A voiced labiodental approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is something between an English /w/ and /v/, pronounced with the teeth and lips held in the position used to articulate the letter V. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʋ⟩, a letter v with a leftward hook protruding from the upper right of the letter. In some sources, this letter indicates a bilabial approximant, though this is more accurately transcribed with an advanced diacritic, ⟨ʋ̟⟩.
| Voiced labiodental approximant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʋ | |||
| IPA number | 150 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| source · help | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʋ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+028B | ||
| X-SAMPA | P or v\ | ||
| Braille | |||
| |||
A labiodental approximant is the typical realization of /v/ in the Indian South African variety of English. As the voiceless /f/ is also realized as an approximant ([ʋ̥]), it is also an example of a language contrasting voiceless and voiced labiodental approximants.
Features
Features of a voiced labiodental approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is labiodental, which means it is articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the median–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Äiwoo | nyiveli | [ɲiʋeli] | 'garden land' | ||
| Armenian | Eastern | ոսկի | [ʋɔski] | 'gold' | |
| Assyrian | ܗܘܐ / hawa | [hɑːʋɑ] | 'wind' | Predominant in the Urmia dialects. For some speakers, [v] is used. Corresponds to [w] in the other varieties. | |
| Catalan | Balearic | fava | [ˈfɑʋɐ] | 'bean' | Allophone of /v/. See Catalan phonology |
| Valencian | |||||
| Chinese | Mandarin | 為 | [we̞i] [ʋêi] | 'for' | Prevalent in northern dialects. Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties. |
| Chuvash | аван | [aʋ'an] | 'good, well' | Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties. | |
| Dhivehi | ވަޅު / valhu | [ʋaɭu] | 'well' (noun) | ||
| Danish | Standard | véd | [ʋe̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ] | 'know(s)' | Realization of the phoneme /v/; may also be realized as [ʊ̯]. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Standard | wang | 'cheek' | Realised as bilabial in southern european dialects [β̞]. See Dutch phonology | |
| English | Indian | vine | [ʋaɪ̯n] | 'vine' | Corresponds to a fricative [v] in other accents. |
| Some Cockney speakers | rine | 'rine' | Mostly idiosyncratic but somewhat dialectal (especially in London and South East England). See English phonology and R-labialization | ||
| Faroese | røða | [ˈɹøːʋa] | 'speech' | Word-initial and intervocalic allophone of /v/. In the first case, it is in a free variation with a fricative [v]. See Faroese phonology | |
| Finnish | vauva | [ˈʋɑu̯ʋɑ] | 'baby' | See Finnish phonology | |
| German | Swiss | was | [ʋas] | 'what' | Corresponds to /v/ in Standard German |
| Guaraní | avañe'ẽ | [ʔãʋ̃ãɲẽˈʔẽ] | 'Guaraní language' | Contrasts with /w/ and /ɰ/ | |
| Hawaiian | wikiwiki | [ʋikiʋiki] | 'fast' | May also be realized as [w] or [v]. See Hawaiian phonology | |
| Hindustani | Hindi | वाला | [ʋɑːlɑː] | (the) 'one' | Also an allophone of /v/ and /w/. See Hindustani phonology. |
| Urdu | والا | ||||
| Italian | Some speakers | raro | [ˈʋäːʋo] | 'rare' | Rendition alternative to the standard Italian alveolar trill [r], due to individual orthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in South Tyrol (among the Italian-speaking minority), Val d'Aosta (bordering with France) and in parts of the Parma province, more markedly around Fidenza. Other alternative sounds may be a uvular trill [ʀ] or a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]. See Italian phonology. |
| Icelandic | lofa | 'intr. to promise/ tr. to praise' | Weakly articulated, traditionally described as a fricative /v/ (which it is in free variation with). See Icelandic phonology | ||
| Lao | ວີ / wi | [ʋíː] | 'hand fan' | May also be realized as [w]. See Lao phonology. | |
| Khmer | អាវុធ / avŭth | [ʔɑːʋut] | 'weapon' | See Khmer phonology | |
| Marathi | वजन | [ʋə(d)zən] | 'weight' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Miyako | [ʋ̩tɑ] | 'thick' | May be syllabic. | ||
| Norwegian | Urban East | [a] verbo | 'verb's principal parts' | Sometimes realized as a fricative [v]. See Norwegian phonology | |
| Nsenga | ŵanthu | [ʋaⁿtʰu] | 'people' | ||
| Punjabi | Gurmukhi | ਵਾਲ | [ʋäːl] | 'hair' | Also an allophone of /v/ and /w/. |
| Shahmukhi | وال | ||||
| Russian | вольно | 'free, available' | Common realization of /v/; contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology | ||
| Serbo-Croatian | црква / crkva | '(C/c)hurch' | /v/ is a phonetic fricative, although it has less frication than /f/. However, it does not interact with unvoiced consonants in clusters as a fricative would, and so is considered to be phonologically a sonorant (approximant). | ||
| Shona | vanhu | [ʋan̤u] | 'people' | Contrasts with /v/ and /w/. | |
| Sinhala | වතුර | [ʋat̪urə] | 'water' | ||
| Slovak | voda | 'water' | Usual realization of /v/. See Slovak phonology | ||
| Slovene | veter | [ˈʋéːt̪ə̀ɾ] | 'wind' | Also described as fricative [v]. See Slovene phonology | |
| Spanish | Chilean | hablar | [äʋˈläɾ] | 'to speak' | Allophone of /b/. See Spanish phonology |
| Swedish | Some speakers | valvet | 'the vault' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Tamil | வாய் | [ʋɑj] | 'mouth' | See Tamil phonology | |
| Telugu | వల | [ʋala] | 'net' | ||
| Ukrainian | Барвінкове | 'Barvinkove' | Possible prevocalic realization of /w/, most commonly before /i/. See Ukrainian phonology | ||
| West Frisian | wêr | [ʋɛːr] | 'where' | See West Frisian phonology | |
See also
- List of phonetics topics
- R-labialization
- Rhotacism (speech impediment): pronouncing ⟨r⟩ as [ʋ]
Bibliography
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- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerard J., eds. (1999), Urban Voices, Arnold
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- Žovtobrjux, M.A.; Kulyk, B.M. (1965), Kurs sučasnoji ukrajins'koji literaturnoji movy. Častyna I., Kiev: Radjans’ka škola
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