Cycling at the 2016 Summer Paralympics consisted of 50 events in two main disciplines, track cycling and road cycling. The venues were the Rio Olympic Velodrome for track cycling in the Barra Cluster, and the Flamengo Park for the road cycling disciplines in the Copacapana Cluster. Seventeen events were contested on the track, and 33 on the road.
| Cycling at the XV Paralympic Games | |
|---|---|
Pictograms for road (left) and track (right) cycling | |
| Venue | Rio Olympic Velodrome Copacabana Cluster |
| Dates | 8–11 September 2016 (track) 14-17 September 2016 (road) |
| Competitors | 230 |
←2012 2020→ | |
Classification
Cyclists are given a classification depending on the type and extent of their disability. This method is known as a functional system and was introduced in 2012. Athletes are classified according to their functional ability across four broad categories (blind or partially sighted tandem, handcycle, tricycle and standard bicycle). The class number indicates the severity of impairment with "1" being most impaired. The classification system allows cyclists to compete against others with a similar level of function.
Riders with recovering or deteriorating conditions such as MS are eligible but must have been reclassified within six months of a World Championships or Paralympic Games to ensure their classification is correct. Specialised equipment including prostheses is only allowed where it has been specifically approved.
- B – tandem bicycle
This class is for athletes who have visual impairments and therefore ride tandem bicycles with a guide (known as a pilot). They may have any level of visual impairment from no light perception in either eye through to a visual acuity of 6/60 and/or a visual field of less than 20 degrees.
- H (1-5) – handcycle
This class is for athletes who are lower limb amputees, have paraplegia or tetraplegia and ride a handcycle using arms to turn pedals for propulsion. H1–4 cyclists compete in a lying position, whereas H5 cyclists compete in a kneeling position.
- T (1-2) – tricycle
This class is for athletes who have a neurological condition or an impairment which has a comparable effect on their cycling so that they are not able to compete on a standard bicycle for reasons of balance.
- C (1-5) – standard bicycle
This class is for athletes with moderate locomotion impairment who do not require a tricycle. In many cases a modification will be allowed to accommodate a leg or arm prosthesis.
Factored events
Some cycling events, 16 in total across track and road, are factored. This can happen when cyclists from different classes compete against each other and means that the results take into account the severity of the impairments of each competitor. As a result, some riders within an event will have their times ‘factored’ while other riders will not, or will have their time factored in a different calculation. The gold medal goes to the athlete with the fastest time after all the required times have been calculated. It is therefore possible for an athlete to break a paralympic or world record in their event for their specific classification, but to finish behind a differently classified athlete in that event after factoring. In such a case, the record is still treated as an official World, or as the case may be, Paralympic Games record within their classification for that event.
Factoring should not be confused with certain events where athletes with a greater impairment are entitled to compete in a race for athletes with a 'lesser' impairment, for example double amputees (such as Oscar Pistorius) in a single leg amputee athletics race alongside runners such as Jonnie Peacock or Richard Browne. In such races, no factoring is taken into account. In cycling, a number of the road races are cross-classification and non-factored despite factoring taking place in the time trial for the same classifications.
Events
Events in each classification, including factored events in joined classifications are set out below.
Classification → Event ↓ | B | C | T | H | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | T1 | T2 | H1 | H2 | H3 | H4 | H5 | ||
| Road cycling | |||||||||||||
| Men's road race | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||
| Women's road race | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
| Men's time trial | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||
| Women's time trial | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||
| Mixed relay | ● | ||||||||||||
| Track cycling | |||||||||||||
| Men's 1 km time trial | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||
| Men's individual pursuit | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
| Women's 500m time trial | ● | ● | |||||||||||
| Women's 1000m time trial | ● | ||||||||||||
| Women's individual pursuit | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
| Mixed team sprint | ● | ||||||||||||
- B: Blind or partially sighted, tandem bicycle
- H: Handcycle
- T: Tricycle
- C: Standard bicycle, with modifications
Participating nations
235 cyclists from 45 nations competed.
- Argentina (4)
- Australia (12)
- Austria (4)
- Belgium (7)
- Brazil (4)
- Canada (11)
- China (11)
- Colombia (6)
- Costa Rica (1)
- Cuba (1)
- Czech Republic (8)
- Denmark (2)
- Dominican Republic (1)
- Estonia (1)
- Finland (2)
- France (5)
- Germany (14)
- Ghana (1)
- Great Britain (15)
- Greece (3)
- Hungary (1)
- Iran (1)
- Ireland (7)
- Israel (1)
- Italy (12)
- Japan (4)
- Luxembourg (2)
- Malaysia (2)
- Netherlands (13)
- New Zealand (6)
- Norway (1)
- Peru (1)
- Poland (8)
- Portugal (2)
- Romania (2)
- Slovakia (4)
- Slovenia (1)
- South Africa (6)
- South Korea (3)
- Spain (9)
- Sweden (4)
- Switzerland (7)
- Ukraine (1)
- United States (22)
- Venezuela (2)
Medal summary
As at the Olympic Games, Great Britain had a clear lead in the medal table based on dominance within the velodrome, particularly in the female events where Kadeena Cox became the first British paralympian in 32 years to win golds in two different sports at the same Games, and Sarah Storey confirmed herself as the most successful female paralympian from Great Britain, overtaking the record set by fellow peer Tanni Grey-Thompson.
On the road, Germany, the Netherlands and Italy were dominant, with racing driver turned handcyclist Alex Zanardi winning two gold medals and a silver to add to an identical haul from London in 2012. The United States, Australia and China also won more than ten medals each across the 50 events.
Medal table
- after 50 of 50 events
- Key
* Host nation (Brazil)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Great Britain (GBR) | 12 | 3 | 6 | 21 |
| 2 | Germany (GER) | 8 | 3 | 4 | 15 |
| 3 | Netherlands (NED) | 5 | 5 | 6 | 16 |
| 4 | Italy (ITA) | 5 | 2 | 5 | 12 |
| 5 | United States (USA) | 4 | 9 | 5 | 18 |
| 6 | Australia (AUS) | 3 | 7 | 3 | 13 |
| 7 | China (CHN) | 3 | 3 | 4 | 10 |
| 8 | Poland (POL) | 2 | 3 | 0 | 5 |
| 9 | Ireland (IRL) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| 10 | Slovakia (SVK) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 11 | Ukraine (UKR) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 12 | Canada (CAN) | 1 | 3 | 5 | 9 |
| 13 | South Africa (RSA) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 14 | Austria (AUT) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Japan (JPN) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | |
| 16 | Spain (ESP) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 17 | Belgium (BEL) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Brazil (BRA)* | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| New Zealand (NZL) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| 20 | South Korea (KOR) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 21 | Colombia (COL) | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 22 | France (FRA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Switzerland (SUI) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Totals (23 entries) | 50 | 50 | 50 | 150 | |
Road cycling
Men's events
| Event | Class | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time trial | B | Steve Bate Great Britain | Vincent Ter Schure Netherlands | Kieran Modra Australia |
| H2 | Luca Mazzone Italy | Will Groulx United States | Brian Sheridan United States | |
| H3 | Vittorio Podestà Italy | Walter Ablinger Austria | Charles Moreau Canada | |
| H4 | Rafał Wilk Poland | Thomas Fruhwirth Austria | Vico Merklein Germany | |
| H5 | Alessandro Zanardi Italy | Stuart Tripp Australia | Oscar Sanchez United States | |
| C1 | Michael Teuber Germany | Ross Wilson Canada | Giancarlo Masini Italy | |
| C2 | Tristen Chernove Canada | Colin Lynch Ireland | Liang Guihua China | |
| C3 | Eoghan Clifford Ireland | Masaki Fujita Japan | Michael Sametz Canada | |
| C4 | Jozef Metelka Slovakia | Kyle Bridgwood Australia | Patrik Kuril Slovakia | |
| C5 | Yegor Dementyev Ukraine | Alistair Donohoe Australia | Lauro César Chaman Brazil | |
| T1–2 | Hans-Peter Durst Germany | Ryan Boyle United States | David Stone Great Britain | |
| Road race | B | Vincent Ter Schure Netherlands | Ignacio Ávila Spain | Steve Bate Great Britain |
| H2 | Will Groulx United States | Luca Mazzone Italy | Tobias Fankhauser Switzerland | |
| H3 | Paolo Cecchetto Italy | Maximilian Weber Germany | Charles Moreau Canada | |
| H4 | Vico Merklein Germany | Rafał Wilk Poland | Joël Jeannot France | |
| H5 | Ernst van Dyk South Africa | Alessandro Zanardi Italy | Jetze Plat Netherlands | |
| C1-3 | Steffen Warias Germany | Kris Bosmans Belgium | Fabio Anobile Italy | |
| C4-5 | Daniel Abraham Gebru Netherlands | Lauro César Chaman Brazil | Andrea Tarlao Italy | |
| T1–2 | Hans-Peter Durst Germany | David Stone Great Britain | Néstor Ayala Ayala Colombia |
Women's events
| Event | Class | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time trial | B | Katie George Dunlevy Ireland | Yurie Kanuma Japan | Lora Turnham Great Britain |
| H1–3 | Karen Darke Great Britain | Alicia Dana United States | Francesca Porcellato Italy | |
| H4–5 | Dorothee Vieth Germany | Andrea Eskau Germany | Laura de Vaan Netherlands | |
| C1–3 | Alyda Norbruis Netherlands | Denise Schindler Germany | Zeng Sini China | |
| C4 | Shawn Morelli United States | Megan Fisher United States | Susan Powell Australia | |
| C5 | Sarah Storey Great Britain | Anna Harkowska Poland | Samantha Bosco United States | |
| T1–2 | Carol Cooke Australia | Jill Walsh United States | Shelley Gautier Canada | |
| Road race | B | Iwona Podkościelna Poland | Katie George Dunlevy Ireland | Emma Foy New Zealand |
| H1-4 | Christiane Reppe Germany | Lee Do-yeon South Korea | Francesca Porcellato Italy | |
| H5 | Andrea Eskau Germany | Laura de Vaan Netherlands | Jennette Jansen Netherlands | |
| C1-3 | Jamie Whitmore United States | Zeng Sini China | Denise Schindler Germany | |
| C4-5 | Sarah Storey Great Britain | Anna Harkowska Poland | Crystal Lane Great Britain | |
| T1–2 | Carol Cooke Australia | Jill Walsh United States | Jana Majunke Germany |
Mixed events
| Event | Class | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Team Relay | H2-5 relay | Italy Vittorio Podesta Luca Mazzone Alessandro Zanardi | United States William Lachenauer Will Groulx Oscar Sanchez | Belgium Jean-François Deberg Christophe Hindricq Jonas Van de Steene |
Track cycling
Men's events
| Event | Class | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 km time trial | B | Tristan Bangma Netherlands | Neil Fachie Great Britain | Kai-Christian Kruse Germany |
| C1–3 | Li Zhangyu China | Arnoud Nijhuis Netherlands | Tristen Chernove Canada | |
| C4–5 | Jody Cundy Great Britain | Jozef Metelka Slovakia | Alfonso Cabello Spain | |
| Individual pursuit | B | Steve Bate Great Britain | Vincent ter Schure Netherlands | Stephen de Vries Netherlands |
| C1 | Li Zhangyu China | Ross Wilson Canada | Arnoud Nijhuis Netherlands | |
| C2 | Liang Guihua China | Tristen Chernove Canada | Louis Rolfe Great Britain | |
| C3 | David Nicholas Australia | Joseph Berenyi United States | Eoghan Clifford Ireland | |
| C4 | Jozef Metelka Slovakia | Kyle Bridgwood Australia | Diego Dueñas Colombia | |
| C5 | Yegor Dementyev Ukraine | Alistair Donohoe Australia | Edwin Fabián Mátiz Ruiz Colombia |
Women's events
| Event | Class | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time trial | C1–3 (500 m) | Alyda Norbruis Netherlands | Amanda Reid Australia | Song Zhenling China |
| C4–5 (500 m) | Kadeena Cox Great Britain | Zhou Jufang China | Ruan Jianping China | |
| B (1 km) | Sophie Thornhill Great Britain | Larissa Klaassen Netherlands | Jessica Gallagher Australia | |
| Individual pursuit | B | Lora Turnham Great Britain | Emma Foy New Zealand | Sophie Thornhill Great Britain |
| C1–3 | Megan Giglia Great Britain | Jamie Whitmore United States | Alyda Norbruis Netherlands | |
| C4 | Shawn Morelli United States | Susan Powell Australia | Megan Fisher United States | |
| C5 | Sarah Storey Great Britain | Crystal Lane Great Britain | Samantha Bosco United States |
Mixed events
| Event | Class | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Team sprint | C1–5 | Great Britain Louis Rolfe Jon-Allan Butterworth Jody Cundy | China Xie Hao Wei Guoping Liu Xinyang | Spain Amador Granados Eduardo Santas Alfonso Cabello |
See also
wikipedia, wiki, encyclopedia, book, library, article, read, free download, Information about Cycling at the 2016 Summer Paralympics, What is Cycling at the 2016 Summer Paralympics? What does Cycling at the 2016 Summer Paralympics mean?