List of active separatist movements in Asia

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This is a list of active separatist movements in Asia. Separatism can include autonomism and secessionism, despite the fact that independence is the primary goal of many separatist movements. Many separatist movements arise as a result of religious, racial, social, and cultural disparities between certain peoples and the majority or ruling class in a country.

Criteria

What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

They are active movements with active members.
They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy. (Excluding Uncontacted peoples)
Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
- Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).

Afghanistan

South Turkestan

Ethnic group: Uyghurs, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Turkmens, and other Turkic peoples
- Proposed state: Southern Turkestan
- Militant organisations: Turkestan Freedom Tigers

Hazarajat/Hazaristan

Ethnic group: Hazara people
- Proposed: self determination for Hazarajat
- Political party: Hazarajat freedom movement

Azerbaijan

Territory of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast

People: Armenians in Azerbaijan
- Proposed state: Artsakh or unification with Armenia
  - Political organisation: National Assembly

Territory of the short-lived Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

People: Talysh people
- Proposed: Talysh province with regional administration within the borders of Azerbaijan or independence or unification with Caspia.
  - Political organisation: Talysh National Movement
  - Government in exile: Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

Lezgistan

Ethnic group: Lezgins
- Proposed: Autonomy or outright independence for Lezgistan or unification with Dagestan
- Political organisation: Sadval movement, Federal Lezgian National and Cultural Autonomy

Nij & Oğuz^{[citation needed]}

Ethnic group: Udis
- Proposed: Autonomy or outright independence for Udia or Caucasian Albania or unification with Dagestan

Guba-Khachmaz^{[citation needed]}

Ethnic group: Tats
- Proposed: Autonomy or outright independence for Tatistan

Bangladesh

Chittagong Hill Tracts

Ethnic group: Jumma people
- Proposed: Autonomy for the Chittagong Hill Tracts
- Political parties: Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti, United People's Democratic Front

Zale'n-gam

Ethnic group: Kuki
- Proposed state: Zale'n-gam
- Militant organisation: Kuki National Army, Kuki-Chin National Front
- Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation

Zogam (Parts of Chittagong hill tracts)

Ethnic group: Zomi
- Proposed state: Zogam
- Militant organisation: Zomi Revolutionary Army

Bandarban district

Ethnic group: Mro people
- Proposed: autonomy for the Mro people

Sylhet Division

Ethnic group: Khasi people
- Proposed: autonomy for the Khasi people in Sylhet Division

China

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

Ethnic group: Uyghurs
- Proposed state: East Turkestan
- Government-in-exile: East Turkistan Government-in-Exile
- Militant organizations: Turkistan Islamic Party, East Turkestan Liberation Organization
- Advocacy group: World Uyghur Congress, Campaign For Uyghurs, East Turkistan National Awakening Movement

Hong Kong

Ethnic group: Han Chinese of Hong Kong
- Proposed state: Hong Kong or reunification with the United Kingdom as an Overseas Territory
- Political parties: Youngspiration, Hong Kong Indigenous, Hong Kong National Party, Alliance of Resuming British Sovereignty over Hong Kong and Independence, Hong Kong Independence Party

Tibet

Ethnic group: Tibetan people
- Proposed state: Tibet (includes all of Xizang and parts of Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, and Yunnan)
- Government-in-exile: Central Tibetan Administration
- Advocacy groups: Tibetan Youth Congress, International Tibet Independence Movement

Minor movements

Shanghainese nationalism
Cantonese nationalism
Inner Mongolian independence movement
Manchuria Independence Movement
Macau Independence Movement
Komland Independence Movement
Yuyencia independence movement
Guangxi independece movement
Yunnan independence movement
Chahar Province independence movement
Zhejiang independence movement
Jiangsu independence movement
Hunan independence movement
Shandong independence movement
Ningxia Independence movement

Georgia

Territory of the former Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Ethnic group: Abkhazians
- De facto state: Abkhazia (recognized by 5 UN members)
  - Political organization: Government of Abkhazia
  - Militant organization: Abkhazian Armed Forces

Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast

People: Ossetians
- De facto state: South Ossetia (recognized by 5 UN members)
- Proposition: Recognition of South Ossetia as an independent state or unification with Russia or unification with North Ossetia to form a united independent Ossetia
  - Political organisation: Government of South Ossetia
  - Militant organisation: Armed Forces of South Ossetia

Javakheti

Ethnic group: Armenians in Samtskhe–Javakheti
- Proposed: Autonomy for the region Javakhk (Javakheti) or unification with Armenia
- Political party: United Javakhk Democratic Alliance

Adjara^{[citation needed]}

Ethnic group: Adjarians
- Proposed: Autonomy for Adjara
- Political Party: Adjara Party

India

Separatist movements

Assam

Proposed state: Assam
- Ethnic group: Assamese people
- Militant organizations: United Liberation Front of Asom

Nagaland

Proposed state: Nagalim
- Ethnic group: Naga people
- Militant organization: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

Kashmir

Proposed: independence or autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir from India or unification with Pakistan
- Ethnic group: Kashmiri Muslims
- Political organizations: All Parties Hurriyat Conference, Jammu & Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen
- Political parties (autonomy): Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference, Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party, Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
- Militant organizations: Lashkar-e-Taiba, Hizbul Mujahideen, Jaish-e-Mohammed, Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front

Kamtapur

Proposed state: Kamtapur or becoming a state of India
- Ethnic group: Rajbanshi people
- Political parties (statehood): Kamtapur People's Party
- Militant organization: Kamtapur Liberation Organisation

Kukiland

Proposed state: Zale'n-gam
- Ethnic group: Kuki, Bnei Menashe
- Militant organisation: Kuki National Army
- Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation

Manipur

Proposed state: Manipur
- Ethnic groups: Meitei, Pangal, Naga
- Government-in-exile: Manipur State Council
- Militant organizations: United National Liberation Front, People's Liberation Army of Manipur, Kangleipak Communist Party, People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak, Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup, Maoist Communist Party of Manipur

Meghalaya

Proposed state: Meghalaya
- Ethnic groups: Khasi people, Pnar people
- Militant organization: Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council
- Advocacy group: Seng Khasi Movement

Mizoram

Proposed state: Mizoram
Ethnic group: Mizo people
- Political parties: Mizo National Front, Zoram People's Movement, Hmar People's Convention

Zogam (In India the claimed territories are: Barak Valley, Tripura, East Jaintia Hills, Dima Hasao district and Karbi Anglong district of Assam)

Ethnic group: Zomi
- Proposed state: Zogam
- Militant organisation: Zomi Revolutionary Army

Punjab, India

Proposed state: Khalistan
- Ethnic group: Punjabis
- Political organizations: Dal Khalsa, Sikhs for Justice, Waris Punjab De
- Political parties: Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De), Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
- Militant organizations: Babbar Khalsa, Khalistan Commando Force, Khalistan Liberation Force, Khalistan Zindabad Force, Khalistan Tiger Force, ISYF, AISSF

Sikkim

Ethnic groups: Drejongpas, Lepcha

Proposed state: Kingdom of Sikkim
Political party: Sikkim Krantikari Morcha

Tripura

Proposed state: Tipraland
- Ethnic group: Tripuri people
- Political parties: Tipra Motha Party, Tipraland State Party, Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra
- Militant organisation: National Liberation Front of Tripura, All Tripura Tiger Force

Arunachal Pradesh

Ethnic group: Tani people
- Proposed: creation of Taniland
- Militant organization: National Socialist Council for Taniland, United Tani Army

Jharkhand

Ethnic group: Adivasi

Proposed: Independent Jharkhand
Political Parties: Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

Autonomist or statehood movements

Rabha Hasong

State or extended autonomous area: Rabha Hasong
- Ethnic group: Rabha people
- Militant organizations: Rabha Jatiya Aikya Manch, Rabha Vipers Army (RVA), Rabha National Liberation Army, Rabha Jatiya Mukti Bahini (RJMB)

Gorkhaland

Ethnic group: Indian Gorkhas
- Proposal: creation of a separate autonomous Gorkhaland state within India
- Political movement: Gorkhaland movement
- Political parties: Gorkha National Liberation Front, Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League, Gorkha Janmukti Morcha

Ladakh

Ethnic group: Ladakhis
- Proposed autonomous region: Ladakh

Garo Hills

Ethnic group: Garo people
- Proposal: making the Garo Hills Autonomous District Council into an autonomous state of India
- Political party: Garo National Council

Bundelkhand

Ethnic group: Bundelkhandi
- Proposal: making the region of Bundelkhand into a state of India
- Political party: Bundelkhand Mukti Morcha

Vidarbha

Ethnic group: Marathi people
- Proposal: separation of Vidarbha from the state of Maharashtra
- Political party: Vidarbha Rajya Party, Vidarbha Vikas Party, Nag Vidarbha Andolan Samiti

Goa

Ethnic group: Goans
- Proposed autonomous region: Goa
- Political party: Niz Goenkar Revolution Front

Jammu region

Ethnic group: Dogri people
- Proposal: separation of the Jammu region from Jammu and Kashmir as a separate state within india
- Political party: Ikkjutt Jammu

Bodoland

Ethnic group: Bodo people
- Proposal: statehood for Bodoland
- Political party: Bodo National Students Union

Rayalaseema

Ethnic group: Telugu people
- Proposed: turning Rayalaseema into a state of India
- Political party: Rayalaseema Rashtra Samithi

Bhil Pradesh

Ethnic group: Bhil people
- Proposed: creation of Bhil Pradesh as a state of India

Kosi-Seemanchal

Ethnic group: Maithils
- Proposed: creation of a Seemanchal state in India

Kodagu district

Ethnic group: Kodava people
- Proposed: autonomy for Kodagu district
- Political party: Codava National Council

Barak Valley

Ethnic group: Bengalis
- Proposed: creation of a Barak Valley state within India
- Political party: Barak Democratic Front

Indonesia

Aceh

Ethnic group: Acehnese
- Proposed state: Aceh
- Militant organisation: Free Aceh Movement (negotiated peace with the Indonesian government in 2005, and now it is a civil movement, but the separatism still has supporters)
- Advocacy group: Aceh–Sumatra National Liberation Front (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)

Bali

Ethnic group: Balinese
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Bali
- Advocacy group: Bali Government, ForBALI

Banten and West Java

Ethnic group: Sundanese
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Pasundan
- Advocacy group: Free Pasundan Movement

Kalimantan

Ethnic group: Dayaks
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Kalimantan

Maluku

Ethnic group: Moluccans
- Proposed state: South Maluku
- Government-in-exile: Republic of South Maluku (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Advocacy group: Maluku Sovereignty Front

Minahasa Peninsula

Ethnic group: Minahasan
- Proposed state: Greater Minahasa
- Advocacy group: Free Minahasa Movement

Riau

Ethnic group: Riau Malays
- Proposed state: Riau or unification with Malaysia
- Advocacy group: Free Riau Movement

Sumbawa

Ethnic group: Sumbawan
- Proposed autonomous area: Sumbawa

Iran

Khūzestān Province

Ethnic group: Khuzestani Arabs
- Proposed state: Al-Ahwaz
- Militant organisations: Al-Ahwaz Arab People's Democratic Popular Front, National Liberation Movement of Ahwaz, Ahwaz Arab Renaissance Party, Ahwaz Liberation Organisation, Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz
- Advocacy group: Democratic Solidarity Party of Al-Ahwaz (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)

Iranian Kurdistan

Ethnic groups: Kurds
- Proposed state: Kurdistan
- Political parties: Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisations: Kurdistan Free Life Party, Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan

Iranian Azerbaijan

Ethnic groups: Iranian Azerbaijanis
- Proposed state: South Azerbaijan or unification with Azerbaijan
- Advocacy group: South Azerbaijan National Awakening Movement, Azerbaijan National Resistance Organization Turkemenshara

Sistan and Baluchestan

Ethnic group: Balochis
- Proposed state: Balochistan in Sistan and Baluchestan province with Pakistani Balochistan and Baloch majority territories in Southern Afghanistan
- Militant organisations: Jundallah (until 2011). Jaish ul-Adl, Ansar Al-Furqan, Balochistan Liberation Army, Balochistan Liberation Front

Iraq

Proposed state: Kurdistan

Ethnic group: Kurds
Current de jure and de facto autonomous region: Iraqi Kurdistan
- Political parties: Kurdistan Independence Movement, Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisation: Peshmerga

Assyria

Proposed autonomous area: Nineveh Plains
- Ethnic group: Assyrians, Christians in Iraq, Mandaeans
  - Proposed state: Assyria
  - Political parties: Assyrian Democratic Movement, Assyrian Universal Alliance (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Assyria Liberation Party
  - Militant organisation: Nineveh Plain Protection Units
  - Advocacy groups: Assyrian General Conference, Assyria Council of Europe
Proposed autonomous area: Al-Rafidain Autonomous Region
- Ethnic groups: Assyrians, Turkmen, Yazidis
  - Political parties: Turkmen Rescue Foundation, Yazidi Independent Supreme Council and the Al-Rafidain Organization

Proposed state: Basra

Current de jure and de facto autonomous region: Basra Governorate
- Proposal: Basra has proposed uniting with the Dhi Qar and Maysan governorates as an autonomous region or total independence

Turkmeneli

Ethnic group: Iraqi Turkmen
- Proposed autonomous region or state: Turkmeneli
- Political party: Iraqi Turkmen Front (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)

Sinjar District

Ethnic group: Yazidis
- Proposal: autonomy for the Sinjar region, including the Sinjar Mountains
- Political parties: Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress, Sinjar Alliance

Sunnis in Iraq

Religious group: Sunnis
- Proposed: creation of a autonomous Sunni region within Iraq

Al-Zubair District

Proposed: elevating in the Al-Zubair District into a province

South Iraq

Religious group: Shiites
- Proposed: autonomy for south Iraq

Japan

Okinawa

Ethnic group: Ryukyuan
- Proposed state or autonomous area: Republic of Ryukyu or Ryukyu Kingdom
- Political parties: Kariyushi Club, formerly Ryūkyū Independence Party (琉球独立党, Ryūkyū Dokuritsutō)
- Political groups: Ryukyu independence movement
- Note: The supporters of the movement want the Amami Islands in Kagoshima Prefecture, former part of the defunct Ryukyu Kingdom until 1609, to be part of independent Ryukyu.

Kansai region

Ethnic group: Japanese people
- Proposed: autonomy for Kansai region
- Political party: Union of Kansai Governments

Kyushu

Ethnic group: Japanese people
- Proposed: creation of a Kyushu Prefecture

Kazakhstan

North Kazakhstan Region and other ethnic Russian parts of Kazakhstan

ethnic group: Russians in Kazakhstan
- proposed: independence for the Russians in Kazakhstan

Mangystau Region

Ethnic group: Kazakhs
- Proposed state: Adaistan

Kyzylorda Region

Ethnic group: Koryo-saram
- Proposed: autonomy for the Koryo-saram

Kyrgyzstan

Osh Region and Batken Region

Ethnic group: Uzbeks
- Proposed state: Osh

Laos

Northern Laos

Ethnic group: Hmong people
- Proposed state or autonomous area: ChaoFa Hmong
- Organization: Congress of World Hmong People

Malaysia

Johor

Ethnic groups: Johor Malays and Johoreans
- proposed state: Johor

Kelantan

Ethnic groups: Kelantan Malays
- proposed state: Kelantan
- Advocacy groups: Kelantan State Government

Sabah

Ethnic groups: Chinese and indigenous people, (See Demographics of Sabah)
Proposed state: Sabah
- Advocacy groups: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM)

Sarawak

Ethnic groups: Chinese and indigenous people, (See Demographics of Sarawak)
Proposed state: Sarawak
- Advocacy groups: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sarawak For Sarawakian Big Team (S4S Big Team), Sarawak Association of People's Aspirations (SAPA), Sarawak Sovereignty Movement, Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM), Sarawak Liberation Movement
- Political parties: Parti Bumi Kenyalang

Myanmar

Arakan

Ethnic group: Rakhine
- Proposed state: Arakan State
- Advocacy groups: Arakan Independence Alliance
- Militant organizations: Arakan Army (Kachin State), Arakan Army (Kayin State)

Chin State

Ethnic group: Chin
De Facto State: Chinland
Political Party: Chin National Front
- Militant organisation: Chin National Army (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)

Kachin

ethnic group: Kachin
- proposed state: Kachin
- militant organization: Kachin Independence Army

Kawthoolei

Ethnic group: Karen
- Proposed state: Kawthoolei
- Militant organisation: Karen National Liberation Army
- Advocacy group: Karen National Union

Karenni

Ethnic group: Karenni
- Proposed state: Kayah State
- Militant organisation: Karenni Army
- Advocacy group: Karenni National Progressive Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Government-in-exile: Karenni Provisional Government

Kokang

Ethnic group: Kokang people (ethnic Han Chinese)
- Proposed state: Kokang
- Militant organisation: Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army

Mon State

Ethnic group: Mon
- Proposed state: Mon State, Monland
- Political party: New Mon State Party

Nagaland

Proposed state: Nagalim
- Ethnic group: Naga people
- Militant organization: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

Northern Rakhine State

Ethnic group: Rohingya
- Militant organisation: Arakan Rohingya Army, Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army, Rohingya Solidarity Organization
- Advocacy groups: Arakan Rohingya National Organisation, Rohingya National Council

Shan States

Ethnic group: Shan (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state: Shan Republic
- Political party: Shan Democratic Union
- Militant organisation: Shan State Army
- Advocacy group: Restoration Council of Shan State
- Government in exile: Interim Government of Federated Shan States

Pa'O

Proposed state: Pa'O Self-Administered Zone
- Ethnic group: Pa'O
- Militant organisation: Pa-O National Liberation Army

Palaung

Proposed state: Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone
- Ethnic group: Palaung
- Militant organisation: Palaung State Liberation Army

Wa State

Ethnic group: Wa
- Proposed/de facto State: Wa State
- Political party: United Wa State Party
- Militant organisation: United Wa State Army

Zale'n-gam

Ethnic group: Kuki
- Proposed state: Zale'n-gam
- Militant organisation: Kuki National Army
- Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation

Zogam

Ethnic group: Zomi
- Proposed state: Zogam
- Militant organisation: Zomi Revolutionary Army

Shanni

Ethnic group: Shanni
- Proposed: self determination for the Shanni
- Political party: Shanni Nationalities Army

Magway Region

Ethnic group: Bamar people
- Proposed: autonomy for the Bamar people in a federal Myanmar
- Militant organization: Bamar People's Liberation Army

Danu Self-Administered Zone

Ethnic group: Danu people
- Proposed: greater self rule for Danu Self-Administered Zone
- Militant organization: Danu People's Liberation Army

Lahu people

Ethnic group: Lahu people
- Proposed: self determination for Lahu people
- Political party/militant organization: Lahu Democratic Union

Kayan people

Ethnic group: Kayan people
- Proposed: autonomy for the Kayan people
- Militant organization: Kayan National Army

Daai Chin

Ethnic group: Daai Chin
- Proposed: autonomy for the Daai Chin
- Advocacy group: Daai regional council

Nepal

Kirat Autonomous State

Ethnic group: Kiratis
- Proposed state: Kirat
- Political party: Kirat Janabadi Workers Party

Madhesh

Ethnic group: Madhesi peoples (including Maithils, Bhojpuris and Tharus).
- Proposed state: Madhesh
- Militant organisations: Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha, Madhesh Mukti Tigers (MMT), Tharuwan National Liberation Front (TNLF)
- Advocacy group: Alliance for Independent Madhesh, Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party, Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party (2007), Terai Madhes Sadbhavana Party

Tharuhat

Ethnic group: Tharu people
- Proposed: autonomy for Tharuhat

Kathmandu Valley

Ethnic group: Newar people
- Proposed: creation of an autonomous Newar autonomous region
- Political party: Newa Rastriya Mukti Morcha

Pakistan

Azad Kashmir

Proposed: secession of Kashmir from Pakistan
- Ethnic groups: Kashmiri Muslims, Kashmiris
- Political party: Azad Kashmir Plebiscite Front
- Student organization: Jammu Kashmir Student Liberation Front
- Militant organisation: Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (until 2019)

Gilgit Baltistan

Proposed: autonomy for Gilgit-Baltistan and declaration as the fifth province of Pakistan or succession into Balawaristan
- Ethnic groups: Baltis, Shins
- Political party: Balawaristan National Front (Pro-Independence, defunct) and Balawaristan National Front (Naji) (Pro-Autonomy, active)

Balochistan

Ethnic group: Balochis
- Proposed state: Balochistan along with Sistan and Baluchestan of Iran and some parts of Afghanistan
- Political parties: Baloch National Movement, , Baloch Republican Party (autonomy and rights only), Free Balochistan Movement (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Student organization: Baloch Students Organization (inactive)
- Militant organisations: Baloch Raaji Aajoi Sangar coalition (2018–present), Baloch Liberation Army (2005–present), Baloch Liberation Front (1963–1977, 2000–present), Jaysh al-Adl and Other groups.

Sindh

Ethnic group: Sindhis
- Proposed state: Sindhudesh
- Political parties: Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz, Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz, Sindh United Party
- Student organization: Jeay Sindh Studdents' Federation
- Militant organization: Sindhudesh Liberation Army, Sindhudesh People's Army and Sindhudesh Revolutionary Army

Punjab

Proposed: Southern Punjab be separated into a separate province called Saraikistan in the Saraiki-speaking areas
- Ethnic group: Saraikis
- Political party: Saraikistan Qaumi Council, Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf, Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz), and Pakistan People's Party

Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa

Ethnic group: Pashtuns
- Proposition: Advocating for the regional autonomy and increased Pashtun cultural expression or an independent state called Pashtunistan consisting of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and North Balochistan or accession with Afghanistan
- Political party: Awami National Party (autonomy and rights), Taliban (accession with Afghanistan)
- Militant organisations: Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan/Pakistani Taliban

Karachi

Ethnic group: Muhajirs
- Proposition: Independence for Jinnahpur or creation of a separate province known as 'Muhajir Sooba' (literally: 'Immigrant Province') for the Muhajir people in Southern Sindh
- Political Parties: Muttahida Qaumi Movement – London and Mohajir Qaumi Movement – Haqqiqi
- Militant organisation: MQM–London and MQM–Haqiqi

Hazarewals

Ethnic group: Hazarewals
- Proposed: establishment of a separate Hazara province in Pakistan
- Advocacy group: Hazara province movement

Kalasha Valleys

Ethnic group: Kalash people
- Proposed: a separate province for the Kalasha Valleys

Bahawalpur

Ethnic group: Saraikis
- Proposed: creation of a Bahawalpur province within Pakistan

Palestine

Hebron Hills

Proposed: independence for Hebron

The Philippines

Sulu archipelago and parts of Zamboanga Peninsula

Ethnic groups: Moro (Tausūg, Banguingui, Sama-Bajau, Yakan)
- Proposed state/autonomous area: Bangsa Sūg

Cordillera Administrative Region

Ethnic group: Igorot
- Proposed autonomous area: Cordillera Autonomous Region or Autonomous Region of the Cordillera
- Advocacy groups: Autonomy in the Administrative Cordillera Movement, Cordillera People's Liberation Army, Cordillera Bodong Administration

Mindanao

Ethnic group: Mindanaoans
- Proposed: independence for Mindanao
- Advocacy group: Mindanao Independence Movement

Bangsamoro

Ethnic group: Maguindanao people
- Proposed state: Bangsamoro
- Militant organization: Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters

Russia

Siberia or Siberian Federal District

Ethnic group: Russians, Siberians (Siberian peoples)
- Proposed state or federal subject: Siberian Republic
  - Militant organisation: Sibir Battalion of the Civic Council
    - Advocacy groups: Siberian regionalist groups, Civil Council

Buryatia

Ethnic group: Buryats
- Proposed state: Buryatia or unification with Mongolia
  - Advocacy groups: Free Buryatia Foundation

Ural Federal District

Ethnic group: Russians, Siberian Tatars
- Proposed state: Ural Republic
- Political parties: Ural Republic Movement, Free Ural, Ural Democratic Foundation

Sakha Republic

Ethnic group: Yakuts, Evenki people, Evens
- Proposed state: Yakutia
  - Political party: Foundation Free Yakutia

Tuva

Ethnic group: Tuvans
- Proposed state; Republic of Tyva
  - Political parties: People's Party of Sovereign Tuva, People's Front of Tuva

Koryak Okrug

Ethnic group: Koryak people
- Proposed: re-establishment of the Koryak Okrug

Green Ukraine

Ethnic group: Russians, Tungusic peoples, Koryo-saram, Chinese
- Proposed: independence for the "Green Wedge"
- Advocacy group: Far eastern movement

Khakassia

Ethnic group: Khakas
- Proposed: independence for Khakassia

Altai

Ethnic group: Altai people
- Proposed: independence for Altai

Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug^{[citation needed]}

Ethnic group: Khanty, Mansi
- Proposed state: Yugra

Krasnoyarsk Krai

Ethnic group: Russians, Siberian Tatars, Oirats, Evenki people, Dolgans, Kets, Nganasan, Selkups
- Proposed state: Yenisei republic

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Ethnic group: Nenets
- Proposed: Independence for the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Taymyr Autonomous Okrug

Ethnic group: Dolgans
- Proposed: reinstatement of the Taymyr Autonomous Okrug

Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug

Ethnic group: Buryats
- Proposed: re establishment of the Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug

Evenkia

Ethnic group: Evenki people
- Proposed: re establishment of Evenkia

Jewish Autonomous Oblast

Ethnic group: Russians and Jews
- Proposed: independence for the Jewish Autonomous Oblast

Chukotka Autonomous Okrug^{[citation needed]}

Ethnic group: Chukchi, Kereks, Yupik, Evens, Chuvans
- Proposed: independence for the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

Kamchatka Krai^{[citation needed]}

Ethnic group: Itelmens, Koryaks, Alyutors
- Proposed: independence for Kamchatka Krai

Yukaghir people

Ethnic group: Yukaghir people
- Proposed autonomous region: Suuktul

Amur Oblast^{[citation needed]}

Ethnic group: Russians
- Proposed state: Amur

Zabaykalsky Krai^{[citation needed]}

Ethnic group: Russians
- Proposed state: Chita Republic

Far Eastern Federal District^{[citation needed]}

Ethnic group: Russians
- Proposed state: Far Eastern Republic

Irkutsk Oblast^{[citation needed]}

Ethnic group: Russians
- Proposed state: Irkutsk

Saudi Arabia

Hejaz

Ethnic group: Arabs
- Proposed: independence for Hejaz
- Advocacy group: Hejaz Parliament

Eastern Province

Ethnic group: Arabs (Shiites in Saudi Arabia)
- Proposed state: Qatif and Al-Ahsa

Sri Lanka

Tamil Eelam

Ethnic group: Sri Lankan Tamils
- Proposed state: Tamil Eelam
- Militant organisation: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam, etc.
- Political parties: Tamil National Alliance, People's Front of Liberation Tigers
- Government in exile: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam
- Advocacy groups: Global Tamil Forum, Tamil Youth Organisation, World Tamil Movement

Syria

De facto autonomous region:

Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava)

Larger ethnic groups: Kurds, Arabs, Assyrians
Smaller ethnic groups: Armenians, Turkmen, Yazidis, Circassians, Christians
- Political organisation: Syrian Democratic Council
- Militant organisation: Syrian Democratic Forces

Autonomist movements:

Druze

Ethnic group: Druze
- Proposed Autonomous Region: Jabal Druze State (Suwayda Governorate) or unification with Israel (Quneitra Governorate)
- Political organisation: Supreme Legal Committee in Suwayda
- Militant organisation: National Guard

Assyria

Ethnic group: Assyrians, Christians in Syria
- Proposed state: Assyria
- Political parties: Syriac Union Party, Assyrian Democratic Organization
- Militant organisations: Syriac Military Council, Sutoro
- Advocacy groups: Assyria Council of Europe,

Latakia Governorate and Tartus Governorate

Ethnic group: Alawites
- Proposed: establishment of an autonomous Alawite state in Syria
- Advocacy group: Alawite Party

Taiwan

The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state that has diplomatic relations with 11 United Nations member states (as well as the Holy See, an observer).

Proposed state: Republic of Taiwan
- Movement: Taiwan independence movement, Taiwanese nationalism
  - Note: The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) has been democratically elected to power in Taiwan five times; in 2000 (until 2004), in 2004 (until 2008), in 2016 (until 2020), in 2020 (until 2024), and in 2024 (until 2028). Although the DPP has been the nominal ruling party of the Republic of China throughout these four ruling terms, the DPP has been pushing a pro-Taiwan independence agenda, whether tacitly or overtly. Some representatives of the DPP, such as Lai Ching-te, argue that Taiwan independence should not even be considered an "independence movement" but is rather the recognition of the reality of the current situation of the Republic of China on Taiwan. Many supporters of Taiwan independence believe that Taiwan, under the formal name of the "Republic of China", is already an independent country from mainland China, under the formal name of the "People's Republic of China". Some groups also exclude the Kinmen and Matsu Islands from their proposal.
- Political parties: Pan-Green Coalition (Democratic Progressive Party, Taiwan Solidarity Union, Taiwan Independence Party), New Power Party, Taiwan Statebuilding Party
- Advocacy groups: Keep Taiwan Free (Taiwanese organisation), World United Formosans for Independence

Taiwanese indigenous peoples

Ethnic group: Native Taiwanese
- Proposed: autonomy for the indigenous peoples of Taiwan
- Political party: Taiwan First Nations Party

Tajikistan

Hisar Valley

Ethnic group: Hindus in Tajikistan
- Proposed state: Hisor

Thailand

Patani

Ethnic group: Patani Malays
- Proposed state: Pattani Darul Makrif, unification with Malaysia
- Militant organisation: Patani United Liberation Organisation, Patani Malays National Revolutionary Front, Runda Kumpulan Kecil, Pattani Islamic Mujahideen Movement, Islamic Liberation Front of Patani
- Advocacy group: Pelajar Bangsa

Isan

Ethnic group: Isan people
- Proposed: autonomy for Isan
- Advocacy group: New Isan Movement

Northern Thailand

Ethnic group: Northern Thai people
- Proposed: autonomy for Northern Thailand/Lan Na

Turkey

Northern Kurdistan

Ethnic group: Kurds
- Proposed state: Kurdistan
- Militant organisations: Democrat Party of Kurdistan/North (PDK/Bakur), Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan (PŞK), Communist Party of Kurdistan (KKP)

Assyria

Ethnic group: Assyrians, Arab Christians
- Proposed state: Assyria
- Political parties: Assyrian Democratic Movement, Assyria Liberation Party
- Militant organisations: Nineveh Plain Protection Units, Dwekh Nawsha
- Advocacy groups: Assyrian General Conference, Assyria Council of Europe

Western Armenia

Ethnic group: Armenians
- Proposed state: Western Armenia or merger with Armenia
- Government in Exile: Western Armenia Government in Exile
- Political parties: Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party
- Advocacy groups: Armenian National Committee of America

Zazaistan

Ethnic group: Zazas
- Proposed state: Zazaistan
  - Political parties: Democracy Time Party
  - Advocacy groups: Federation of Zaza Associations

Pontus

Ethnic group: Pontic Greeks
- Proposed state: Pontus

Turkmenistan

Balkan Region

Ethnic group: Turkmen people
- Proposed state: Yomudistan

United Arab Emirates

Sharjah

Ethnic group: Arabs
- Proposed: secession of Sharjah from the UAE
- Advocacy group: Ruler of Sharjah

Umm al-Quwain

Ethnic group: Arabs
- Proposed state: Umm al-Quwain

Uzbekistan

Karakalpakstan

ethnic group: Karakalpaks
- proposed state: Karakalpakstan

Vietnam

Central Highlands (Vietnam)

Ethnic group: Montagnard
- Proposed: autonomy or independence of the
- Political organisations: Montagnard Foundation, Inc., Montagnard Dega Association, Montagnard Human Rights Organization, United Montagnard People, M'Nong Bu-dang, Movement for the Unity of Ethnic Groups of South Viet-Nam

Hmong state

Ethnic group: Hmong people
- Proposed state or autonomous area: ChaoFa Hmong

Mekong Delta and South East Vietnam

Ethnic group: Khmer Krom
- Proposed: Autonomy for the Khmer Krom or unification with Cambodia^{[citation needed]}
- Political party: Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation

Yemen

Proposed state: Republic of South Arabia or Republic of South Yemen
- Political parties: Southern Movement, Southern Transitional Council
- Militant organisation(s): Security Belt, Shabwani Elite, Southern Giants Brigades
- regional group: Southern Yemenis

Proposed autonomous area: Hadhramaut Region
- De facto autonomous government: Hadramout National Council
- Political parties: Hadhramaut Tribal Alliance, Hadhrami League,
- Militant organisation(s): Hadhrami Elite Forces
- regional groups: Hadharem, Mehri and Socotran

Tihamah

Proposed: autonomy for Tihamah

Criteria

Afghanistan

Azerbaijan

Bangladesh

China

Minor movements

Georgia

India

Indonesia

Iran

Iraq

Japan

Kazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan

Laos

Malaysia

Myanmar

Nepal

Pakistan

Palestine

The Philippines

Russia

Saudi Arabia

Sri Lanka

Syria

Taiwan

Tajikistan

Thailand

Turkey

Turkmenistan

United Arab Emirates

Uzbekistan

Vietnam

Yemen

See also