This list of Internet top-level domains (TLD) contains top-level domains, which are those domains in the DNS root zone of the Domain Name System of the Internet. A list of the top-level domains by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is maintained at the Root Zone Database. IANA also oversees the approval process for new proposed top-level domains for ICANN. As of April 2021, the IANA Root Zone Database listed 1,502 top-level domains, including active, reserved, retired, and special-use domains. By March 31, 2025, the number of actively delegated top-level domains had decreased to 1,264, reflecting removals, retirements, and changes in the root zone database. As of March 2021[update], the IANA root database includes 1589 TLDs. That also includes 68 that are not assigned (revoked), 8 that are retired and 11 test domains. Those are not represented in IANA's listing and are not in root.zone file (root.zone file also includes one root domain).
Types
IANA distinguishes the following groups of top-level domains:
infrastructure top-level domain (ARPA)
generic top-level domains (gTLD)
generic-restricted top-level domains (grTLD)
sponsored top-level domains (sTLD)
country code top-level domains (ccTLD)
test top-level domains (tTLD)
Original top-level domains
Seven generic top-level domains were created early in the development of the Internet, prior to the creation of ICANN in 1998.
Name: DNS names
Entity: intended use
Administrator: managers
Notes: general remarks
IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Though originally intended for use by for-profit business entities, for a number of reasons it became the main TLD for domain names and is currently used by all types of entities including nonprofits, schools, and private individuals. Domain name registrations may be successfully challenged if the holder cannot prove an outside relation justifying reservation of the name, to prevent "squatting". It was originally administered by the United States Department of Defense.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
.org
organization
Public Interest Registry
This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Originally created as a miscellaneous category as stated in RFC 920 (October 1984) "...any other domains meeting the second level requirements," and clarified in RFC 1591 (March 1994), "This domain is intended as the miscellaneous TLD for organizations that didn't fit anywhere else. Some non-government organizations may fit here." While mainly non-profits have used this domain, it was never restricted from miscellaneous use.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
.net
network
Verisign
This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. According to RFC 1591 (March 1994) "This domain is intended to hold only the computers of network providers."
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
.int
international
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
The .int TLD is strictly limited to organizations, offices, and programs endorsed by a treaty between two or more nations. However, a few grandfathered domains do not meet these criteria.
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
.edu
education
Educause (via Verisign)
The .edu TLD is limited to specific higher educational institutions such as, but not limited to, trade schools and universities. In the U.S., its use was restricted in 2001 to post-secondary institutions accredited by an agency on the list of nationally recognized accrediting agencies. This domain is therefore almost exclusively used by colleges and universities. Some institutions, such as the Exploratorium, that do not meet the current registration criteria have grandfathered domain names.
The .gov TLD is limited to United States governmental entities and agencies as well as qualifying state, county and local municipal government agencies, and tribal governments.
The .mil TLD is restricted to departments, services and agencies of the United States Department of Defense.
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Infrastructure top-level domains
Infrastructure
Entity
Notes
IDN
DNSSEC
.arpa
"Address and Routing Parameter Area"
Originally assigned to the Advanced Research Projects Agency in the early days on the Internet, .arpa is now exclusively used as an Internet infrastructure TLD.
No
Yes
Country code top-level domains
As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. As of June 2022[update], the number was 316, with the addition of internationalized domains.
Proposed internationalized ccTLDs
Internationalized domain names have been proposed for Japan and Libya.
ICANN-era generic top-level domains
Name: DNS name
Target market: intended use
Restrictions: restrictions, if any, on who can register, and how the domain can be used
Operator: entity the registry has been delegated to
IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
Upon request, you will be required to demonstrate current or pending designation as a GmbH company whose existence can be validated with the respective public authorities in Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein or Switzerland.
Identity Digital
Yes
Yes
.haus
"house"
—
Identity Digital
Yes
Yes
.immobilien
"real estate"
—
Identity Digital
Yes
Yes
.jetzt
"now"
—
Identity Digital
Yes
Yes
.kaufen
"buy"
—
Identity Digital
Yes
Yes
.kinder
"children"
restricted .brand TLD
Ferrero Trading Lux S.A.
.reise
"travel"
Must be an eligible member of the travel business community; also, domain must be used for travel-related purposes.
French, German, and Italian abbreviation for "real estate"
—
Identity Digital
Yes
Yes
.moda
"fashion"
—
Identity Digital
Yes
Yes
.voto
"vote", for election and campaign websites
Must use the domain in connection with a "clearly identified political/democratic process." Initially only available to registrations in the United States.
"The purpose of .ALSACE is to bring Alsatian culture and identity to the Internet, make our region more visible internationally and boost the digital economy in Alsace."
Unknown
Yes
.bzh
Brittany; Breton language and culture
Breizh in Breton. This is a TLD for Web sites in the Breton language or related to Breton culture
French
Yes
.cat
Catalonia; Catalan language and culture
This is a TLD for Web sites in the Catalan language or related to Catalan culture.
Catalan
Yes
.corsica
Corsica
TLD Related to Corsican Culture
Unknown
Yes
.eus
Basque, Spain and France
Euskal Herria in Basque. Web sites must be in the Basque language and are checked periodically.
Unknown
Yes
.paris
Paris
"Must be an individual or corporate entity with a bona fide presence in the Greater area of Paris"
ICANN/IANA has created some special-use domain names which are meant for technical purposes. ICANN/IANA owns all of the special-use domain names.
Name
Entity
Notes
IDN
.example
Not installed as a domain name, but usable in text as an example. (example.com, example.net, and example.org are also reserved for this purpose but are active sites.)
Unknown
.internal
Not installed as a domain name, but usable in private and internal networks.
Unknown
.invalid
Not installed as a domain name, but usable in testing as a domain which wouldn't work.
Unknown
.local
Local network. Must be used with multicast DNS (mDNS).
Unknown
.onion
Connection to the Tor network.
Unknown
.test
Meant for testing DNS software.
Unknown
Non-IANA domains
Besides the TLDs managed (or at least tracked) by IANA or ICANN, other independent groups have created, or had attempted to create, their own TLDs with varying technical specifications, functions, and outcomes.
Microsoft Windows
Within Microsoft Windows there are some special purpose domain names that partially conflict with publicly assigned ones.
Name
Still used
Conflicting IANA domain registration
Purpose
.ipv6-literal.net
YES
Registered by an independent 3rd party (as of writing). Microsoft gave up the domain in January 2014. In addition Microsoft also never requested it to become an ICANN/IANA owned special-use domain name.
A special-use domain primarily for representing IPv6 addresses in UNC paths as ":" is a reserved character in Windows. Usage is not restricted to UNC paths. Compared to ip6.arpa reverse lookup domains it will return an IPv6 address but without generating any DNS queries.
Internet Engineering Task Force proposals for local TLDs
The IETF has submitted several requests for comments on TLDs that could be used to represent local devices and services.
Name
RFC
Notes
.home.arpa
RFC 8375
A special-use domain for non-unique use in residential home networks.
.internal
RFC 6762 Appendix G
ICANN has registered this top-level domain for private use.
.intranet
The IETF does not recommend use of unregistered top-level domains at all, but should network operators decide to do this, the following top-level domains have been used on private internal networks without the problems caused by trying to reuse ".local" for this purpose.
.private
.corp
Mentioned by ICANN for causing a name collision.
.home
.lan
Many routers automatically append ".lan" to local device hostnames, including those that use OpenWrt.
Blockchain-registered
Blockchain-based domains are registered and exchanged using a public blockchain like Ethereum. Oftentimes, these domains serve specific functions such as creating human-readable references to smart contract addresses used in DApps or personal wallet addresses. Generally, these non-standard domains are unreachable through the normal DNS resolution process and instead require clients to use some sort of transparent web proxy or gateway to access them
Name
Blockchain
Notes
.agt
Polygon
The .agt (agent) TLD is a decentralized top-level domain operating within the Web3 ecosystem, primarily positioned as an identifier for AI agents and autonomous systems. The TLD is offered by Web3 domain providers, such as Freename, an ICANN-accredited registrar that bridges traditional DNS with blockchain technology. .agt domains can be minted as NFTs across multiple blockchains (Polygon, Solana, BNBChain, BASE, Aurora, Sei, Abstract, Chiliz, and Etherlink), eliminating traditional renewal fees and providing registrants lifetime ownership. Popular .agt domains function as human-readable aliases for AI agents, agentic and tool-calling functions, cryptocurrency wallets, decentralized digital identities, AI agent ID, and addresses for hosting decentralized websites.
N/A
Handshake
Handshake is both an alternative DNS root zone and a domain name-centric blockchain meant for managing TLDs in a decentralized way which allows virtually any domain to be registered as a TLD by end users. The project intends to be a more resilient and distributed implementation of the global root zone without needing a centralized organization, like ICANN, to manage or operate it. However, it doesn't aim to outright replace the existing root zone, as it reserves all existing TLDs so that a query for wikipedia.org, for example, that is sent to a Handshake node can be redirected to the traditional root.
.eth
Ethereum
Domains under the .eth TLD are primarily used as human-readable aliases to Ethereum wallet addresses, rather than IP addresses, though some efforts into expanding the use of .eth into the traditional DNS space have been made.
.crypto
Ethereum
.crypto aims to make cryptocurrency wallet address resolution easier, with the exception that, unlike the other examples mentioned here, the TLD is the product of a for-profit company, Unstoppable Domains, that markets the domain as an alternative DNS root despite being entirely dependent on the traditional root zone.
.bit
Namecoin
Namecoin's .bit TLD technically operates as a single-domain DNS root, though has historically peered with the OpenNIC root zone to provide greater accessibility. The popularity and usage of .bit domains is much lower than the other projects mentioned, despite it being the earliest example. This is primarily due to the negative reputation Namecoin has garnered after .bit domains became popular for sharing and distributing illegal or illicit content such as malware, which ultimately prompted OpenNIC to end its peering agreement and stop serving the TLD in its root zone in 2018.
Alternate roots
In the case of alternative DNS roots, organizations or projects make use of the same mechanisms of the DNS but instead take on the role of ICANN in managing and administering an entirely separate root zone, thus having the ability to create new TLDs independently. However, this doesn't make these domains any less isolated from the rest of the internet, as the ability for clients to resolve them theoretically only requires switching to a recursive DNS resolver that recognizes and serves records underneath the alternate root zone.
Name
Root
Notes
N/A
Handshake
The list of registered TLDs on the Handshake blockchain is too large and dynamic to enumerate here.
ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, the standard for two-letter country codes, which most ccTLDs are based on
Proposed top-level domain
Second-level domain, information about .co.jp, .co.uk, .co.kr, .co.nf, etc.
Public Suffix List
Explanatory notes
A subsidiary of Minds + Machines Group (formerly Top Level Domain Holdings.)
Operated by Charleston Road Registry, Inc., a subsidiary of Google. See [1].
Domain registry is operated by United TLD Holdco Ltd. t/a Rightside Registry, a subsidiary of the Rightside Group.
Internet Domain Notes
Operating as Victor Frostbite, LLC
Operating as Delta Orchard, LLC
Operating as New Cypress, LLC
Operating as Outer Moon, LLC
Operating as Auburn Bloom, LLC
Operating as Pioneer Tigers, LLC
Citations
"IANA — Root Zone Database". iana.org. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
Root Zone Database. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
The Domain Name Industry Brief, Q1 2025. Domain Name Industry Brief. Retrieved May 27, 2025.
"IANA's list of TLDs in machine-readable format". Iana.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
"Daily TLD DNSSEC Report". icann.org. ICANN. 31 May 2020. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
"Root Zone file". Retrieved 20 June 2020.
"IANA root zone database". Iana.org. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
"Root Zone Database". iana.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
National Research Council, Committee on Internet Navigation and the Domain Name System: Technical Alternatives and Policy Implications; National Research Council, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (7 August 2005). Signposts in Cyberspace: The Domain Name System and Internet Navigation. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-09640-9.
J. Postel; J. Reynolds (October 1984). Domain requirements. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC0920. RFC 920. Status Unknown.
J. Postel (March 1994). Domain Name System Structure and Delegation. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1591. RFC 1591. Informational.
"New TLDs this week: .London, .Global and more". Domain Name Wire - Domain Name News & Views. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
"关于拟注销北京千橡网景科技发展有限公司".ren"顶级域域名注册管理机构许可的公示" (in Chinese). 9 December 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
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"IANA — Repository of IDN Practices". iana.org. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
§5, Policy for the Registration of .reise Domain Names Archived 20 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine, dotreise GmbH. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
"'Immo' as abbreviation for 'immobiliën'". Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
".VOTO Registration Policy". Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
"Registrant FAQs". Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
General Eligibility Requirements and Principles for the new .LAW and .ABOGADO top-level domains Archived 29 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine, accessed on line 20 November 2014.
"Uniregistry IDN Policy". Uniregistry.link. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
"Why choose .LTDA?". .LTDA advantages. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
"IANA — Repository of IDN Practices". iana.org. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
"Delegated Strings". Newgtlds.icann.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
"Chinese government buys 20,000 new IDN domain names". Domain Name Wire - Domain Name News & Views. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
".政府 - ICANNWiki". icannwiki. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
"Google Registry – Google". Retrieved 21 October 2014.
"Report on the Delegation of the .বাংলা ("bangla") domain representing Bangladesh in Bengali script to the Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Posts and Telecommunications Division". www.iana.org. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
".africa Domain Frequently Asked Questions". .africa - Registry Africa. 16 May 2020. Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
"dotCapeTown - .CapeTown - The new domain extension for the City of Cape Town". Nic.capetown. Archived from the original on 30 June 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
"dotDurban - .Durban - The new domain extension for the City of Durban". Nic.durban. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
"dotJoburg - .Joburg - The new domain extension for the City of Johannesburg". Nic.joburg. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
IANA - .krd Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
.krd Network Information Centre, accessed on line 24 November 2014.
"About .kyoto". The Kyoto College of Graduate Studies for Informatics. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
"「.nagoya」名古屋のための新ドメイン". GMOドメインレジストリ株式会社. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
IANA - .okinawa Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 25 August 2022.
IANA - .ryukyu Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
".taipei Net Top City". Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
"「.tokyo」東京のための新ドメイン". GMOドメインレジストリ株式会社. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
"「.yokohama」横浜のための新ドメイン". GMOドメインレジストリ株式会社. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
"Book your extension .alsace".
".BZH - L'extension internet de la Bretagne". .BZH - L'extension internet de la Bretagne.
(in Catalan) Fundació punt CAT | A Internet, el català és .cat. Registra ara un domini i identifica’t amb el teu .cat. Fundacio.cat. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
".eus Domeinua - .eus - Euskara eta Euskal Kultura Interneten". Nic.eus. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
".paris Registration Policy" (PDF). cdn.paris.fr. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
"Startseite - .bayern - Das Web wird weiß-blau". nic.bayern.
(in German) berlin Top-Level-Domain Archived 18 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Nic.berlin. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
"The New TLDS .koeln & .cologne". Dot.cologne. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
"The New TLDS .koeln & .cologne". Dot.koeln. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
IANA - .nrw Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
".ruhr". Dot.ruhr. 5 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
"dotSaarland GmbH". Retrieved 28 October 2014.
"Dominio .gal". Dominio.gal. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
IANA - .madrid Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
EURid.
amsterdam Top-Level-Domain.
".brussels is now in the root! - DNS Belgium". Nic.brussels. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
".cymru .wales Our Home Online". Retrieved 4 November 2014.
(in Dutch) frl Top-Level-Domain. Nic.frl. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
"Official website of .GENT". Retrieved 4 November 2014.
"The New London Code". Nic.london. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
"About TLDs .MOSCOW and .МОСКВА - dotMoscow: .MOSCOW and .МОСКВА TLDs for Russian Capital". Nic.moscow. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
"Register .scot domains - Calico .scot domains - dotscot is the new Scottish top level domain". Calico.scot. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
"Zonemaster växer.stockholm". Zonemaster. The Swedish Internet Foundation.
"Zuteilung und Verwaltung der Domain-Namen der zweiten Ebene, die der Internet-Domain ".swiss" untergeordnet sind" (in German). BAKOM. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
"Mission". Tatar Internet. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
"Tirol Domain" (in German). Retrieved 25 November 2014.
".vlaanderen is now in the root! - DNS Belgium". Nic.vlaanderen. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
".wien: punktwien". Nic.wien. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
".zuerich Registry Operator Website". Retrieved 17 June 2015.
"Register domain in .su zone". Retrieved 4 June 2024.
IANA - .miami Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 25 November 2014.
".NYC Domain Name Extension - Official Website". .NYC - The Official Website for the Ultimate New York City Address. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
".QUEBEC". Retrieved 21 October 2014.
"Dot Vegas, Inc". Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
"Why .kiwi?". Hello.kiwi. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
Twenty4. "nic.melbourne - Home page". nic.melbourne. Retrieved 21 October 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
IANA - .sydney Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
".LAT Domain - About us". Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
".LAT Domain - FAQs". Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
"IANA - .rio Domain Delegation Data". Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
xn--1qqw23a.html IANA - .佛山 Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
"О фонде | Foundation for Assistance for Internet Technologies and Infrastructure Development".
".abc Domain Registration - .abc Domains - American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. Domain Name .abc - Register American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. Domain Name .abc". 101domain.com. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
IANA — .allfinanz Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
IANA — .android Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
IANA — .aquarelle Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
"dotAXA: AXA Group New Online Space" (PDF). Domains.axa. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
"Barclays begins using .Barclays and .Barclaycard top level domains". 15 May 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
"FIBA launches .basketball as new digital identity of the global basketball community" (Press release). FIBA. 15 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
IANA — .bloomberg Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
"Home dotBMW registry operator". nic.bmw. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
IANA — .bnl Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 June 2015.
IANA — .cal Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
IANA — .caravan Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
IANA — .cern Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
IANA — .chrome Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
"中国中信集团有限公司". Nic.citic. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
IANA — .crs Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
IANA — .cuisinella Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
IANA — .dnp Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
IANA — .dvag Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
IANA — .edeka Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 10 October 2016.
IANA — .emerck Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
IANA — .everbank Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
IANA — .firmdale Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
IANA — .flsmidth Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
"Using the .frogans gTLD". Nic.frogans. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
IANA — .gbiz Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
IANA — .gle Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
".globo". Nic.globo. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
IANA — .gmail Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
IANA — .gmo Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
IANA — .gmx Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
IANA — Delegation Record for .GOOG. Accessed on line 3 October 2018.
IANA — .google Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
".hsbc". Retrieved 15 August 2015.
IANA — .ibm Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
IANA — .kred Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
IANA — .lacaixa Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 25 November 2014.
IANA — .latrobe Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
This domain has been delegated to IRI Domain Management, LLC, a subsidiary of Intellectual Reserve, Inc., which is owned and operated by the LDS Church.
IANA — .lds Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
Cheshire, Stuart; Krochmal, Marc (February 2013). "RFC: 6762 Multicast DNS Appendix G. Private DNS Namespaces". IETF Datatracker. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
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