Endocrine disease

Endocrine diseases are disorders of the endocrine system. The branch of medicine associated with endocrine disorders is known as endocrinology.

Endocrine glands

Major endocrine glands. (Male left, female right.) 1. Pineal gland 2. Pituitary gland 3. Thyroid gland 4. Thymus 5. Adrenal gland 6. Pancreas 7. Ovary 8. Testes
Specialty	Endocrinology

Types of disease

Broadly speaking, endocrine disorders may be subdivided into three groups:

Endocrine gland hypofunction/hyposecretion (leading to hormone deficiency)
Endocrine gland hyperfunction/hypersecretion (leading to hormone excess)
Tumours (benign or malignant) of endocrine glands

Endocrine disorders are often quite complex, involving a mixed picture of hyposecretion and hypersecretion because of the feedback mechanisms involved in the endocrine system. For example, most forms of hyperthyroidism are associated with an excess of thyroid hormone and a low level of thyroid stimulating hormone.

List of diseases

Glucose homeostasis disorders

Diabetes
- Type 1 Diabetes
- Type 2 Diabetes
- Gestational Diabetes
- Mature Onset Diabetes of the Young
- Diabetic myopathy
Hypoglycemia^{[citation needed]}
- Idiopathic hypoglycemia
- Insulinoma
Glucagonoma

Thyroid disorders

Goitre
Hyperthyroidism
- Graves-Basedow disease
- Toxic multinodular goitre
- Thyrotoxic myopathy
Hypothyroidism
- Hypothyroid myopathies
  - Kocher-Debre-Semelaigne syndrome
  - Hoffmann syndrome
  - Myasthenic syndrome
  - Atrophic form
Thyroiditis
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Thyroid cancer
Thyroid hormone resistance

Calcium homeostasis disorders and Metabolic bone disease

Parathyroid gland disorders
- Hyperparathyroidism
  - Primary hyperparathyroidism
  - Secondary hyperparathyroidism
  - Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
  - Hyperparathyroid myopathy
- Hypoparathyroidism
  - Pseudohypoparathyroidism
  - Hypoparathyroid myopathy
Osteoporosis
Osteitis deformans (Paget's disease of bone)
Rickets
Osteomalacia

Pituitary gland disorders

Posterior pituitary

Diabetes insipidus
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

Anterior pituitary

Hypopituitarism (or Panhypopituitarism)
Pituitary tumors
- Pituitary adenomas
- Prolactinoma (or Hyperprolactinemia)
- Acromegaly, gigantism, dwarfism
- Cushing's disease

Adrenal gland disorders

Addison's disease
Adrenal crisis
Adrenal insufficiency
Adrenal tumour
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Hypercortisolism (Cushing's disease)
- Steroid myopathy
Hypoaldosteronism
Hyperaldosteronism

Sex hormone disorders

Disorders of sex development or intersex disorders
- Hermaphroditism
- Gonadal dysgenesis
- Androgen insensitivity syndromes
Hypogonadism (Gonadotropin deficiency)
- Inherited (genetic and chromosomal) disorders
  - Kallmann syndrome
  - Klinefelter syndrome
  - Turner syndrome
- Acquired disorders
  - Ovarian failure (also known as Premature Menopause)
  - Testicular failure
    - Testosterone deficiency myopathy
Disorders of Puberty
- Delayed puberty
- Precocious puberty
Menstrual function or fertility disorders
- Amenorrhea
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Tumours of the endocrine glands not mentioned elsewhere

Multiple endocrine neoplasia
- MEN type 1
- MEN type 2a
- MEN type 2b
Carcinoid syndrome

Endocrine emergencies

In endocrinology, medical emergencies include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, hypoglycemic coma, acute adrenocortical insufficiency, phaeochromocytoma crisis, hypercalcemic crisis, thyroid storm, myxoedema coma and pituitary apoplexy.

Emergencies arising from decompensated pheochromocytomas or parathyroid adenomas are sometimes referred for emergency resection when aggressive medical therapies fail to control the patient's state, however the surgical risks are significant, especially blood pressure lability and the possibility of cardiovascular collapse after resection (due to a brutal drop in respectively catecholamines and calcium, which must be compensated with gradual normalization). It remains debated when emergency surgery is appropriate as opposed to urgent or elective surgery after continued attempts to stabilize the patient, notably in view of newer and more efficient medications and protocols.