Operation Paperclip was a secret United States intelligence program in which more than 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians were taken from the former Nazi Germany to the U.S. for government employment after the end of World War II in Europe, between 1945 and 1959. Conducted by the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (JIOA), it was largely carried out by special agents of the U.S. Army's Counterintelligence Corps (CIC). Many of these Germans were former Nazi members and some worked with the leaders of the Nazi Party.
Key recruits
- Aeronautics and rocketry
Many engineers had been involved with the V-2 in Peenemünde, and 127 of them eventually entered the U.S. through Operation Paperclip. They were also known as the Von Braun Group.
- Hans Amtmann
- Herbert Axster
- Erich Ball
- Oscar Bauschinger
- Hermann Beduerftig
- Rudi Beichel
- Anton Beier
- Herbert Bergeler
- Rudi Berndt, expert in parachute development
- Magnus von Braun
- Wernher von Braun
- Ernst Czerlinsky
- Theodor Buchhold
- Walter Burose
- Adolf Busemann
- GN Constan
- Werner Dahm
- Konrad Dannenberg
- Kurt H. Debus
- Gerd De Beek
- Walter Dornberger – head of rocket programme
- Gerhard Drawe
- Friedrich Duerr
- Ernst R. G. Eckert
- Rudolph Edse
- Otto Eisenhardt
- Krafft Arnold Ehricke
- Alfred Finzel
- Edward Fischel
- Karl Fleischer
- Anton Flettner
- Anselm Franz
- Herbert Fuhrmann
- Ernst Geissler
- Werner Gengelbach
- Dieter Grau
- Hans Gruene
- Herbert Guendel
- Fritz Haber
- Heinz Haber
- Karl Hager
- Guenther Haukohl
- Walter Häussermann
- Karl Heimburg
- Emil Hellebrand
- Gerhard B. Heller
- Bruno Helm
- Rudolf Hermann
- Bruno Heusinger
- Hans Hueter
- Guenther Hintze
- Sighard F. Hoerner
- Kurt Hohenemser
- Oscar Holderer
- Helmut Horn
- Hans Henning Hosenthien, Director of Flight Dynamics, Marshall Space Flight Center
- Dieter Huzel
- Walter Jacobi
- Erich Kaschig
- Ernst Klauss
- Theodore Knacke
- Siegfried Knemeyer
- Heinz-Hermann Koelle
- Gustav Kroll
- Willi Kuberg
- Werner Kuers
- Hermann Kurzweg
- Hermann Lange
- Hans Lindenberg
- Hans Lindenmayer
- Alexander Martin Lippisch – aeronautical engineer
- Robert Lusser
- Hans Maus
- Helmut Merk
- Joseph Michel
- Hans Milde
- Heinz Millinger
- Rudolf Minning
- William Mrazek
- Erich W. Neubert
- Hans von Ohain (designer of German jet engines)
- Robert Paetz
- Hans Palaoro
- Kurt Patt
- Hans Paul
- Fritz Pauli
- Arnold Peter
- Helmuth Pfaff
- Theodor Poppel
- Werner Rosinski
- Ludwig Roth
- Heinrich Rothe
- Friedrich von Saurma
- Martin Schilling
- Helmut Schlitt
- Albert Schuler
- Walter Schwidetzky
- Ernst Steinhoff
- Wolfgang Steurer
- Heinrich Struck
- Ernst Stuhlinger
- Bernhard Tessmann
- Adolf Thiel
- Georg von Tiesenhausen
- Werner Tiller
- JG Tschinkel
- Arthur Urbanski
- Fritz Vandersee
- Richard Vogt
- Woldemar Voigt, designer of Messerschmitt P.1101
- Werner Voss
- Theodor Vowe
- Herbert A. Wagner
- Hermann Rudolf Wagner
- Hermann Weidner
- Walter Fritz Wiesemann
- Philipp Wolfgang Zettler-Seidel
- Architecture
- Heinz Hilten
- Hannes Luehrsen
- Electronics – including guidance systems, radar and satellites
- Wilhelm Angele
- Ernst Baars
- Josef Boehm
- Hans Fichtner
- Hans Friedrich
- Eduard Gerber
- Georg Goubau
- Walter Haeussermann
- Otto Heinrich Hirschler
- Otto Hoberg
- Rudolf Hoelker
- Hans Hollmann
- Helmut Hölzer
- Helmut Horn
- Wilhelm Jungert
- Horst Kedesdy
- Georg ("George") Emil Knausenberger
- Heinz-Hermann Koelle
- Max Kramer
- Hubert E. Kroh
- Hermann H. Kurzweg
- Kurt Lehovec
- Kurt Lindner
- Alexander Martin Lippisch
- JW Muehlner
- Fritz Mueller
- William Mrazek
- Hans R. Palaoro
- Johannes Plendl
- Fritz Karl Preikschat
- Eberhard Rees
- Gerhard Reisig
- Georg Rickhey
- Werner Rosinski
- Ludwig Roth
- Arthur Rudolph
- Walter Schwidetzky
- Harry Ruppe
- Friedrich von Saurma
- William August Schulze
- Heinz Schlicke
- Werner Sieber
- Othmar Stuetzer
- Albin Wittmann
- Hugo Woerdemann
- Albert Zeiler
- Hans K. Ziegler
- Helmut Zoike
- Material Science (high temperature)
- Werner Osenberg[citation needed]
- Klaus Scheufelen
- Rudolf Schlidt
- Medicine – including biological weapons, chemical weapons, and space medicine
- Theodor Benzinger
- Rudolf Brill
- Konrad Johannes Karl Büttner
- Paul Anton Cibis
- Fritz Laves
- Richard Lindenberg
- Ulrich Cameron Luft
- Walter Schreiber
- Hubertus Strughold
- Hans Georg Clamann
- Erich Traub
- Physics
- Gunter Guttein
- Willibald Jentschke
- Gerhard Schwesinger
- Gottfried Wehner
- Helmut Weickmann
- Friedwardt Winterberg
- Chemistry and Chemical engineering
- Helmut Pichler
- Leonard Alberts
- Ernst Donath
- Josef Guymer
- Hans Schappert
- Max Josenhaus
- Kurt Bretschneider
- Erich Frese
See also
- Allied plans for German industry after World War II
- German influence on the Soviet space program
- Operation Osoaviakhim, USSR operation on German specialists
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