Demographics of Oceania

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Oceania is a region centered on the islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Conceptions of what constitutes Oceania vary, with it being defined in various ways, often geopolitically or geographically. In the geopolitical conception used by the United Nations, International Olympic Committee, and many atlases, the Oceanic region includes Australia and the nations of the Pacific from Papua New Guinea east, but not the Malay Archipelago or Indonesian New Guinea. The term is sometimes used more specifically to denote Australasia as a geographic continent, or biogeographically as a synonym for either the Australasian realm (Wallacea and Australasia) or the Oceanian realm (Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia apart either from New Zealand or from mainland New Guinea).

Oceania

Geopolitical Oceania
Area8,525,989 km2 (3,291,903 sq mi)
Population44,491,724 (2021, 6th)
Population density4.19/km2 (10.9/sq mi)
DemonymOceanian
Countries
14 (list of countries)
  • Australia
  • Fiji
  • Kiribati
  • Marshall Islands
  • Federated States of Micronesia
  • Nauru
  • New Zealand
  • Palau
  • Papua New Guinea
  • Samoa
  • Solomon Islands
  • Tonga
  • Tuvalu
  • Vanuatu
Associated (2) (list)
  • Cook Islands
  • Niue
Dependencies
External (21) (list)
Internal (4) (list)
  • Easter Island
  • Hawaii, United States
  • Juan Fernández Islands
  • Palmyra Atoll
Languages
29
  • (official and unofficial)
  • Bislama
  • Carolinian
  • Chamorro
  • Cook Islands Māori
  • Cocos Malay (unofficial)
  • English
  • Fijian
  • French
  • Futunan (unofficial)
  • Gilbertese
  • Hawaiian
  • Hindi
  • Hiri Motu
  • Indonesian
  • Māori
  • Marshallese
  • Nauruan
  • Niuean
  • Palauan
  • Pitkern (unofficial)
  • Rapa Nui (unofficial)
  • Rotuman (unofficial)
  • Samoan
  • Spanish
  • Tahitian (unofficial)
  • Tokelauan
  • Tongan
  • Tok Pisin
  • Tuvaluan
  • Wallisian (unofficial)
Time zonesUTC+14 (Kiribati) to UTC-11 (American Samoa and Niue) (West to East)
Largest cities
List of cities in Oceania
  • Sydney, Australia
  • Melbourne, Australia
  • Brisbane, Australia
  • Perth, Australia
  • Auckland, New Zealand
  • Adelaide, Australia
  • Wellington, New Zealand
  • Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
  • Canberra, Australia
  • Christchurch, New Zealand
  • Jayapura, Indonesia
  • Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
  • Nouméa, New Caledonia
  • Gold Coast, Australia

Although Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands belong to the Commonwealth of Australia and are inhabited, they are nearer Indonesia than the Australian mainland, and are commonly associated with Asia instead of Oceania.

Demographics by territory

The demographic table below shows all inhabited states and territories of Oceania. The information in this chart comes from the CIA World Factbook or the United States Department of State[m], unless noted otherwise or not available (NA); where sources differ, references are included.

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Pos Country Population (mid-2021 estimate) Area (km2) Population density (/km2) Urban population Life expectancy Literacy Rate Official language(s) Top religion(s) Ethnic groups
1  Australia 25,921,089 7,682,300 2.768 89% 81.63 99% English 78.5% Christian 64.6%, none 18.7% European 57.2%, Oceanian 33.8% (including Australian Aborigines 2.9%), Asian, 17.4%.
2  Papua New Guinea 9,949,437 462,840 12.835 12% 65.75 57.3% Tok Pisin 75%, English 1–2%, Hiri Motu <2%[a] Christian 96% New Guinea Papuan 84%, New Guinea Melanesian 15%, other 1%
3  New Zealand 5,129,727 270,534 15.574 87% 80.36 99% English 91.2%, Māori 3.9% Christian 55.6%, None 34.7% European 74.0%, Asian 12%, Māori 15%, Pacific Islander 7%, other 1%
– Hawaii (United States) 1,419,561 28,311 82.647 92% 80.37 99% English 73.44%, Hawaiian 1.68% Christian 63%, None 26%, Buddhist 8%, Other 3% Asian 37.2%, Multiracial 25.3%, White 22.9%, Pacific Islander 10.8%, Black 1.6%, Native American 0.3%
4  Fiji 924,610 18,274 51.697 18% 70.73 93.7% English, Fijian, Hindi Christian 64.5%, Hindu 27.9%, Muslim 6.3% Fijian 57.3%, Indo-Fijians 37.6%, Rotuman 1.2%, other 3.9%
5  Solomon Islands 707,851 28,896 20.612 52% 73.69 76.6% English 1–2%[b] Christian 95% Melanesian 94.5%, Polynesian 3%, Micronesian 1.2%, other 1.3%
–  French Polynesia (France) 304,032 4,167 68.882 52% 76.71 98% French 61.1%, Polynesian 31.4% Protestant 54%, Roman Catholic 30%, other 10%, no religion 6% Polynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%, metropolitan French 4%
–  New Caledonia (France) 287,800 18,575 12.244 65% 74.98 96.8% French Roman Catholic 60%, Protestant 30%, other 10% Melanesian 44.1%, European 34.1%, Wallisian & Futunian 9%, Tahitian 2.6%, Indonesian 2.5%, Vietnamese 1.4%, Ni-Vanuatu 1.1%, other 5.2%
6  Vanuatu 319,137 12,189 18.176 25% 64.33 74% English 23.1%, French 1.9% Christian 82%, indigenous beliefs 5.6%, other 10.9%, none 1% Ni-Vanuatu 98.5%, other 1.5%
7  Samoa 218,764 2,831 67.821 23% 72.13 99.7% Samoan Christian 98.9% Samoan 92.6%, Euronesians 7%, Europeans 0.4%
–  Guam (United States) 170,534 1,478 122.371 93% 78.18 99% English 38.3%, Chamorro 22.2% Roman Catholic 85% Chamorro 37.1%, Filipino 26.3%, other Pacific islander 11.3%, white 6.9%, other 8.6%, mixed 9.8%
8  Tonga 106,017 747 164.096 25% 71.03 98.9% Tongan, English Christian Tongan 98%
9  Federated States of Micronesia 113,131 702 152.641 22% 71.23 89% English Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 47%, others 3% Chuukese 48.8%, Pohnpeian 24.2%, Kosraean 6.2%, Yapese 5.2%, Yap outer islands 4.5%, Asian 1.8%, Polynesian 1.5%, other 7.8%
10  Kiribati 128,874 811 122.666 44% 64.03 92% English, Gilbertese (de facto) Roman Catholic 55%, Protestant 36% Micronesian 98.8%
–  American Samoa (United States) 45,035 199 333.829 92% 73.97 97% English, Samoan[c] Christian Congregationalist 50%, Roman Catholic 20%, Protestant and other 30% native Pacific islander 91.6%, Asian 2.8%, white 1.1%, mixed 4.2%, other 0.3%
11  Marshall Islands 42,050 181 363.862 71% 71.48 93.7% Marshallese 98.2%, English Protestant 54.8%, other Christian 40.6% Marshallese 92.1%, mixed Marshallese 5.9%, other 2%
–  Northern Mariana Islands (United States) 49,481 464 104.131 91% 76.9 97% English Christian Filipino 35.3%, Chamorro 23.9%, Multiracial 12.7%, Chinese 6.8%, Carolinian 4.6%, Korean 4.2%, 2.3% Chuukese, 2.2% Palauan, 2.1% White, 5.9% other
12  Palau 18,024 459 45.488 81% 71.51 92% Paluan 64.7%[d], English Roman Catholic 41.6%, Protestant 23.3% Palauan 69.9%, Filipino 15.3%, Chinese 4.9%, other Asian 2.4%, white 1.9%, Carolinian 1.4%, other Micronesian 1.1%, other 3.2%
–  Wallis and Futuna (France) 11,627 142 108.049 0% 78.83 50%[e] Wallisian 58.9%, Futunian 30.1%, French 10.8% Roman Catholic 99% Polynesian
–  Cook Islands (New Zealand) 17,003 236 48.678 74% 74.47 95% Māori, English Cook Islands Christian Church 55.9%, other Christian 30.5% Cook Island Māori 87.7%, part Cook Island Māori 5.8%, other 6.5%
13  Tuvalu 11,204 26 401.615 49% 64.39 93% Tuvalu, English Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97% Polynesian 96%, Micronesian 4%
14  Nauru 12,511 21 441.286 100% 64.99 99% Nauruan[f] Nauru Congregational Church 35.4%, Roman Catholic 33.2%, Nauru Independent Church (Protestant) 10.4% Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European 8%
–  Norfolk Island (Australia) 2,155 36 59.861 NA NA NA[g] English, Norfuk[h] Anglican 31.8%, other Christian 30,9%, none 19.9% European, Tahitian, Australian, New Zealander, Polynesian
–  Tokelau (New Zealand) 1,849 12 116.667 0% 69 NA Tokelauan, English Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%[i] Polynesian
–  Niue (New Zealand) 1,937 260 5.208 39% 69.5 NA[j] Niuean, English Ekalesia Niue (Protestant) 61.1%, other Christian 11%, Latter Day Saints 8.8% Niuean 78.2%, Pacific islander 10.2%, European 4.5%, mixed 3.9%, Asian 0.2%, unspecified 3%
–  Pitcairn Islands (United Kingdom) 48 47 1.021 NA NA NA[k] English, Pitkern Seventh-day Adventist 100% European, Tahitian[l]
– Total 44,491,724 8,506,427 4.073 71% 77.87 91% 73.3%
– Total minus mainland Australia 18,570,635 824,127 16.242 43% 71.89 78%

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