Lambda baryon

The lambda baryons (Λ) are a family of subatomic hadron particles containing one up quark, one down quark, and a third quark from a higher flavour generation, in a combination where the quantum wave function changes sign upon the flavour of any two quarks being swapped (thus slightly different from a neutral sigma baryon, Σ⁰
). They are thus baryons, with total isospin of 0, and have either neutral electric charge or the elementary charge +1.

Lambda baryon

Quark structure of the lambda baryon.
Composition	Λ^0 : uds Λ^+ c: udc Λ^0 b: udb
Statistics	Fermionic
Family	Baryons
Interactions	Strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravity
Types	3
Mass	Λ^0 : 1115.683±0.006 MeV/c^2 Λ^+ c: 2286.46±0.14 MeV/c^2 Λ^0 b: 5619.60±0.17 MeV/c^2
Spin	⁠1/2⁠ ħ
Isospin	0

Overview

The lambda baryon Λ⁰
was first discovered in October 1950, by V. D. Hopper and S. Biswas of the University of Melbourne, as a neutral V particle with a proton as a decay product, thus correctly distinguishing it as a baryon, rather than a meson, i.e. different in kind from the K meson discovered in 1947 by Rochester and Butler; they were produced by cosmic rays and detected in photographic emulsions flown in a balloon at 70,000 feet (21,000 m). Though the particle was expected to live for ~10⁻²³ s, it actually survived for ~10⁻¹⁰ s. The property that caused it to live so long was dubbed strangeness and led to the discovery of the strange quark. Furthermore, these discoveries led to a principle known as the conservation of strangeness, wherein lightweight particles do not decay as quickly if they exhibit strangeness (because non-weak methods of particle decay must preserve the strangeness of the decaying baryon). The Λ⁰
with its uds quark decays via weak force to a nucleon and a pion − either Λ → p + π⁻ or Λ → n + π⁰.

In 1974 and 1975, an international team at the Fermilab that included scientists from Fermilab and seven European laboratories under the leadership of Eric Burhop carried out a search for a new particle, the existence of which Burhop had predicted in 1963. He had suggested that neutrino interactions could create short-lived (perhaps as low as 10⁻¹⁴ s) particles that could be detected with the use of nuclear emulsion. Experiment E247 at Fermilab successfully detected particles with a lifetime of the order of 10⁻¹³ s. A follow-up experiment, WA17, which made use of the SPS accelerator at CERN confirmed the existence of the Λ⁺
_c (charmed lambda baryon), with a lifetime of (7.3±0.1)×10⁻¹³ s.

In 2011, the international team at JLab used high-resolution spectrometer measurements of the reaction H(e, e′K⁺)X at small Q² (E-05-009) to extract the pole position in the complex-energy plane (primary signature of a resonance) for the Λ(1520) with mass 1518.8 MeV/c² and width 17.2 MeV/c², which seem to be smaller than their Breit–Wigner values. This was the first determination of the pole position for a hyperon.

The lambda baryon has also been observed in atomic nuclei called hypernuclei. These nuclei contain the same number of protons and neutrons as a known nucleus, but also contains one or in rare cases two lambda particles. In such a scenario, the lambda slides into the center of the nucleus (it is not a proton or a neutron, and thus is not affected by the Pauli exclusion principle), and it binds the nucleus more tightly together due to its interaction via the strong force. In a lithium isotope (⁷
_ΛLi), it made the nucleus 19% smaller.

Types of lambda baryons

Lambda baryons are usually represented by the symbols Λ⁰
, Λ⁺
_c, Λ⁰
_b, and Λ⁺
_t. In this notation, the superscript character indicates whether the particle is electrically neutral (⁰) or carries a positive charge (⁺). The subscript character, or its absence, indicates whether the third quark is a strange quark (Λ⁰
) (no subscript), a charm quark (Λ⁺
_c), a bottom quark (Λ⁰
_b), or a top quark (Λ⁺
_t). Physicists expect to not observe a lambda baryon with a top quark, because the Standard Model of particle physics predicts that the mean lifetime of top quarks is roughly 5×10⁻²⁵ seconds; that is about ⁠1/20⁠ of the mean timescale for strong interactions, which indicates that the top quark would decay before a lambda baryon could form a hadron.

The symbols encountered in this list are: I (isospin), J (total angular momentum quantum number), P (parity), Q (charge), S (strangeness), C (charmness), B′ (bottomness), T (topness), u (up quark), d (down quark), s (strange quark), c (charm quark), b (bottom quark), t (top quark), as well as other subatomic particles.

Antiparticles are not listed in the table; however, they simply would have all quarks changed to antiquarks, and Q, B, S, C, B′, T, would be of opposite signs. I, J, and P values in red have not been firmly established by experiments, but are predicted by the quark model and are consistent with the measurements. The top lambda (Λ⁺
_t) is listed for comparison, but is expected to never be observed, because top quarks decay before they have time to form hadrons.

Lambda baryons

Particle name	Symbol	Quark content	Rest mass [MeV/c^2]	I	J^P	Q [e]	S	C	B′	T	Mean lifetime [s]	Commonly decays to
Lambda	Λ^0	uds	1115.683±0.006	0	⁠1/2⁠^+	0	−1	0	0	0	(2.631±0.020)×10^−10	p^+ + π^− or n^0 + π^0
charmed lambda	Λ^+ c	udc	2286.46±0.14	0	⁠1/2⁠^+	+1	0	+1	0	0	(2.00±0.06)×10^−13	decay modes
bottom lambda	Λ^0 b	udb	5620.2±1.6	0	⁠1/2⁠^+	0	0	0	−1	0	1.409+0.055 −0.054×10^−12	Decay modes
top lambda^‡	Λ^+ t	udt	—	0	⁠1/2⁠^+	+1	0	0	0	+1	—	^‡

‡ ^ Particle unobserved, because the top-quark decays before it has sufficient time to bind into a hadron ("hadronizes").

The following table compares the nearly-identical Lambda and neutral Sigma baryons:

Neutral strange baryons

Particle name	Symbol	Quark content	Rest mass [MeV/c^2]	I	J^P	Q [e]	S	C	B′	T	Mean lifetime [s]	Commonly decays to
Lambda	Λ^0	uds	1115.683±0.006	0	⁠1/2⁠^+	0	−1	0	0	0	(2.631±0.020)×10^−10	p^+ + π^− or n^0 + π^0
Sigma	Σ^0	uds	1,192.642 ± 0.024	1	⁠1/2⁠^+	0	−1	0	0	0	(7.4±0.7)×10^−20	Λ^0 + γ (100%)

See also

• Physics portal

• List of baryons