Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions

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The Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions, also known as Northwest Semitic inscriptions, are the primary extra-Biblical sources for understanding of the societies and histories of Phoenicia, the Israelites, and the Arameans, which includes groups within the Northwest Semitic languages. Northwest Semitic contains the Aramaic and Canaanite languages; the latter groups includes Phoenician—Punic, the Ammonite language, and Hebrew.

Semitic inscriptions may occur on stone slabs, ostraca, and ornaments and range from simple names to full texts.

The oldest inscriptions form a dialect continuum that includes Canaanite languages and Aramaic, exemplified by writings which scholars have struggled to fit into either category, such as the Stele of Zakkur and the Deir Alla inscription.

Languages

Phoenician alphabet
Aramaic alphabet
This article lists the notable inscriptions written in ancient Northwest Semitic scripts. The labels used for these scripts have changed over time: Canaanite scripts were previously known as "Phoenician", whilst today are split into Phoenician-proper, Punic and paleo-Hebrew etc.; Aramaic scripts are also often split into subdivisions such as Old Aramaic, Imperial Aramaic, Palmyrene, Hatran etc. These scripts are all closely related, as shown in these 1903 comparison tables.

The Old Aramaic period (850–612 BC) saw increased production and dispersal of inscriptions — not because the Arameans formed a dominant empire, but because their language was increasingly adopted as a regional lingua franca. Their language was adopted as an international language of diplomacy, particularly in the late Neo-Assyrian Empire when it spread throughout the Near East—including Egypt (in administration) and Mesopotamia (where it became natively spoken). The first known Aramaic inscription was the Carpentras Stela, found in southern France in 1704; it was considered to be Phoenician text at the time.

Only 10,000 inscriptions in Phoenician-Punic, a Canaanite language, are known, such that "Phoenician probably remains the worst transmitted and least known of all Semitic languages." The only other substantial source for Phoenician-Punic are the excerpts in Poenulus, a play written by the Roman writer Plautus (see Punic language § Example for an analysis). Within the corpus of inscriptions only 668 words have been attested, including 321 hapax legomena (words only attested a single time), per Wolfgang Röllig's analysis in 1983. This compares to the Bible's 7,000–8,000 words and 1,500 hapax legomena, in Biblical Hebrew. The first published Phoenician-Punic inscription was from the Cippi of Melqart, found in 1694 in Malta; the first published such inscription from the Phoenician "homeland" was the Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II published in 1855.

Fewer than 2,000 inscriptions in Ancient Hebrew, another Canaanite language, are known, of which the vast majority comprise just a single letter or word. The first detailed Ancient Hebrew inscription published was the Royal Steward inscription, found in 1870.

List of notable inscriptions

The inscriptions written in ancient Northwest Semitic script (Canaanite and Aramaic) have been catalogued into multiple corpora (i.e., lists) over the last two centuries. The primary corpora to have been produced are as follows:

  • Hamaker, Hendrik Arent (1828). Miscellanea Phoenicia.: assessed 13 inscriptions
  • Wilhelm Gesenius, Scripturae Linguaeque Phoeniciae (1837): only c.80 inscriptions and 60 coins were known in the entire Phoenicio-Punic corpus
  • Schröder, Paul (1869). Die phönizische sprache. Entwurf Einer Grammatik, Nebst Sprach- und Schriftproben. Halle, Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses.: The first study of Phoenician grammar, listed 332 texts known at the time
  • CIS: Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum (1881-1962); the first section is focused on Phoenician-Punic inscriptions (176 "Phoenician" inscriptions and 5982 "Punic" inscriptions)
  • NE: Mark Lidzbarski, (1898): Handbuch der Nordsemitischen Epigraphik
    • KI: Lidzbarski, Mark (1907). Kanaanäische Inschriften (moabitisch, althebräisch, phönizisch, punisch). A. Töpelmann.
  • NSI: George Albert Cooke (1903): Text-book of North-Semitic Inscriptions: Moabite, Hebrew, Phoenician, Aramaic, Nabataean, Palmyrene, Jewish
  • KAI: Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften (1960-2002), considered the "gold standard" for the last fifty years
  • TSSI: Gibson, J. C. L. (1971). Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions: I. Hebrew and Moabite Inscriptions. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-813159-5. Volume III. Phoenician Inscriptions, Including Inscriptions in the Mixed Dialect of Arslan Tash (Oxford: OUP, 1982; ISBN 978-0-19-813199-1)
  • TAD: Bezalel Porten and Ada Yardeni (1986–2000), Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt
  • Renz, J.; Röllig, W. (1995). Handbuch der althebräischen Epigraphik (in German). Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. ISBN 978-3-534-12297-4.
  • Jongeling, K. (2008). Handbook of Neo-Punic Inscriptions. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-149303-4.
  • Sass, Benjamin; Finkelstein, Israel (2013). "The West Semitic Alphabetic Inscriptions, Late Bronze II to Iron IIA: Archeological Context, Distribution and Chronology". Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel. 2 (2): 149. doi:10.1628/219222713X13757034787838.

The inscriptions listed below include those which are mentioned in multiple editions of the corpora above (the numbers in the concordance column cross-refer to the works above), as well as newer inscriptions which have been published since the corpora above were published (references provided individually). They are ordered chronologically by date of their modern discovery, illustrating the development of the study of ancient Semitic epigraphy.

Name Image Discovered No. units Est. Date Location found Current Location Concordance
KAI CIS / RÉS NE KI NSI TSSI Oth. ref.
Punic-Libyan bilinguals 1631 2 Dougga British Museum 100–101 433,c 93 52
Cippi of Melqart 1694 2 100s BC Malta Louvre and National Museum of Archaeology, Malta 47 I 122 425f 53 36
Carpentras Stela 1704 1 Carpentras Bibliothèque Inguimbertine 269 II 141 448b1 75 II 24
Pococke Kition inscriptions 1738 31 300s BC Cyprus Ashmolean Museum 33, 35 I 11, 46, 57–85 420,4 19, 23, 27, 28 13, 16, 18, 19 III 35
Benhisa inscription 1761 1 Malta Cabinet des Médailles I 124 426,3 55
Phoenician Harpocrates statues 1770, 1963 2 unknown National Archaeological Museum (Madrid) and British Museum 52 R 1507 424 44 III 37, 38
Nora Stone 1773 1 Sardinia Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari 46 I 144 427c 60 41 III 11
Athenian Greek-Phoenician inscriptions 1795 etc. 18 Athens, Piraeus British Museum, Louvre, National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Archaeological Museum of Piraeus 53–60 I 115–120, R 388, 1215 424,1–3, 425,1–5 45–52 32–35 III 40–41
Tripolitania Punic inscriptions 1806 Leptis Magna, Breviglieri, other 118–132 R 662 434, B-a
Elephantine papyri and ostraca 1815–1945 300s BC Elephantine various 270–271 II 137–139, 154–155 73–74 II 26, 28
Mdina steles 1816 2 Malta National Museum of Archaeology, Malta 61 I 123A–B 426,2 54 37 III 21,22
Carthaginian tombstones 1817 onwards Carthage Carthage National Museum, others 85 various 74
Humbert Carthage inscriptions 1817-23 7 Carthage Rijksmuseum van Oudheden I 173, I 186-187, I 240, I 439-440 431, 9; 432, 16
Turin Aramaic Papyrus 1823–24 1 Museo Egizio II 144
Blacas papyrus 1825 1 Saqqara British Library II 145 76
Falbe Punic inscriptions 1831 3 Carthage Copenhagen University museum, British Museum I 199 431, 10 75
Reade Punic inscriptions 1836-37 4 Carthage, Maghrawa 179, 441, 442
Limyra bilingual 1840 1 Limyra 262 II 109 446b
Abu Simbel Phoenician graffiti 1842 Abu Simbel in situ I 111-113 423b 43
Ain Nechma inscriptions 1843 40 Guelma Louvre 166–169 437 58
Kellia inscription 1844 1 Cyprus 36 I 47 420,5 24 17
Marseille Tariff 1845 1 300s BC Marseille Musée d'archéologie méditerranéenne 69 I 165 428 63 42
Nimrud ivory inscriptions 1845, 1961 Nimrud British Museum I 6
Assyrian lion weights 1845–1860 800–500 BC Nimrud, Abydos (Hellespont) British Museum, Louvre 263 II 1–14, 108 446c 66-67
Phoenician metal bowls 1849 onwards c. 5-10 700s BC Nimrud, Cyprus, Italy and others various I 164, II 46–49 III 19
Anat Athena bilingual 1850 1 312 BCE Cyprus in situ 42 I 95, R 1515 422,1 35 28
Bourgade inscriptions 1852 c. 40 Maghrawa 133–135 436,3–12 54
Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II 1855 1 c. 525 BC Sidon Louvre 14 I 3, R 1506 417,2 7 5 III 28
Gozo stele 1855 1 Malta Gozo Museum of Archaeology 62 I 132 426,4 56 38
Serapeum Offering Table 1855 1 400 BC Saqqara Louvre 268 II 123 448a2 72
Cirta steles 1857–61, 1875, 1950 c. 1,000 300-100BCE Constantine Musée national Cirta 102–116, 162–164 R 327, 334, 339, 1544 433,1–9 and 434,10–12 94–99 51
Carthage Tariff 1856-58 1 300 BC Carthage British Museum 74 I 167 429b 66 43
Son of Baalshillek marble base 1856-58 1 Carthage British Museum 84 I 178 430,7 73
Carthage tower model 1856-58 1 Carthage British Museum I 181 432, 14 48
Bodashtart inscriptions 1858, 1900-2 22-24 300s BC Sidon Louvre and Museum of the Ancient Orient 15–16 I 4, R 766, 767 8–10 6, Appendix I
Kition Resheph pillars 1860 2 341 BC Cyprus Louvre 32 I 10, 88 420,1 18, 30 12, 23
Ankh-Hapy stele 1860 1 525–404 BCE unknown Vatican Museums 272 II 142 448b2 II 7
Pauli Gerrei trilingual inscription 1861 1 Sardinia Turin Archaeology Museum 66 I 143 427b 59 40
Baalshamin inscription 1861 1 132 BC Umm al-Amad Louvre 18 I 7 418,d 12 9
Phoenician sun dial 1860–1945 1 Umm al-Amad National Museum of Beirut I 9
Umm al-Amad votive inscription 1861 1 Umm al-Amad, Lebanon Louvre I 8 419,2 13
Cesnola Phoenician inscriptions 1865-71 28 Kition Metropolitan Museum of Art I 14-39, RES 1521-34
Khaznadar inscriptions 1866-69 c.120 Carthage Bardo National Museum (Tunis), Louvre 88 various 431,11-13, 431,15 82-84
Hadrumetum Punic inscriptions 1867, 1946 12 Sousse Hermitage Museum, Sousse Archaeological Museum, the Louvre and the Maison méditerranéenne des Sciences de l'homme 97–99 432,1–3 91–92
Mesha Stele 1868 1 Dhiban Louvre 181 415 1 1 I 16
Abydos graffiti 1868 Abydos in situ 49 I 99–110, R 1302ff. 423a 38-42 31
Idalion bilingual and Idalion Temple inscriptions 1869 6 391–254 BC Idalion, Cyprus British Museum 38–40 I 89–94 421,1–3 31–33 24–27 III 34
Yehawmilk Stele 1869 1 c.450/425 BCE Byblos Louvre 10 I 1 416 5 3 III 25
Tharros Punic inscriptions 1870 14 Sardinia Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari, Museo nazionale archeologico ed etnografico G. A. Sanna 67 I 153-161 61-62
Royal Steward inscription 1870 1 Jerusalem British Museum 191 I 8
Carthaginian slaughterhouse inscription 1871 1 Carthage British Museum 80 I 175 430,4 68 46
Carthaginian mother goddess inscription 1871 1 Carthage 83 I 177 430,6 72 47
Carthage Festival Offering inscription 1872 1 300 BC Carthage Turin Archaeology Museum 76 I 166 430,3 67 44
Wilmanns Neopunic inscriptions 1873-74 5 Tunisia Louvre and Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin 139, 142, 159 435,2, 437a 53, 55
Pricot de Sainte-Marie steles 1874–75 >2,000 Carthage Bibliothèque nationale de France, Louvre 86–87 I c.200–c.2000 76-80 49
Cherchell Neopunic inscriptions 1875, 1882 2 Cherchell Louvre 161 439,2 56–57
Bashamem inscription 1877 1 200 BC Sardinia Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari 64 I 139 427a 58 39
Baal Lebanon inscription 1877 1 700s BC Cyprus Cabinet des Médailles 31 I 5 419 17 11 III 17
Saqqara Aramaic Stele 1877 1 482 BC Saqqara destroyed 267 II 122 448a1 71 II 23
Tayma stones 1878–1884 21 300s–400s BC Tayma Louvre 228–230 II 113–115 447,1–3 69–70 II 30
Kition Tariffs 1879 2 300s BC Cyprus British Museum 37 I 86A–B, 87 29 20 III 33
Adadnadinakhe bricks 1880s 20+ 300-100 BC Girsu Louvre, Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin II 72 446c
Siloam inscription 1880 1 Jerusalem Museum of the Ancient Orient 189 3 2 I 7
Sant'Antioco bilingual 1881 1 Sardinia Museo archeologico comunale Ferruccio Barreca 172 I 149 434,1 100 60
Palmyra Tariff 1881 1 100s CE Palmyra Hermitage Museum
Osorkon Bust 1881 1 c.920 BC Byblos Louvre 6 III 8
Pierides Kition inscriptions 1881 7 Cyprus Louvre 12, 13, 14, 50–53 20, 25–26 14
Eshmun obelisk 1881 1 Cyprus British Museum I 44 420,2 21 15
Persephone Punic stele 1881 1 Carthage Turin Archaeology Museum 82 I 176 71
Lilybaeum stele 1882 1 Sicily Regional Archeological Museum Antonio Salinas 63 I 138 57
Henchir Guergour Neopunic inscriptions 1882 Tunisia 143–144
Guelaât Bou Sbaâ Neopunic inscriptions 1884 Algeria 165
Hegra Nabataean inscriptions 1884-85 Hegra II 197-334 78-93 IV 7-8
Tyre Cistern inscription 1885 1 Tyre Louvre 418,c 8
Tamassos bilinguals 1885 2 363 BC Tamassos, Cyprus British Museum 41 R 1212–1213 421c 34 30
Masub inscription 1885 1 222 BC Masub Louvre 19 R 1205 419e 16 10 III 31
Tabnit sarcophagus 1887 1 500 BC Sidon Museum of the Ancient Orient 13 R 1202 417,1 6 4 III 27
Panamuwa II inscription 1888 1 730s BC Sam'al Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin 215 442 62 II 14
Madaba Nabataean Inscriptions 1889 1 37 CE Madaba Louvre and Vatican Museums II 196 96 IV 9
Hadad Statue 1890 1 700s BC Sam'al Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin 214 440-2 61 II 13
Abdmiskar cippus 1890 1 300 BCE Sidon Louvre 282 R 930 418,3 11 7
Abdbaal the centurion inscription 1890s 1 near Tyre Louvre
Maktar and Mididi inscriptions 1890s >150 Maktar and Mididi 145–158 R 161–181, 2221 436,11 59a-c
Bar-Rakib inscriptions 1891 8 730s BC Sam'al Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin and Museum of the Ancient Orient 216–221 443, 444 63 II 15–17
Neirab steles 1891 2 600s BC Al-Nayrab Louvre 225–226 445 64–65 II 18–19
Sarıaydın inscription 1892 1 400 BC Sarıaydın in situ 261 446a 68 II 35
Larnakas tis Lapithou pedestal inscription 1893 1 275 BCE Cyprus Louvre 43 R 1211 422,2 36 29 III 36
Kilamuwa Stela 1893 1 c. 850/825 BCE Sam'al Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin 24 III 13
Hasanbeyli inscription 1894 1 Hasanbeyli Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin 23
Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions 1894 4 300s BC Cyprus British Museum, Cyprus Museum, Ashmolean Museum 34 R 1206 420,3 22 21-22
Douïmès medallion 1894 1 700 BCE Carthage Carthage National Museum 73 I 6057, R 5 429,1 70
El Amrouni mausoleum 1894 1 Remada 117 435b 101
Abiba’l inscription 1895 1 c.940/930 BCE Byblos Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin 5 R 505 III 7
Arebsun inscriptions 1895 1 Afşin Museum of the Ancient Orient 264 R 1785
Tortosa bomos inscription 1896 1 Tortosa, Syria Louvre R 56
El-Osiris inscription 1896 1 Umm al-Amad Louvre R 504

Avignon Punic inscription 1897 1 Avignon Musée d'archéologie méditerranéenne 70 R 360 64 III 18
Astarte and Tabit sanctuary dedication 1898 1 200 BC Carthage Carthage National Museum 81 I 3914 69 45
Punic Tabella Defixionis 1899 1 200 BC Carthage Carthage National Museum 89 I 6068, R 18, 1590 85 50
1899 Carthage Carthage National Museum 91 I 5991, R 1227 88
Quintus Markius trilingual inscription 1899 1 middle of 1st century BC Henchir-Alouin (near Uthina) Louvre R 79
Farasa bilingual inscription 1900 1 In situ 265
Phoenician Adoration steles 1900 1 Umm al-Amad, Lebanon Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Louvre R 250, R 307 14–15
Banobal stele 1900 1 Memphis Egyptian Museum 48 R 1, 235 37
1900 Bou Arada 140 R 679
1901 Carthage 96 I 5988, R 183, 1600
Eshmun inscription 1901 1 Sidon Museum of the Ancient Orient R 297
Sibbolet funeral inscription 1902 1 Carthage Carthage National Museum 92 I 5948, R 768 89
Stele of Zakkur 1903 1 Tell Afis Louvre 202 II 5
Villaricos Phoenician stele 1903-04 1 Villaricos National Archaeological Museum (Madrid) 65
Assur ostracon and tablets 1903–1913 10 Assur Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin 233-6 II 20
Baal Hannon tomb inscription 1904 Carthage Carthage National Museum 90 I 5953, R 537 87
1905 Carthage Carthage National Museum 93 I 5950, R 553 90
1906 Carthage 77 I 3921
Lake Sivan inscriptions 1906 Armenia 274–275
1906 Carthage 95 R 786, 1854
Throne of Astarte 1907 1 Tyre Louvre and National Museum of Beirut 17 R 800 III 30
1907 1 Carthage 94 I 2992
Gözne Boundary Stone 1907 1 Gözne 259 II 34
Thinissut sanctuary inscription 1908 1 Bir Bouregba Nabeul Museum 137 R 942, 1858
Gezer calendar 1908 1 Gezer Museum of the Ancient Orient 182 R 1201 I 1
Samaria Ostraca 1910 102 Sebastia Museum of the Ancient Orient 183–188 I 2–3
Olbia pedestal 1911 1 Sardinia 68 R 1216
Giardino Birocchi inscription 1912 1 Sardinia Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari 65
Sardis bilingual inscription 1912 1 394 BC Sardis İzmir Archaeological Museum 260
Rhodes Phoenician-Greek bilingual inscriptions 1914–68 3 300–200 BCE Rhodes Archaeological Museum of Rhodes 44–45 III 39
Bur Tlelsa Neopunic inscription 1914 1 Tunisia 138
Kesecek Köyü inscription 1915 1 Kesecek Köyü Peabody Museum of Natural History 258 II 33
Aramaic Inscription of Taxila 1915 1 Taxila Taxila Museum 273
Arwad bilingual 1916 1 Arwad Louvre
Zattara Neopunic inscriptions 1916 Algeria 171
Mitsri genealogy inscription 1922 1 300s BCE Carthage 78 I 3778
1920 Carthage 75 I 3916
KNMY inscription 1922 1 Carthage 79 I 3785
Ibiza Phoenician inscriptions 1923 Archaeological Museum of Alicante 72
Ahiram Sarcophagus 1923 1 c.1000 BCE Byblos National Museum of Beirut 1 III 4
Byblos Necropolis graffito 1923 1 c.1000 BCE Byblos in situ 2 III 5
Byblos altar inscription 1923 1 200–100 BCE Byblos National Museum of Beirut 12
Ophel ostracon 1924 1 Jerusalem Rockefeller Museum 190 I 9
Phoenician arrowheads 1926 onwards c. 70 11th century BCE various various 20–22 III p. 6
Ur Box inscription 1927 1 Ur British Museum 29 III 20
Byblos bronze spatulas 1926–1932 1 Byblos National Museum of Beirut 3 III 1
Abda sherd 1926–1932 1 c.900 BCE Byblos 8 III 10
Son of Safatba'al inscription 1926–1932 1 c.500/475 BCE Byblos National Museum of Beirut 9
Batnoam sarcophagus 1926–1932 1 c.450–425 BCE Byblos National Museum of Beirut 11 III 26
Sirte inscription 1928 1 Sirte 180
Yehimilk inscription 1930 1 c.960/950 BCE Byblos Byblos Castle 4 III 6
Sefire steles 1930–1956 3 As-Safira National Museum of Damascus and National Museum of Beirut 222–224, 227 II 8–9, 22
Arslan Tash ivory inscription 1931 1 Arslan Tash Louvre 232 II 2
Hama graffiti 1931–38 Hama 203–213 II 6 I–V
Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription 1932 1 c.260 BCE Afghanistan in situ
Arslan Tash amulets 1933 2 Arslan Tash National Museum of Aleppo 27 III 23–24
Tell Halaf inscription 1933 1 Tell Halaf destroyed 231 II 10
Bithia inscription 1933 1 Sardinia 173
Agrigentum inscription 1934 1 406 BCE Carthage 302 I 5510
Lachish letters 1935 1 Tel Lachish British Museum and Israel Museum 192–199 I 12
Safatba'al inscription 1936 1 c.900 BCE Byblos National Museum of Beirut 7 III 9
Hermopolis Aramaic papyri 1936 8 400s BC Hermopolis Cairo University Archaeological Museum II 27
Phoenician papyrus letters 1937–1940 2 Cairo and Saqqara Egyptian Museum 50–51
Melqart stele 1939 1 Bureij National Museum of Aleppo 201 II 1
Honeyman inscription 1939 1 900 BCE Cyprus Cyprus Museum 30 III 12
Stele of Serapeitis 1940 1 Armazi Georgian National Museum 276
Jebel Massoudj Neopunic inscription 1940 1 Tunisia 141
Adon Papyrus 1942 1 Saqqara Egyptian Museum 266 II 21
Kilamuwa scepter 1943 1 Sam'al 25 III 14
Tel Qasile ostraca 1945–1946 2 Tel Qasile Israel Museum I 4
Karatepe bilingual 1946 1 c. 750 BCE Karatepe Karatepe-Aslantaş Open-Air Museum 26 III 15
Tel el Maskhuta silver bowls 1950s Tel el Maskhuta II 25
Pumayyaton and Pnytarion's inscriptions 1950s 1 c. 327 BC near Dromolaxia, Cyprus Larnaca District Archaeological Museum (n. 1425)
Byblos clay cone inscriptions 1950 2 1100–1000 BCE Byblos National Museum of Beirut III 2,3
Carchemish Phoenician inscription 1950 1 Carchemish British Museum 28
Hatran Aramaic inscriptions 1951 Hatra 237–257
Djinet Neopunic inscriptions 1952 Algeria 170
Wadi Murabba'at papyrus 1952 600s BC Wadi Murabba'at I 11
KAI 136 (Neopunic) 1955 Tunisia 136
Hazor inscriptions 1956 800s BC Tel Hazor I 5
Al Jib jar handles 1956–1959 >60 700s BC Al Jib Jordan Archaeological Museum and the Penn Museum I 14
Byblos marble inscription 1957 1 500 BCE Byblos National Museum of Beirut 280
Hashub Inscription 1957 1 400s BCE Tel Zeton Old Jaffa Museum of Antiquities
Kubaba Aramaic inscription 1957 1 Bahadırlı 278 II 36
El-Kerak Inscription 1958 1 Al-Karak Jordan Archaeological Museum 306 I 17
Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription 1958 1 Chil Zena National Museum of Afghanistan 279
Yavne-Yam ostracon 1960 1 Mesad Hashavyahu Israel Museum 200 I 10
Arad ostraca 1960s >200 c.600 BC Tel Arad Bible Lands Museum I 13, II 31
Temple of Antas Punic inscriptions 1960s Sardinia 299–301
Nebi Yunis ostraca 1960s Nebi Yunis (Ashdod) II 32
Tel Dan bowl 1960s 1 Tel Dan II 4
Seville statue of Astarte 1960–1962 1 700 BCE Seville Archeological Museum of Seville 294 III 16
Khirbet Beit Lei graffiti 1961 7 400s BC Khirbet Beit Lei Israel Museum I 15
Amman Citadel Inscription 1961 1 Amman Jordan Archaeological Museum 307
Ein Gev jar 1961 Ein Gev II 3
Cadiz Phoenician gold ring inscription 1961 Instituto Valencia of Don Juan 71
Phoenician Sphinx inscription 1962 1 Umm al-Amad National Museum of Beirut III 32
Baalshillem Temple Boy 1963–1964 1 Sidon National Museum of Beirut 281 III 29
Abydos Aramaic papyrus 1964 1 400s BC unknown National Archaeological Museum of Madrid II 29
Pyrgi Tablets 1964 3 Pyrgi National Etruscan Museum 277 III 42
Carthage Administration Inscription 1964 1 Carthage Carthage National Museum 303
Luristan Aramaic inscriptions 1964 Luristan II 11–12
Daskyleion steles 1965 Dascylium Museum of the Ancient Orient 318 II 37
Mozia Punic inscriptions 1967 Sicily 296–298
Deir Alla Inscription 1967 1 Deir Alla Jordan Archaeological Museum 312
Grotta Regina Punic inscriptions 1969 Sicily 295
Kition KAI 288–290 1970s-80s Kition 288–290
Tekke Bowl Inscription (Knossos) 1970s 1,000s BCE Crete Heraklion Archaeological Museum (Χ4346) 291
Aramaic Sustenance tablet 1970s 316
Aramaic inscription of Laghman 1970 1 c.260 BCE Afghanistan in situ
Aramaic Fugitive Decree 1971 Unknown 317
Tel Siran inscription 1972 1 Amman Jordan Archaeological Museum 308
Letoon trilingual 1973 1 Xanthos Fethiye Museum 319
Aramaic inscription from al-Mal 1973 7/6 BC al-Mal
Tell Sheikh Hamad inscriptions 1978–1980s Tell Sheikh Hamad 313–314
Hadad-yith'i bilingual inscription 1979 1 Tell Fekheriye National Museum of Damascus 309
Ketef Hinnom scrolls 1979 2 650–587 BCE Jerusalem Israel Museum
Sarepta Tanit Inscription 1980s Sarafand 285
Çebel Ires Daǧı inscription 1980 1 Çebel Ires Daǧı Alanya Archaeological Museum 287
Abdalonymos bilingual 1982 1 325 BCE Kos 292
Monumental Hebrew inscription from Jerusalem (he) 1982 1 800–500 BCE Byzantine Spolia near the Southern Wall Israel Museum
Hazael horse frontlet 1984 1 800 BCE Samos Archaeological Museum of Vathi 311
Bukan inscription 1985 Bukan 320
İvriz inscription 1986 75 meter upstream from the İvriz relief unpublished
Bactria Aramaic documents 1993–2002 353–324 BCE Bactria Khalili Collections
Tel Dan Stele 1993 1 Tel Dan Israel Museum 310
Tell Shiukh Fawqani inscription 1996 315
Ekron Royal Dedicatory Inscription 1996 1 Tel Miqne Israel Museum 286
Çineköy inscription 1997 1 Çine, Yüreğir Adana Archaeology Museum
Tablet De Geest 2000 1 200s CE Socotra in situ
Zayit Stone 2005 1 c. 900 BCE Tel Zayit
Kuttamuwa stele 2008 1 Sam'al Gaziantep Archaeology Museum
Khirbet Qeiyafa ostracon 2009 1 c. 1000 BCE Khirbet Qeiyafa Israel Museum
Ataruz altar inscriptions 2010 c. 800 BCE Khirbat Ataruz
Ishbaal Inscription 2012 1020–980 BCE Khirbet Qeiyafa
KAI 283 Sidon 283
KAI 284 Tyre 284
Demetrias inscription Demetrias 293

Bibliography

  • Röllig, Wolfgang [in German] (1983). "The Phoenician Language: Remarks on the Present State of Research". Atti del I Congresso Internazionale di Studi Fenici e Punici. Vol. 2. Rome. pp. 375–385. doi:10.11588/propylaeumdok.00001074.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

See also

  • List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology
  • Carthaginian tombstones
  • Epigraphy
  • Ancient Hebrew writings
  • Hebrew and Aramaic papyri

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