% | 20% | 19% | 23% | 17% | 6% | 2% | 7% | 5% | — | — |
California
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Cory Booker | Pete Buttigieg | Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez | Kamala Harris | Amy Klobuchar | Gavin Newsom | Josh Shapiro | Gretchen Whitmer | Other | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emerson College | December 1–2, 2025 | 567 (LV) | 1.6% | 15.7% | 13.4% | 8.8% | 1.2% | 35.9% | 3.4% | 1.7% | 7.4% | 11% |
| Citrin Politico | July 28 – August 12, 2025 | 1,445 (RV) | 4% | 13% | 10% | 19% | 2% | 25% | 3% | 3% | 21% | — |
| Emerson College | August 4–5, 2025 | 444 (LV) | 2.7% | 17.4% | 9% | 11% | 1.2% | 23.1% | 4.4% | 1.6% | 15.7% | 13.9% |
| Capitol Weekly | May 21–30, 2025 | 1,122 (LV) | — | 7.7% | 9.9% | 15.3% | — | 17.2% | 6.3% | 5.5% | 5% | 33.1% |
| Capitol Weekly | February 3–7, 2025 | 681 V | 5% | 15% | — | 15% | 6% | 27% | 6% | 6% | 20% | — |
Florida
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Pete Buttigieg | Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez | Cory Booker | Gavin Newsom | Andy Beshear | Josh Shapiro | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Victory Insights | June 7–10, 2025 | 600 LV | 23% | 14% | 12% | 12% | 5% | 3% | 31% |
Maine
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Cory Booker | Pete Buttigieg | Kamala Harris | Gavin Newsom | Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez | JB Pritzker | Bernie Sanders | Other | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of New Hampshire | October 16–21, 2025 | 470 (LV) | 7% | 14% | 9% | 16% | 15% | 8% | 7% | 14% | 10% |
New Hampshire
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Cory Booker | Pete Buttigieg | Kamala Harris | Gavin Newsom | Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez | JB Pritzker | Bernie Sanders | Other | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saint Anselm | November 18–19, 2025 | 1015 (LV) | 4% | 28% | 6% | 24% | — | 4% | — | 4% | 18% |
| University of New Hampshire | October 16–21, 2025 | 602 (LV) | 2% | 19% | 11% | 15% | 14% | 6% | 8% | 15% | 10% |
| Saint Anselm | August 26–27, 2025 | 1776 (RV) | 5% | 23% | 6% | 23% | 7% | 9% | 4% | 15% | 12% |
North Carolina
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Andy Beshear | Cory Booker | Pete Buttigieg | Kamala Harris | Gavin Newsom | Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez | Bernie Sanders | Other | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emerson College | July 28–30, 2025 | 445 (LV) | 3.7% | 5.2% | 16.8% | 12.0% | 10.2% | 4.1% | 6.9% | 17.2% | 23.9% |
Nevada
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Andy Beshear | Pete Buttigieg | Kamala Harris | Gavin Newsom | Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez | JB Pritzker | Josh Shapiro | Other | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emerson College | November 16–18, 2025 | 800 (RV) | 3.6% | 18.9% | 6.0% | 36.9% | 8.9% | 3.5% | 3.0% | 4.7% | 14.4% |
Ohio
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Pete Buttigieg | Kamala Harris | Gavin Newsom | Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez | Bernie Sanders | Tim Walz | Other | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emerson College | August 18–19, 2025 | 383 (RV) | 15.3% | 6.8% | 20.0% | 8.1% | 6.6% | 7.1% | 18.8% | 17.4% |
Texas
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Pete Buttigieg | Kamala Harris | Gavin Newsom | Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez | Bernie Sanders | Other | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emerson College | August 11–12, 2025 | 370 (RV) | 21.6% | 16.8% | 19.5% | 5.6% | 5.4% | 16.9% | 14.2% |
Vermont
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Cory Booker | Pete Buttigieg | Kamala Harris | Gavin Newsom | Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez | JB Pritzker | Bernie Sanders | Other | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of New Hampshire | October 16–21, 2025 | 476 (LV) | 3% | 16% | 6% | 17% | 17% | 4% | 14% | 9% | 14% |
General election
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Donald Trump (R) | JD Vance (R) | Marco Rubio (R) | Kamala Harris (D) | Gavin Newsom (D) | Barack Obama (D) | Josh Shapiro (D) | Gretchen Whitmer (D) | Pete Buttigieg (D) | Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D) | Stephen A. Smith (D) | Undecided |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Argument/Verasight | December 5–11, 2025 | 1,521 (RV) | 49% | 51% | – | |||||||||
| The Argument/Verasight | November 10–17, 2025 | 1,508 (RV) | 46.4% | 53.6% | – | |||||||||
| Morning Consult | November 14–16, 2025 | 2,201 (RV) | 39% | 41% | 20% | |||||||||
| 40% | 42% | 18% | ||||||||||||
| 42% | 41% | 17% | ||||||||||||
| 42% | 43% | 15% | ||||||||||||
| Overton Insights | October 27–29, 2025 | 1,200 (RV) | 43% | 46% | 11% | |||||||||
| YouGov | October 16–20, 2025 | 1,000 (A) | 32% | 36% | 32% | |||||||||
| 34% | 34% | 32% | ||||||||||||
| Echelon Insights | October 16–20, 2025 | 1,010 (LV) | 46% | 47% | 7% | |||||||||
| Emerson College | October 13–14, 2025 | 1,000 (RV) | 45.5% | 44.9% | 9.6% | |||||||||
| Leger360 | August 29–31, 2025 | 849 (A) | 44% | 48% | 8% | |||||||||
| 837 (A) | 46% | 47% | 7% | |||||||||||
| 796 (A) | 44% | 49% | 7% | |||||||||||
| YouGov/Yahoo | August 29 – September 2, 2025 | 1,690 (A) | 41% | 49% | 10% | |||||||||
| 41% | 49% | 10% | ||||||||||||
| Emerson College | August 25–26, 2025 | 1,000 (RV) | 44.4% | 43.5% | 12.1% | |||||||||
| On Point/SoCal Strategies | August 18, 2025 | 700 (A) | 37% | 41% | 21% | |||||||||
| 37% | 39% | 23% | ||||||||||||
| 37% | 35% | 28% | ||||||||||||
| Emerson College | July 21–22, 2025 | 1,400 (RV) | 43.9% | 43.1% | 13.0% | |||||||||
| 44.4% | 41.0% | 14.6% | ||||||||||||
| 45.3% | 42.1% | 12.6% | ||||||||||||
| Overton Insights | June 23–26, 2025 | 1,200 (RV) | 42% | 45% | 12% | |||||||||
| 46% | 43% | 11% | ||||||||||||
| Change Research | March 10, 2025 | 42% | 49% | 9% | ||||||||||
| Second inauguration of Donald Trump | ||||||||||||||
| On Point/SoCal Strategies | December 23, 2024 | 656 (A) | 41% | 43% | 16% | |||||||||
| 37% | 34% | 29% | ||||||||||||
| 37% | 34% | 29% | ||||||||||||
| 40% | 33% | 26% | ||||||||||||
| American Pulse Research & Polling | December 17–20, 2024 | 661 (LV) | 46% | 47% | 7% | |||||||||
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