| Award | Sponsor | Country | Notes |
| Annie Jump Cannon Award in Astronomy | American Astronomical Society | United States | Woman resident of North America, within five years of receipt of a Ph.D., for distinguished contributions to astronomy or for similar contributions in related sciences which have immediate application to astronomy |
| Barringer Medal | Meteoritical Society | United States | Outstanding work in the field of impact cratering and/or work that has led to a better understanding of impact phenomena |
| Beatrice M. Tinsley Prize | American Astronomical Society | United States | Outstanding research contribution to astronomy or astrophysics of an exceptionally creative or innovative character |
| Brouwer Award | Division on Dynamical Astronomy, American Astronomical Society | United States | Outstanding lifetime achievement in the field of dynamical astronomy |
| Bruce Medal | Astronomical Society of the Pacific | United States | Outstanding lifetime contributions to astronomy |
| Bruno Rossi Prize | High Energy Astrophysics division, American Astronomical Society | United States | Significant contribution to High Energy Astrophysics, with particular emphasis on recent, original work |
| Carl Sagan Medal | Division for Planetary Sciences, American Astronomical Society | United States | Outstanding communication by an active planetary scientist to the general public |
| Carl Sagan Memorial Award | American Astronautical Society / The Planetary Society | United States | Leadership in research or policies advancing exploration of the Cosmos |
| Chambliss Amateur Achievement Award | American Astronomical Society | United States | Achievement in astronomical research made by an amateur astronomer resident in North America |
| Chambliss Astronomical Writing Award | American Astronomical Society | United States | For astronomy writing for an academic audience |
| Clifford W. Holmes Award | RTMC Astronomy Expo | United States | Individual for a significant contribution to popularizing astronomy |
| Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics | American Astronomical Society / American Institute of Physics | United States | Outstanding work in astrophysics |
| Edgar Wilson Award | Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory | United States | Amateur comet discoverers |
| George Ellery Hale Prize | Solar Physics Division, American Astronomical Society | United States | Outstanding contributions over an extended period of time to the field of solar astronomy |
| George Van Biesbroeck Prize | American Astronomical Society | United States | Long-term extraordinary or unselfish service to astronomy, often beyond the requirements of his or her paid position |
| Gerard P. Kuiper Prize | Division for Planetary Sciences, American Astronomical Society | United States | Outstanding lifetime achievement in the field of planetary science |
| Gordon A. McKay Award | Meteoritical Society | United States | Student who gives the best oral presentation at its annual meeting |
| Gordon Myers Amateur Achievement Award | Astronomical Society of the Pacific | United States | Significant contributions to astronomy or amateur astronomy by those not employed in the field of astronomy in a professional capacity |
| Gruber Prize in Cosmology | Gruber Foundation / International Astronomical Union | United States | Discoveries leading to fundamental advances in our understanding of the universe |
| Harold C. Urey Prize | Division for Planetary Sciences, American Astronomical Society | United States | Outstanding achievements in planetary science by a young scientist |
| Helen B. Warner Prize for Astronomy | American Astronomical Society | United States | Young astronomer (aged less than 36, or within 8 years of the award of their PhD) for a significant contribution to observational or theoretical astronomy |
| Henry Draper Medal | National Academy of Sciences | United States | For investigations in astronomical physics |
| Henry Norris Russell Lectureship | American Astronomical Society | United States | Lifetime of excellence in astronomical research |
| J. Lawrence Smith Medal | National Academy of Sciences | United States | Investigations of meteoric bodies |
| James Craig Watson Medal | National Academy of Sciences | United States | Contributions to astronomy |
| Jessberger Award | Meteoritical Society | United States | Outstanding research by a mid-career, female isotope geochemist |
| Jonathan Eberhart Planetary Sciences Journalism Award | Division for Planetary Sciences | United States | Recognize and stimulate distinguished popular writing on planetary sciences |
| Joseph Weber Award for Astronomical Instrumentation | American Astronomical Society | United States | Design, invention or significant improvement of instrumentation leading to advances in astronomy |
| Karen Harvey Prize | American Astronomical Society | United States | Significant contribution to the study of the Sun early in a person's professional career |
| Klumpke-Roberts Award | Astronomical Society of the Pacific | United States | Outstanding contributions to the public understanding and appreciation of astronomy |
| LeRoy E. Doggett Prize | American Astronomical Society | United States | Individuals who have significantly influenced the field of the history of astronomy by a career-long effort |
| Leonard Medal | Meteoritical Society | United States | Outstanding contributions to the science of meteoritics and closely allied fields |
| Leslie C. Peltier Award | Astronomical League | United States | Amateur astronomer who has contributed observations of lasting significance |
| Marc Aaronson Memorial Lectureship | University of Arizona | United States | Individual or group who ... has produced a body of work in observational astronomy which has resulted in a significant deepening of our understanding of the universe |
| Marcel Grossmann Award | International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics | Rome, Italy | Institutions and individuals who have made extraordinary contributions to astrophysics. |
| Masursky Award | Division for Planetary Sciences, American Astronomical Society | United States | Outstanding service to planetary science and exploration through engineering, managerial, programmatic, or public service activities |
| Meteoritical Society's Service Award | Meteoritical Society | United States | Promote research and education in meteoritics and planetary science in ways other than by conducting scientific research |
| National Prize for Exact Sciences | National Prize for Sciences | Chile | e.g., Astronomy, physics, mathematics |
| Newton Lacy Pierce Prize in Astronomy | American Astronomical Society | United States | Young (less than age 36) astronomer for outstanding achievement in observational astronomical research |
| Nier Prize | Meteoritical Society | United States | Outstanding research in meteoritics and closely allied fields by young scientists |
| Nininger Meteorite Award | Center for Meteorite Studies, Arizona State University | United States | Outstanding student achievement in the “Science of Meteoritics” as embodied by an original research paper |
| Paul Pellas-Graham Ryder Award | Meteoritical Society, Geological Society of America | United States | Best planetary science paper, published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal, and written by an undergraduate or graduate student (as first author) |
| Petrie Prize Lecture | Canadian Astronomical Society | Canada | Outstanding astrophysicist |
| Richard H. Emmons Award | Astronomical Society of the Pacific | United States | Outstanding achievement in teaching college-level introductory astronomy classes for non-science majors. |
| Rittenhouse Medal | Rittenhouse Astronomical Society | United States | Outstanding achievement in the science of Astronomy |
| Robert J. Trumpler Award | Astronomical Society of the Pacific | United States | Recent recipient of the Ph.D degree whose thesis is judged particularly significant to astronomy |
| Vera Rubin Early Career Prize | Division on Dynamical Astronomy of the American Astronomical Society | United States | Excellence in dynamical astronomy |
| Whipple Award | Planetary Sciences Section, American Geophysical Union | United States | Outstanding contribution to the field of planetary science |