The following is a list of Ottoman sieges and landings from the late 1200s to World War I.
The Ottoman Emirate (Mid-13th century - 1402)
| Event | Date | Who | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Escaping the Mongol dominance Ertugrul settled his tribe in west-Anatolia | Unknown; Mid-13th century | Ertugrul | Conquering of Malagina and Sogut |
| Due to a series of floods, the Sakarya river flooded leaving the Byzantine province of Bithynia defenceless to raids | Possibly 1302 | Osman | Conquest of a wide foothold of small towns |
| Conquest of the island of Kalolimnos (present day İmralı Island) and the beginning of Ottoman presence in the Sea of Marmara | 1308 | ^ | |
| Conquest of Mudanya by the Ottoman Emirate and the first Ottoman landings in Thrace, southeastern Europe | 1321 | ^ | Access to the Marmara sea with Mudanya |
| Taking advantage of the Byzantine civil war the Ottomans took their time to deplead the Byzantines of their supplies by a decade long siege | 1317 - April 1326 | Orhan and Osman | The conquering of Bursa and the first major city in Ottoman control |
| After an earthquake damaging the Byzantine fortifications Orhan seized the opportunity to create a foothold near the Dardenelles | 1327 | Orhan | Conquest of Lopadion (modern day Ulubat) |
| Emperor Andronikos III could not break Orhan's army which was stationened at Pelekanon, leading in Byzantine failure to protect the rest of the Bithynian province | 1328 - 1337 | ^ | Conquest of major cities Nikaia (1331) and Nikomedia (1337) |
| Conquest of the strategic port city and gulf of Gemlik on the Marmara Sea by the Ottoman Emirate | 1333 | ^ | |
| Using the base of Lopadion Orhan launched a series of attacks against the Turkish emirate of Karesi. Resulting in a reliable crossing point from Asia into Europe. | 1345 - 1346 | ^ | Conquest of the modern-day Balikesir and the Dardanelles. |
| Benefitting from the Byzantine civil wars, earthquakes and tactfully marrying into alliances Suleyman pasha, Orhan's son, would lead Ottoman troops onto European soil. Using the claim of their ally Kantakouzenos the Ottomans could raid and conquer, eventually leading to a strong foothold in Thrace. | 1346 - 1361 | Orhan and Suleiman pasha | Alliance with Kantakouzenos by marriage (1346), start of war against John V (1352), conquest of Gallipoli (March 1354) and conquest of Dimetoka (1359 or 1361) |
| Conquest of Üsküdar (formerly Scutari or Chrysopolis) and Kadıköy (formerly Chalcedon) on the Anatolian side of İstanbul, the Marmara Island. | 1352 | ||
| Suleyman pasha, Orhan's son, would conquer the city of Ankara. Although it is unknown from whom and for how long the Ottomans were able to control the area. | 1354 | Suleiman pasha | Temporary control of the beylik surrounding Ankara. |
| Small Turkic beyliks in Anatolia succumbed to the power of the Ottomans; by political marriages and annexation. | 1362 - 1376 | Murad | Annexation of land up to the city of modern day Antalya (late 1360s) and conquest of Germiyan and Kutahya (1375-1376) |
| First Ottoman landings in Attica, Morea and the Adriatic Sea | 1372 | ||
| First conquests and acquisitions in North Macedonia (Battle of Maritsa, Mrnjavčević lands) | 1371 1373 | ||
| Conquest of Moravian Serbia (Battle of Dubravnica) Siege and conquest of Sofia Siege and conquest of Niš and Pirot (Battle of Pločnik) Siege and conquest of Thessaloniki and Macedonia (Greece) | 1381 1385 1386 1387 | ||
| The biggest remaining rival in Anatolia was found in the Karamanids. To avenge the Ottomans from a previous raid the two regional powers landed in a war leading to a loss of Karaman authonomity. | 1387 | Murad | Vassalization of the Karamanid emirate; Ottomans being the most dominant regional power. |
| Conquest of southern Bosnia and Herzegovina (Battle of Bileća) Conquest of most of the southern Balkans (Battle of Kosovo) including northern Bulgaria and Wallachia | 1388 1389 | ||
| Landings at Chios, Euboea, Attica, Morea | 1390–1391 | ||
| Conquest of northern Albania and southern Montenegro | 1392 | ||
| Landings at Morea | 1394 | ||
| Ottoman blockade of Constantinople (1394–1402) begins Conquest of Wallachia (Battle of Rovine) | 1394 1395 | ||
| Reconquest of northern Bulgaria (Battle of Nicopolis) Conquest of Albania | 1396 | ||
| Conquest of several coastal settlements on the Aegean Sea coasts of Greece and of several Anatolian beyliks on the Black Sea coasts of Anatolia | 1397 | ||
| Landings at Thessaly, Morea, Albania and Epirus |
Civil war and recovery (1402–1451)
| Event | Date | Result |
|---|---|---|
| Conquest against Mongols (Battle of Ankara) | 1402 | |
| Second Ottoman siege of Constantinople | 1411 | |
| First conquest of Kurvingrad Conquest of several islands in the Aegean Sea | 1413 1415–1416 | |
| Conquest of the strategic port of Samsun in the Black Sea | 1417 | |
| Third Ottoman siege of Constantinople | 1422 | |
| Reconquest of Albania, conquests of several coastal settlements in Morea | 1423 | |
| Ottoman-Venetian War | 1423–1430 | |
| Conquest of the strategic port of Sinop (Sinope) in the Black Sea | 1424 | |
| Conquest of Smyrna from the Anatolian Beylik of that city | 1426 | |
| Reconquest of Thessalonica | 1422–1430 | |
| Conquest of Ioannina | 1430 | |
| First siege of Belgrade First siege and conquest of Novo Brdo (Novo Brdo Fortress) Attempted reconquest of Albania (see Siege of Krujë (1450)) | 1440 1441-1444 1448–1450 | |
| Conquest of Arta, in Epirus Second conquest of Kurvingrad | 1449 1451 |
Growth (1453–1550)
| Event | Date | Result |
|---|---|---|
| Conquest of Constantinople (İstanbul), Imbros (currently Gökçeada), Lemnos and Thasos | 1453 | |
| Landings at the Dodecanese Islands Second Conquest of Novo Brdo (Novo Brdo Fortress) Second siege of Belgrade (Siege of Belgrade (1456)) | 1454 1455 1456 | |
| Conquest of Despotate of the Morea, Serbian Despotate and the Duchy of Athens | 1458 14591460 | |
| Conquest of the Empire of Trebizond and the Genoese colony of Amasra | 1461 | |
| Conquest of the Genoese islands in the northern Aegean Sea, including Lesbos | 1462 | |
| Conquest of Kingdom of Bosnia and the castle of Riniassa and its dependent region of Preveza | 1463 | |
| Ottoman-Venetian War | 1463–1479 | |
| Conquest of castles and forts in Albania and failed sieges of Krujë(see Siege of Krujë (1466) and Siege of Krujë (1467)) | 1466 | |
| Siege of Negroponte (1470) | 1470 | |
| Siege of Shkodër Archived 10 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine | 1474 | |
| Conquest of Crimea | 1475 | |
| Conquest of Venetian forts in Albania and second siege of Shkodra | 14771478 | |
| Landings at Lepanto in Greece and Veneto in Italy | 14771478 | |
| Conquest of Vonitsa, Lefkas, Cephalonia, and Zante | 1463 | |
| First siege and capture of Otranto | 1480 | |
| First siege of Rhodes Conquest of Herzegovina | 14801481 1482 | |
| Ottoman conquest of Kilia (Kiliya) and Akkerman(Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi) | 1484 | |
| Landings at the Balearic Islands, Corsica and Pisa | 14871490 | |
| Landings at Elche, Almeria, Málaga | 14901495 | |
| Landings at the Gulf of Taranto | 1496 | |
| Conquest of Montenegro (Zeta under the Crnojevići) | 1496 1499 | |
| Ottoman-Venetian Wars | 14991503 | |
| Battle of Zonchio | 1499 | |
| Landings at Corfu | 1500 | |
| Capture of the Isle of Pianosa | 1501 | |
| Capture of several towns in Sardinia | 1501 | |
| Landings at Piombino | 1501 | |
| Landings at the Balearic Islands and Andalusia | 1501 | |
| Reconquest of Morea | 1503 | |
| Landings at Rhodes, Calabria, Sicily and Andalusia | 1505 | |
| Landings at Sicily | 1506 | |
| Landings at Liguria | 15081509 | |
| Landings at Capo Passero in Sicily | 1510 | |
| Landings at Bougie, Oran and Algiers | 1510 | |
| Landings at Reggio Calabria | 1511 | |
| Conquest of Moldavia | 1512 | |
| Landings at Andalusia and Minorca | 1512 | |
| Landings at Alicante, Malaga, Cherchell | 15131514 | |
| Capture of Jijel in Algeria and Mahdiya in Tunisia | 1514 | |
| Bombardment of Bougie, landings at Ceuta, Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Sicily | 1514 | |
| Conquest of Syria | 1516 | |
| Conquest of Algeria from Spain | 15161517 | |
| Landings at Elba and Liguria | 1516 | |
| Conquest of Palestine | 1516 | |
| Conquest of Egypt and the end of the Mameluke Empire | 1517 | |
| Landings at Provence, Toulon and the Îles d'Hyères in France | 1519 | |
| Third siege and conquest of Belgrade (Siege of Belgrade (1521)) Landings at the Balearic Islands | 1521 | |
| Siege of Knin | 1522 | |
| Conquest of Rhodes from the Knights of St. John, who relocate their base first to Sicily and later to Malta | 1522 | |
| Landings at Sardinia | 1525 | |
| Capture of Capo Passero in Sicily | 1526 | |
| Landings at Crotone, Reggio Calabria, Castignano, Capo Spartivento, Messina, Tuscany, Campania | 1526 | |
| Conquest of Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia and Bosnia | 1527 | |
| Landings at Italian and Spanish coastal towns | 1527 | |
| Ottoman-Spanish War near the Isle of Formentera | 1529 | |
| Capture of the Isle of Peñón | 1529 | |
| Landings at Andalusia | 1529 | |
| Capture of the Isle of Cabrera | 1530 | |
| Landings at Sicily, the Balearic Islands, Marseilles, Provence, Liguria, Sardinia, Piombino | 1530 | |
| Landings at the Isle of Favignana, Calabria, Puglia, Tripoli, Spain | 1531 | |
| Landings at Sardinia, Bonifacio, Montecristo, Elba, Lampedusa, Messina, Calabria | 1532 | |
| First conquest of Tunisia from Spain, reconquest of Morea | 1534 | |
| Capture of San Lucido, Cetraro, Capri, Procida, Tunis | 1534 | |
| Landings at Reggio Calabria, Gaeta, Villa Santa Lucia, Sant'Isidoro, Sperlonga, Fondi, Terracina, Ostia, Ponza, Sicily, Sardinia, bombardment of the ports at the Gulf of Naples | 1534 | |
| Recapture of Capri | 1535 | |
| Landings at Spain, the Balearic Islands, Tlemcen | 1535 | |
| Siege of Klis | 1537 | |
| Conquest of the Duchy of Naxos, Syros, Aegina, Ios, Paros, Tinos, Karpathos, Kasos | 1537 | |
| Second siege and capture of Otranto, Castro, Ugento | 1537 | |
| Landings at Calabria and Corfu | 1537 | |
| Battle of Preveza | 1538 | |
| Conquest of Castelnuovo (Herceg Novi) in Dalmatia | 1538 | |
| Conquest of Aden and Yemen from the Portuguese, Jeddah and Hijaz in Arabia | 15381539 | |
| Capture of Diu in India | 1538 | |
| Capture of the Gulf of Preveza, Isle of Lefkada, eastern Adriatic and Aegean islands belonging to the Republic of Venice, Candia in Crete | 1538 | |
| Ottoman-Portuguese Wars in the Indian Ocean | 1538 1566 | |
| Landings at Crete in Greece and Gujarat in India | 1538 | |
| Conquest of Risan, Skiathos, Skyros, Andros and Serifos | 1539 | |
| Reconquest of Castelnuovo | 1539 | |
| Landings at Cattaro and Pesaro, Corfu, Crete | 1539 | |
| Capture of Gozo, Pantelleria, Capraia, conquest of Serbia | 1540 | |
| Landings at Sicily, Corsica, Spain | 1540 | |
| Defeat of the Spanish-Italian fleet in Algiers | 1541 | |
| Capture of Esztergom, Hungary | 1543 | |
| Capture of Reggio Calabria, Messina, Nice, Antibes, Île Sainte-Marguerite, Monaco, San Remo, La Turbie | 1543 | |
| Landings at Campania, Lazio, venturing into the Tiber River near Rome | 1543 | |
| Defeat of the Spanish-Italian fleet in the Tyrrhenian Sea, assault on the Kingdom of Naples | 1544 | |
| Capture of Bonifacio in Corsica, Castiglione della Pescaia, Talamone, Orbetello, Grosseto, Montiano, Porto Ercole, Isle of Giglio, Ischia, Forio, and the Isle of Procida | 1544 | |
| Landings at San Remo, Borghetto Santo Spirito, Ceriale, Vado Ligure, Piombino, Civitavecchia, Sardinia, Gozo, Pozzuoli, Capo Palinuro, Catona, Fiumara, Calanna, Cariati, Lipari | 1544 | |
| Capture of Capraia, Monterosso, Corniglia, Rapallo, Pegli, Levanto | 1545 | |
| Landings at Spain, the Balearic Islands, Sicily, Liguria, Menarola, Riomaggiore, La Spezia | 1545 | |
| Capture of Mahdiya, Sfax, Sousse, Al Munastir in Tunisia; Laigueglia and Andora in Liguria; Gozo in Malta | 1546 | |
| Landings at Liguria, San Lorenzo al Mare | 1546 | |
| Reconquest of Yemen from the Portuguese | 15471548 | |
| Recapture of Gozo in Malta | 1547 | |
| Landings at both islands of Malta, Sicily, Aeolian Islands, Salina Island, Puglia, Salve, Calabria, Corsica | 1547 | |
| Capture of Castellamare di Stabia, Pozzuoli and Procida at the Gulf of Naples | 1548 | |
| Landings at Rapallo, San Fruttuoso, Portofino, San Remo, Corsica, Calabria | 1549 | |
| Recapture of Mahdiya, Sousse, Al Munastir in Tunisia, Rapallo in Liguria | 1550 | |
| Landings at Sardinia, Spain, Corsica, Gozo, Liguria, Mahdiya, Tunis, Djerba | 1550 |
Transformation (1550-1700)
| Event | Date | Result |
|---|---|---|
| Raid on Gozo, capture of Taggia and Riva Brigoso in Liguria | 1551 | |
| Siege of Tripoli (Conquest of Libya from Spain and Malta) | 1551 | |
| Landings at the Adriatic ports, Sicily | 1551 | |
| Defeat of the Spanish-Italian fleet near Ponza | 1552 | |
| Conquest of Oman, Hormuz and Qatar from the Portuguese | 1552 | |
| Capture of Pantelleria, Ponza, Massa Lubrense, Sorrento, Pozzuoli, Minturno, Nola | 1552 | |
| Landings at Augusta and Licata in Sicily, Taormina, Gulf of Policastro, Palmi, Gulf of Naples, Sardinia, Corsica, Lazio | 1552 | |
| Capture of Crotone and Castello in Calabria; Marciana Marina, Rio and Capoliveri in Elba. Invasion of Corsica (Capture of Bonifacio, Bastia and Calvi). Recapture of Pianosa and Capri. | 1553 | |
| Landings at Sicily, Tavolara, Sardinia, Porto Ercole, Piombino, Portoferraio | 1553 | |
| Capture of Vieste near Foggia; Elba and Corsica | 1554 | |
| Landings at Dalmatia, Dubrovnik, Orbetello and Tuscany | 1554 | |
| Defeat of the Spanish-Italian fleet near Piombino | 1555 | |
| Capture of Paola and Santo Noceto in Calabria, Papulonia in Elba; Bastia in Corsica; Ospedaletti in Liguria | 1555 | |
| Landings at Capo Vaticano, Ceramica, San Lucido in Calabria; Piombino in Elba; Calvi in Corsica; Sardinia; San Remo and Liguria | 1555 | |
| Capture of Bergeggi and San Lorenzo in Liguria; Gafsa in Tunisia | 1556 | |
| Landings at Lampedusa | 1556 | |
| Capture of Cariati in Calabria | 1557 | |
| Landings at the Gulf of Taranto and Puglia | 1557 | |
| Capture of Gharyan, Misratah, Tagiora, Djerba, Reggio Calabria, Aeolian Islands, Massa Lubrense, Cantone, Sorrento, Minorca | 1558 | |
| Landings at the Strait of Messina, Amalfi, Gulf of Salerno, Torre del Greco, Tuscany, Piombino, Spain | 1558 | |
| Battle of Djerba | 1560 | |
| Landings at Stromboli, Gozo, Gulf of Naples | 1561 | |
| Siege of Oran | 1562 | |
| Capture of Granada in Spain; Naples in Italy and the fortresses around the city, Chiaia | 1563 | |
| Landings at Malaga, another siege on Spanish-controlled Oran and Mers-el-Kebir; landings at Liguria, Sardinia, Oristano, Marcellino, Ercolento, Puglia, Abruzzo, San Giovanni near Messina, Capo Passero in Sicily, Gozo in Malta | 1563 | |
| Ottoman expedition to Aceh (Annexation of Aceh in Sumatra, Indonesia, upon request by Sultan Alaaddin of Aceh who declares allegiance to the Ottoman Empire and asks for protection against Portuguese aggression) | 1565 | |
| Siege of Malta (including capture of Fort Saint Elmo and the Bastion of Castille on Fort Saint Michael) | 1565 | |
| Siege of Szigetvár | 1566 | |
| Conquest of Chios and the end of Genoese presence in the Aegean | 1566 | |
| Landings at Puglia | 1566 | |
| First Ottoman naval forces are stationed on Aceh in Sumatra, Indonesia | 1569 | |
| Landings at Sumatra in Indonesia | 1569 | |
| Battle of Gozo | 1570 | |
| Conquest of Cyprus from the Republic of Venice, sieges of Nicosia and Famagusta | 1570–1571 | |
| Reconquest of Dalmatia from the Republic of Venice | 1571 | |
| Landings at Corfu | 1571 | |
| Battle of Lepanto | 1571 | |
| Landings at Puglia and Corfu | 1573 | |
| Reconquest of Tunisia from Spain | 1574 | |
| Landings at Morocco | 1574 | |
| Landings at Calabria | 1576 | |
| Defeat of the Portuguese fleet off the coast of Morocco | 1578 | |
| Reconquest of Crimea and parts of Ukraine | 1584 | |
| Capture of Lanzarote of the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean | 1585 | |
| Recapture of Esztergom, Hungary | 1605 | |
| Defeat of the French-Maltese fleet in the Levant | 1609 | |
| Landings at Malta and southern Morea | 1614 | |
| Landings at the shoreline between Cadiz and Lisbon | 1616 | |
| Capture of Madeira in the Atlantic Ocean | 1617 | |
| Landings at Sussex, Plymouth 27 ships were taken away from its port), Devon, Hartland Point, Cornwall and the other counties of western England in August | 1625 | |
| Capture of the Isle of Lundy in the Bristol Channel. Lundy becomes the main base of the Ottoman marine operations in the Atlantic Ocean for the next 5 years | 1627 | |
| Capture of Vestmannaeyjar near Iceland | 1627 | |
| Landings in the Northern Atlantic including the British Isles, Shetland Islands, Faroe Islands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Labrador, Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Newfoundland and Virginia | 16271660 | |
| Landings at Denmark, Norway and Iceland | 1627 | |
| Landings at England, Ireland, Denmark and Iceland | 1631 | |
| Capture of County Cork, Sack of Baltimore in Ireland | 1631 | |
| Reconquest of Azov from the Russians | 1642 | |
| Start of the Cretan War: Conquest of Chania in Crete | 1645 | |
| Conquest of Chisamo and Souda in Crete | 1646 | |
| Siege of Candia (Heraklion) in Crete begins | 1648 | |
| Landings at England, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark | 16551660 | |
| Final stage of the Siege of Candia, ends with capture of city. End of the Cretan war. | 1666–1669 | |
| Sieges of Chyhyryn in Ukraine | 1677-1678 | |
| Conquest of the castles controlling the Black Sea entrance of the Dnieper River | 1679 | |
| Reconquest of Chios during the Seventh Ottoman–Venetian War (1684–1699) | 1695 |
Stagnation (1700–1827)
| Event | Date | Result |
|---|---|---|
| Recapture of Preveza | 1701 | |
| Ottoman invasion of western Georgia | 1703 | Conquest of Batumi, Poti, and Anaklia |
| Conquest of Oran, the final Spanish stronghold in Algeria | 1708 | |
| Reconquest of Moldavia and Azov from the Russians | 1711 | |
| Start of the Eighth Ottoman-Venetian War with the reconquest of Morea | 1715 | |
| Conquest of Souda in Crete and the island of Tinos in the Cyclades | 1715 | |
| Unsuccessful siege of Corfu | 1716 | |
| Turkish-Russian War | 1738 | |
| Landings at the entrance of the Dniester River and northern Crimea | 1769 | |
| Reconquest of Morea and Lemnos after the Orlov Revolt | 1770 | |
| Battle of Chios followed by Battle of Chesme | 1770 | |
| Failed landing at Kerch against Russian navy | 1774 | |
| Failed landing at Kinburn against Russian army | 1787 | |
| Defeat by Russian fleet near Yılan Island and naval skirmishes around Ochakov | 1788 | |
| Battles with Russian fleet at Tendra and Kerch | 1791 | |
| Battle with Russian fleet off Cape Kaliakra | 1791 | |
| Capture of Corfu from the French by joint Russian-Ottoman fleet | 1799 | Creation of Septinsular Republic |
| Reconquest of Egypt | 1801 | |
| Defense of Dardanelles against British and Russians | 1807 | |
| Battle of Athos | 1807 | |
| Reconquest of Medina, Mecca and Hijaz in Arabia | 18121813 | |
| Greek Revolution begins | 1821 | |
| Recapture of Chios from the Greek rebels and massacre of the population | 1822 | |
| First Siege of Missolonghi | 1822 | |
| Recapture of the island of Psara from the Greek rebels and massacre of its population | 1824 | |
| Third Siege of Missolonghi | 1825–1826 | |
| Battle of Navarino | 1827 | |
| Battle of Sinope | 1854 | |
| Defeat of the Russian forces in the Crimean War, led by France, the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Sardinia | 18541856 | |
| Reconquest of the islands controlling the Black Sea entrance of the Danube River | 1857 | |
| Reconquest of Montenegro and Shkodër | 1862 |
Decline (1828–1908)
Dissolution (1908–1922)
| Event | Date | Result |
|---|---|---|
| Battle of Gallipoli | 1915–1916 | Ottoman victory and saving of the capital Constantinople from invasion |
| Turkish War of Independence | 1919–1923 | Turkish Nationalist victory; the abolition of the Ottoman sultanate (1922) and the formation of the Republic of Turkey (1923) |
See also
- Ottoman wars in Europe
- List of cities conquered by the Ottoman Empire
- List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire
- List of Ottoman Empire territories
- Ottoman Navy
- Barbary pirates
- Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)
- To see more and get source
References and sources
- Imber, Colin (2002). "I: Chronology". The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650; The Structure of power. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-61386-4.
- Source needed
- Nikos D. Karabelas, 2015, The Ottoman conquest of Preveza and its first castle, p. 974.
- Nikos D. Karabelas, 2015, The Ottoman conquest of Preveza and its first castle, p. 974.
- Nikos D. Karabelas, 2015, The Ottoman conquest of Preveza and its first castle, pp. 972-975.
- Nikos D. Karabelas, 2015, The Ottoman conquest of Preveza and its first castle, p. 975.
- Nikos D. Karabelas, 2012, Ottoman fortifications in Preveza in 1702, pp. 48-49.
- The Ottomans: Comprehensive and detailed online chronology of Ottoman history in English.
- Tarih Bilgi Bankası: Online history database in Turkish.
- Tarihte Bugün: Online history database in Turkish.
- E. Hamilton Currey, Sea-Wolves of the Mediterranean, London, 1910
- Bono, Salvatore: Corsari nel Mediterraneo (Corsairs in the Mediterranean), Oscar Storia Mondadori. Perugia, 1993.
- Melis, Nicola, "The importance of Hormuz for Luso-Ottoman Gulf-centred policies in the 16th century: Some observations based on contemporary sources", in R. Loureiro-D. Couto (eds.), Revisiting Hormuz – Portuguese Interactions in the Persian Gulf Region in the Early Modern Period, "Maritime Asia" 19, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian/Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2008, pp. 107–120.
- Corsari nel Mediterraneo: Condottieri di ventura. Online database in Italian, based on Salvatore Bono's book.
- Turkish Navy official website: Historic heritage of the Turkish Navy (in Turkish)
- Turkish Navy official website: Turkish seamen in the Atlantic Ocean (in Turkish)
- Bradford, Ernle, The Sultan's Admiral: The life of Barbarossa, London, 1968.
- Wolf, John B., The Barbary Coast: Algeria under the Turks, New York, 1979; ISBN 0-393-01205-0
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