The following is a list of contemporary ethnic groups of Europe. There has been constant debate over the classification of ethnic groups. Membership of an ethnic group tends to be associated with shared ancestry, history, homeland, language or dialect and cultural heritage; where the term "culture" specifically includes aspects such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing (clothing) style and other factors.
By the nature of the concept, ethnic groups tend to be divided into subgroups, may themselves be or not be identified as independent ethnic groups depending on the source consulted.
Europe here is considered to be approximately delimited from North America by the Greenland Sea (extending west to Svalbard, Jan Mayen, and Iceland along the Fram and Denmark straits); from Asia by Thrace at the border between the Istanbul and Kocaeli Provinces, the Sea of Marmara, the Dardanelles, the Greater Caucasus Mountains, the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Kara Sea, and the Greek Aegean Islands; and from Africa by the Mediterranean Sea, Strait of Sicily, and Strait of Gibraltar.
Ethnic groups
The following groups are commonly identified as "ethnic groups", as opposed to ethno-linguistic phyla, national groups, racial groups or similar.
| Ethnicity | Language(s) | Primary homeland | Subgroups, tribes & castes | Religion(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abazins | Northwest Caucasian → Abazgi → Abaza | Russia (Abazinia) | Islam → Sunnism | |
| Afro-Turks | Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish | Turkey | Islam | |
| Aghuls | Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Aghul | Russia (Dagestan) | Islam → Sunnism | |
| Akhvakhs | Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Akhvakh | Russia (Dagestan) | Islam | |
| Albanians | Indo-European → Albanoid → Albanian Albanian Sign Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign | Southeastern Europe | Ghegs (including Arbanasi and Kosovars), Tosks (including Arbereshe, Cham Albanians, Arvanites, Lab Albanians), Albanian tribes, along with significant populations in Eastern Thrace, France, the United Kingdom Italy, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Nordic countries, Switzerland, Greece (including Western Thrace), Ukraine, Romania, Hungary, Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Bulgaria, North Macedonia | Islam → Sunnism, Sufism → Bektashism; Christianity |
| Alsatians | Indo-European → Germanic → Alsatian | France (Alsace) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Andis | Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Andi | Russia (Dagestan) | Islam | |
| Angevins | Indo-European → Romance → Angevin | France (Anjou) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Anglo-Irish | Indo-European → Germanic → English → Hiberno-English Francosign → Irish Sign, BANZSL → British Sign BANZSL → British Sign → Northern Ireland Sign | Ireland | Christianity → Protestantism → Anglicanism | |
| Aragonese | Indo-European → Romance → Aragonese, Spanish | Spain (Aragon) | Oscenses, Zaragozans, Turolenses | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Archis | Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Archi | Russia (Dagestan) | Islam → Sunnism | |
| Armenians | Indo-European → Armenian Northwest Caucasian → Circassian Armenian Sign Historically Turkic → Kipchak → Armeno-Kipchak | Ukraine (Crimea, Nakhichevan-on-Don), Russia (Kuban, North Caucasus) | Cherkesogai, Armeno-Tats, Hayhurum, along with significant populations in Russia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Serbia, Poland, Greece, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Ukraine (including Crimea), France, Spain, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy, Malta, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany | Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy → Armenian Apostolic Orthodoxy Christianity → Eastern Catholicism → Armenian Catholicism Christianity → Eastern Protestantism → Armenian Evangelicalism |
| Aromanians | Indo-European → Romance → Aromanian | Southeastern Europe (Greece, Albania, North Macedonia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania) | Significant populations in Greece, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, and North Macedonia, along with diaspora populations | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians | Indo-European → Albanoid → Albanian | Southeastern Europe (Kosovo, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, North Macedonia, Croatia) | Islam → Sunnism | |
| Asturians | Indo-European → Romance → Asturleonese → Asturian Indo-European → Romance → Galician and Asturleonese → Eonavian Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Castrapo | Spain (Asturias) | Eonavians | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Avars | Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Avar | Russia (Dagestan, Chechnya, Kalmykia) | Islam → Sunnism | |
| Azerbaijanis | Turkic → Oghuz → Azeri Francosign → RSLic → Russian Sign → Azerbaijani Sign | Russia (Dagestan) | Dagestani Azerbaijanis, along with significant populations in Russia | Islam → Shi'ism |
| Bagvalals | Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Bagvalal | Russia (Dagestan) | Islam → Sunnism | |
| Balkars | Turkic → Kipchak → Karachay–Balkar → Balkar | Russia (Kabardino-Balkaria) | Islam → Sunnism | |
| Bashkirs | Turkic → Kipchak → Bashkir | Russia (Badzhgard, Tatarstan, Perm Krai, Orenburg) | Northeastern (Aile, Badrak, Bikatin, Bishul, Duvan, Kalmak, Katai, Kossy, Kuvakan, Kudey, Kumruk, Murzy, Salyut, Syzgy, Synryan, Syrzy, Tabyn, Tersyak, Upey), Northwestern (Baylar, Balyksy, Bulyar, Gaina, Gere, Duvaney, Elan, Adyak, Adey, Irekte, Kanly, Karshin, Kirghiz, Taz, Tanyp, Uvanysh, Un, Uran, Jurmi), Southeastern (Burzyan, Kypsak, Tamyan, Tangaur, Usergan, Jurmaty), Southwestern (Ming) | Islam → Sunnism |
| Basques | Aquitanian → Basque | Basque Country (Spain, France) | Navarreans, Alavans, Biscayans, Gipuzkoans, Northern Basques | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Belarusians | Indo-European → Slavic → Belarusian | Belarus, Lithuania (Vilnius Region), Polesia (Poland, Ukraine), Russia (Smolensk Oblast, Pskov Oblast, Bryansk Oblast, Kaluga Oblast, Oryol Oblast), and neighboring regions | Significant populations in Poland, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine, and Russia | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Belarusian Orthodoxy Christianity → Eastern Catholicism → Belarusian Greek Catholicism |
| Berrichons | Indo-European → Romance → Berrichon Francosign → French Sign | France (Berry) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Bezhta | Northeast Caucasian → Tsezic → Bezhta | Russia (Tsuntinsky District) | Islam → Sunnism | |
| Bosniaks | Indo-European → Slavic → Shtokavian → Bosnian Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign → Bosnian Sign | Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sandžak (Serbia, Montenegro), and neighboring regions | Significant populations in Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Albania, Kosovo, Slovenia, North Macedonia, East Thrace, Sweden, Austria, Germany | Islam → Sunnism |
| Botlikhs | Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Botlikh | Russia (Dagestan) | Islam → Sunnism | |
| Bretons | Indo-European → Celtic → Breton Indo-European → Romance → Gallo Francosign → French Sign | France (Brittany) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Bulgarians | Indo-European → Slavic → Bulgarian, Torlakian Francosign → Bulgarian Sign | Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Serbia, and neighboring regions | Pomaks, Shopi, Paulicians, Macedonian Bulgarians, Bessarabian Bulgarians, Dobrujan Bulgarians, Thracian Bulgarians, Crimean Bulgarians, Karakachani, along with significant populations in East Thrace, Croatia, Germany, Spain, Romania, North Macedonia, Hungary, Serbia, the United Kingdom, Italy, France, Kazakhstan, Ukraine | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Camminanti | Indo-European → Romance → Baccagghiu | Italy (Sicily) | Christianity | |
| Catalans | Indo-European → Romance → Catalan LSCic → Catalan Sign | Catalan Countries (Spain, France, Andorra, Italy) | Andorrans, Balears, Algherese, Roussillonese | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Chamalals | Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Chamalal | Russia (Tsumadinsky District) | Islam → Sunnism; Animism | |
| Champenois | Indo-European → Romance → Champenois Francosign → French Sign | France (Champagne) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Channel Islanders | Indo-European → Romance → Norman → Anglo-Norman Indo-European → Germanic → English → Channel Island English BANZSL → British Sign | British Crown Dependencies (Channel Islands) | Jèrriais (including Sercquiais), Guernésiais, Auregnais | Christianity |
| Chechens | Northeast Caucasian → Nakh → Chechen | Russia (Chechnya, Aukh, Orstkhoy-Mokhk) | Kists, Chechen Kurds, Aukhs (including Veappiis), Orstkhoys, Terloys, Shatoys, Ghendargnoys, Zandkhoys, Chinkhoys, other teips with significant populations in Austria, France | Islam → Sunnism Historically Vainakh religion |
| Chuvash | Turkic → Oghur → Chuvash | Russia (Chuvashia) | Virjal, Anatri | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy; Vattisen Yaly |
| Circassians | Northwest Caucasian → Circassian Historically Northwest Caucasian → Ubykh, Chakobsa | Russia (Circassia) | Abzakhs, Adygeans, Besleneys, Bzhedugs, Chemguys, Cherkess, Kabardians, Natukhajs, Shapsugs, Ubykhs, Makhosh, Yegeruqways and Hatuqays, with significant populations in East Thrace, Germany, Bulgaria | Islam → Sunnism → Hanafism, Sufism → Naqshbandism |
| Cornish | Indo-European → Celtic → Cornish Indo-European → Germanic → English → Cornish English BANZSL → British Sign | United Kingdom (Cornwall) | Christianity → Protestantism → Anglicanism, Methodism | |
| Corsicans | Indo-European → Romance → Corsican | France (Corsica) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Cossacks | Indo-European → Slavic → Russian, Ukrainian, Balachka | Russia (Southern Russia), Ukraine (Eastern Ukraine), and neighboring regions | Terek Cossacks, Don Cossacks, Kuban Cossacks, Ural Cossacks, Astrakhan Cossacks | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Crimean Tatars | Turkic → Kipchak → Middle Crimean Tatar, Northern Crimean Tatar, Dobrujan Tatar Turkic → Oghuz → Balkan Gagauz → Southern Crimean Tatar Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Balkan Romani → Crimean Romani | Ukraine (Crimea) | Steppe, Mountain, and Southcoast tribes, Crimean Roma (including Urmacheli, Krimurja, Tayfa), along with Significant populations in Romania | Islam → Sunnism |
| Croats | Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign | Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina), Kosovo, Austria (Burgenland), and neighboring regions Italy (Campobasso) | Bunjevci, Krashovani, Janjevci, Šokci, Bosnian and Herzegovinian Croats, Montenegrin Croats, Serbian Croats, Slovenian Croats, Burgenland Croats, Croat Muslims, along with significant populations in Italy (including Molise Croats), the Czech Republic, Germany | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Czechs | Indo-European → Slavic → Czech Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Czech Sign | Czech Republic and neighboring regions | Bohemians, Chodové, Chods, along with significant populations in Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Croatia, Romania, Bulgaria, Austria, France, Poland, Serbia | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Danes | Indo-European → Germanic → Danish, East Danish, Jutish Francosign? → DTSic → Danish Sign | Danish Realm (Denmark), Germany (Southern Schleswig) | Southern Schleswig Danes | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Dargins | Northeast Caucasian → Dargin | Russia (Dagestan) | Kaitags, Southern Dargins (including Kubachis and Itsaris), Chirags, Mehwebs, Tsudaqars, Northern Dargins (including Kadars, Aqushas, and Urakhis) | Islam → Sunnism |
| Dobrujan Tatars | Turkic → Kipchak → Dobrujan Tatar Indo-European → Romance → Romanian | Romania (Constanța County) | Islam → Sunnism | |
| Dauphinois | Indo-European → Romance → Franco-Provençal → Dauphinois Indo-European → Romance → Occitan → Dauphinois-Alpine Francosign → French Sign | France (Dauphiné) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Dutch | Indo-European → Germanic → Low Franconian, Dutch Low Saxon Francosign → Dutch Sign | Netherlands | Northern Dutch (including Hollanders, Zeelanders), Southern Dutch (including Dutch Limburgers, North Brabantians, Kleverlanders) | Christianity |
| English | Indo-European → Germanic → English → England English | United Kingdom (England) | New Forest commoners, Vectensians, Berwickers, Northern English, Moonrakers, Yorkshiremen | Christianity |
| Erzyas | Uralic → Mordvinic → Erzya | Russia (Mordovia) | Shokshas | Christianity → Russian Orthodoxy, Protestantism → Lutheranism Erzyan native religion |
| Estonians | Uralic → Finnic → Northern Estonian, Southern Estonian, Eastern Estonian, Northeastern coastal Estonian Francosign → RSLic → Estonian Sign | Estonia, Setomaa (Estonia and Russia), Latvia (Ludza, Gauja) | Setos, Võros, Hiiumaans, Saaremaans, Mulgis, Ludza Estonians, Gauja Estonians, Tartu Estonians, Yestonians, with significant populations in Finland | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Faroe Islanders | Indo-European → Germanic → Faroese, Danish → Gøtudanskt | Danish Realm (Faroe Islands) | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism | |
| Finns | Uralic → Finnic → Finnish, Meänkieli Indo-European → Germanic → Finland Swedish SSLic → FSLic | Fennoscandia (Finland, Russia, Sweden, Norway) | Forest Finns, Tornedalians, Ingrian Finns, Savonians, Tavastians, Finns proper, Ostrobothnians, Peräpohjalaiset, Finnish Karelians, Finland Swedes, Kainuu, and Murmansk Finns, along with significant populations in Sweden, Switzerland | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Flemings | Indo-European → Germanic → Zeelandic, West Flemish, Dutch → Flemish Francosign → Belgian Sign → Flemish Sign | Belgium (Flanders, Brussels), France (French Flanders), Netherlands (Zeelandic Flanders) | Belgian Flemings, Zeelandic Flemings, French Flemings | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Foreziens | Indo-European → Romance → Franco-Provençal → Forezien Francosign → French Sign | France (Forez) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Francs-Comtois | Indo-European → Romance → Frainc-Comtou | France (Franche-Comte) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| French | Indo-European → Romance → Oïl Francosign → French Sign | France | Parisians | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Frisians | Indo-European → Germanic → Frisian, Friso-Saxon, Dutch → West Frisian Dutch Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch and West Lauwers Frisian → Stadsfries Dutch | Frisia (Netherlands, Germany, historically Denmark) | West Frisians (including West Lauwers Frisians, Hindeloopen Frisians, Molkwerum Frisians, Schiermonnikoog Frisians, and Terschelling Frisians), East Frisians, North Frisians, Saterland Frisians | Christianity → Protestantism → Calvinism, Lutheranism |
| Friulians | Indo-European → Romance → Friulian | Italy (Friuli) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Gagauz | Turkic → Oghuz → Gagauz | Moldova (Gagauzia, Taraclia, Basarabeasca), Ukraine (Budjak) | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy | |
| Gajal | Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish Indo-European → Slavic → Bulgarian | Bulgaria (Ludogorie), Turkey (East Thrace) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Galicians | Indo-European → Romance → Galician, Spanish → Castrapo | Spain (Galicia, Galicia irredenta) | Couto Mixtans | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Georgians | Kartvelian languages | Poland (Warsaw), Russia (Moscow, Saint Petersburg), Ukraine (Donetsk Oblast, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast) | Adjarians, Gurians, Imeretians, Imerkhevians, Ingiloys, Javakhians, Kakhetians, Khevsurians, Meskhetians, Mingrelians, Mokheves, Mtiuletians, Pshavs, Rachians, Svans, Tushetians. | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Georgian Orthodoxy |
| Germans | Indo-European → Germanic → High German, Low German, Limburgish DGSic → German Sign | Central and Eastern Europe (especially Germany, Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, and neighboring regions) | Black Sea Germans, Crimea Germans, Volga Germans, Transylvania Saxons, Carpathian Germans (including Zipser Germans), Bavarians, Palatines, Gottscheers, Silesian Germans, Swabians (including Satu Mare Swabians), Danube Swabians (including Banat Swabians), Sudeten Germans, Baltic Germans, Liège Germans, North Schleswig Germans, Olomouc Germans, Bukovina Germans, Halcnovians, German-speaking Swiss, Austrians (including South Tyroleans, Cimbrians, Mochènos | Christianity |
| Gibraltarians | Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Llanito Indo-European → Germanic → English → Gibraltarian English BANZSL → British Sign | British Overseas Territories (Gibraltar) | Significant populations in the United Kingdom | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Gorals | Indo-European → Slavic → Polish → Gorolski Indo-European → Slavic → Silesian → Cieszyn Silesian | Southern Poland, northern Slovakia, Cieszyn Silesia (Poland, Czech Republic) | Żywiec Gorals, Silesian Gorals | Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Gorani | Indo-European → Slavic → Torlakian → Gorani | Gora (Kosovo, Albania, North Macedonia) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Greeks | Indo-European → Hellenic Turkic → Kipchak → Urum, Turkish → Karamanli Turkish, Tsalka Indo-European → Romance → Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian Indo-European → Albanian → Arvanitika Indo-European → Slavic → Macedo-Bulgarian Francosign → French Sign and American Sign → Greek Sign | Greece, Cyprus, Albania (Northern Epirus), Ukraine (Crimea, Pryazovia), Turkey (Istanbul), Italy (Magna Graecia), Bulgaria (Balkan Mountains, Rila, Northeastern Bulgaria), North Macedonia, Russia (North Caucasus), and neighboring regions | Asia Minor Greeks (including Pontic Greeks, Cappadocian Greeks (including Karamanlides), Constantinopolites), Greek Muslims (including Vallahades), Sarakatsani (including Karakachani), Souliotes, Azov Greeks (including Mariupol Greeks, Crimean Urums), Italiots (including Grikos and Grecanici), Macedonian Greeks, Tsakonians, Maniots, Karagounides, Phanariots, Caucasus Greeks, Sfakians, Slavophone Greeks, Corfiot Greeks, and sizeable populations of Arvanites, Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians who identify as ethnic Greeks, along with significant populations in Albania (including Northern Epirotes (including Himariotes)), Eastern Thrace, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Malta | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism → Greek Byzantine Catholicism, historically Hellenism, Neoplatonism, Greco-Roman Mysteries |
| Hinukh | Northeast Caucasian → Tsezic → Hinuq | Russia (Tsuntinsky and Kizlyarsky districts) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Hungarians | Uralic → Hungarian Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Hungarian Sign Historically Indo-European → Iranic → Jassic | Hungary, Romania (Székely Land, Csángó Land, Bukovina), and neighboring regions | Palóc, Matyó, Hungarian Cumans, Jasz, along with significant populations in Romania (including Székelys (including Bukovina Székelys) and Csángós), Slovakia, Serbia, Ukraine, Croatia, Slovenia, Austria, Germany | Christianity → Catholicism, Hungarian Unitarianism, Eastern Catholicism → Hungarian Greek Catholicism |
| Hunzibs | Northeast Caucasian → Tsezic → Hunzib | Russia (Tsuntinsky District) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Icelanders | Indo-European → Germanic → Icelandic Francosign → DTSic → Icelandic Sign | Iceland | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism, Asartu | |
| Ingushes | Northeast Caucasian → Nakh → Ingush, Chechen → Orstkhoy | Russia (Ingushetia, Orstkhoy-Mokhk, Ossetian Prigorodny, Vladikavkaz) | Orstkhoys, Dzherakhs, Sholkhis, Feappiis, Khamkhins, Tsorins, Galashians, Nazranians, other shahars | Islam → Sunni Islam → Shafi'i Historically Vainakh religion |
| Irish | Indo-European → Celtic → Irish Indo-European → Germanic → English → Hiberno-English Francosign → Irish Sign BANZSL → British Sign → Northern Ireland Sign Historically Indo-European → Germanic → Yola and Fingallian | Ireland | Irish Catholics, Forth and Bargy people, significant populations in United Kingdom (including Ulster Scots people), Mainland Europe | Christianity → Catholicism and Protestantism |
| Irish Travellers | Indo-European → Irish and English → Shelta; Francosign → Irish Sign | Ireland | Significant populations in the United Kingdom | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Istro-Romanians | Indo-European → Romance → Istro-Romanian | Croatia (Istria) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Italians | Indo-European → Romance → Italo-Dalmatian, Gallo-Italic Indo-European → Slavic → Slavomolisano Francosign → LISic → Italian Sign Historically Indo-European → Romance → Dalmatian | Italy, Switzerland (Italian Grisons, Ticino), France (Nice), San Marino, Vatican City, Croatia (Dalmatia, Croatian Istria), Montenegro (Dalmatia), Slovenia (Slovenian Istria, Slovene Littoral), Greece (Corfu) | Lombards, Lombards of Sicily, Lombards of Basilicata, Emilians, Tuscans, Romagnols (including Sammarinese), Venetians, Piedmontese, Central Italians, Southern Italians, Extreme Southern Italians (including Sicilians (including Pelagie Islanders (including Lampedusans, Linosans), Pantellerians)) Molise Croats, Dalmatian Italians, Istrian Italians, Niçard Italians, Corfiot Italians, Swiss Italians, Ligurians (including Ligurian Gibraltarians, Genoese, Monégasques), with significant populations in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Romania, Croatia, Crimea, Belgium, Sweden, Gibraltar | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Izhorians | Uralic → Finnic → Ingrian | Russia (Ingria) | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy | |
| Kalmyks | Mongolic → Central Mongolic → Oirat → Kalmyk Oirat | Russia (Kalmykia) | Dörbet Kalmyks (including Greater Dörbets, Lesser Dörbets, Buzava), Torgut Kalmyks, Khoshut Kalmyks, Baatud Kalmyks, Khoid Kalmyks, | Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism |
| Karachays | Turkic → Kipchak → Karachay | Russia (Karachay-Cherkessia) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Karatas | Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Karata | Russia (Dagestan) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Karelians | Uralic → Finnic → Karelian, Ludic, Livvi-Karelian | Karelia (Finland, Russia) | Tver Karelians, Olonets Karelians | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Kashubians | Indo-European → Slavic → Kashubian Historically Indo-European → Slavic → Slovincian | Poland (Kashubia) | Krubans, Slovincians, and Gochans, along with the Kashubian diaspora | |
| Kazakhs | Turkic → Kipchak → Kazakh Francosign → RSLic → Russian Sign → Kazakh Sign | Kazakhstan | Uly juz, Orta juz, Kishi juz, along with significant populations in Russia | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Komi | Uralic → Permic → Komi | Russia (Komi Republic, Perm Krai, Murmansk Oblast, Nenets Autonomous Okrug) | Komi-Zyrians, Komi-Permyaks, Komi-Yazva, Izhma Komi | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Kumyks | Turkic → Kipchak → Kumyk | Russia (Kumykia) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Kvens | Uralic → Finnic → Finnish → Kven | Norway (Northern Norway) | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism → Laestadianism | |
| Ladins | Indo-European → Romance → Ladin | Italy (Ladinia) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Laks | Northeast Caucasian → Lak | Russia (Lakia) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Latvians | Indo-European → Baltic → Latvian, Latgalian Francosign → Russian Sign → Latvian Sign | Latvia, Russia (Zelenogradsky District, Arch-Latvian Selsoviet, Nizhnyaya Bulanka), Lithuania (Klaipėda County), and neighboring regions | Latgalians, Kursenieki, Selonians | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Lezgins | Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Lezgian | Lezgistan (Russia) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Liechtensteiners | Indo-European → Germanic → Alemannic German DGSic? → Swiss-German Sign | Liechtenstein | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Lipka Tatars | Indo-European → Slavic → Belarusian, Polish Indo-European → Baltic → Lithuanian | Belarus, Poland, Lithuania | Islam → Sunnism | |
| Lithuanians | Indo-European → Baltic → Lithuanian, Lithuanian Sign | Lithuania, Poland (Podlaskie), Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast), and neighboring regions | Samogitians, Aukštaitians, Lietuvninkai, along with significant populations in Poland and the United Kingdom | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Livonians | Uralic → Finnic → Livonian | Latvia, Estonia | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism | |
| Lorrains | Indo-European → Romance → Lorrain | France (Lorraine) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Luxembourgers | Indo-European → Germanic → Moselle Franconian → Luxembourgish | Luxembourg, Belgium (Arelerland), and neighboring regions | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Macedonians | Indo-European → Slavic → Macedonian Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign → Macedonian Sign | North Macedonia and neighboring regions | Torbeši, Mijaks, along with significant populations in Germany, Italy, Switzerland and Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, Serbia, Sweden, Croatia, Austria, France, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Romania, Montenegro, Poland, the United Kingdom | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Mainiots | Indo-European → Romance → Mayennais | France (Maine) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Maltese | Afroasiatic → Arabic → Maltese | Malta | Gozitans, with significant populations in Greece (including Corfu) | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Manx | Indo-European → Celtic → Manx, Indo-European → Germanic → English → Manx English | Crown Dependencies (Isle of Man) | Christianity → Protestantism | |
| Maris | Uralic → Mari | Russia (Mari El, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Perm Krai) | Meadow Mari, Hill Mari, Northwestern Mari, Eastern Mari, Mountain Mari | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Mari Native Religion |
| Mennonites | Indo-European → Slavic → Russian Indo-European → Germanic → German, Dutch, English Indo-European → Romance → Spanish | Europe | Russian Mennonites, Old Order Mennonites, Old Colony Mennonites, Amish Mennonites (including Beachy Amish (including Old Beachy Amish), Kauffman Amish Mennonites, Egli Amish, Stuckey Amish) | Christianity → Anabaptism → Mennonitism |
| Mokshas | Uralic → Mordvinic → Moksha | Russia (Mordovia, Tambov Oblast, Penza Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan) | Christianity → Russian Orthodox, Protestantism → Lutheranism Mokshas native religion | |
| Moldovans | Indo-European → Romance → Romanian Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Moldova Sign | Moldova | Significant populations in Romania, Ukraine, Russia | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Romanian Orthodoxy |
| Montenegrins | Indo-European → Slavic → Shtokavian → Montenegrin Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign | Montenegro and neighboring regions | Montenegrin tribes, with significant populations in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, Kosovo, Albania, North Macedonia, Germany, Luxembourg | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Moravians | Indo-European → Slavic → Czech → Moravian | Czech Republic (Moravia) | Moravian Vlachs, Moravian Slovaks | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Muslimani | Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian | Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, North Macedonia, and neighboring regions | Islam | |
| Nenets | Uralic → Samoyedic → Nenets | Russia (Nenets Autonomous Okrug) | Forest Nenets, Tundra Nenets | Shamanism, Animism |
| Nogais | Turkic → Kipchak → Nogai | Russia (North Caucasus) | Ak Nogai, Karagash | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Normans | Indo-European → Romance → Norman | France (Normandy) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Norwegians | Indo-European → Germanic → Norwegian Indo-European → Germanic → Dano-Norwegian → Urban East Norwegian, Bokmål, Riksmål Francosign → DTSic → Norwegian Sign | Norway | Kola Norwegians, Svalbarders, along with Significant populations in Finland, the United Kingdom | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Occitans | Indo-European → Romance → Occitan, Gardiol | Occitania (France, Italy, Spain, Monaco) | Aranese, Auvergnats, Provençaux, Languedociens (including Aveyronnais), Limousins, Gascons (including Landais, Bigordans, Bearnese), Périgourdins, Dauphinois, Camarguais, Nicois, Guardiota, Monégasque Occitans | Christianity |
| Orcadians | Indo-European → Germanic → Scots → Orcadian Indo-European → Germanic → English → Scottish English BANZSL → British Sign historically Indo-European → Germanic → Norn | United Kingdom (Orkney) | Christianity → Protestantism → Presbyterianism | |
| Ossetians | Indo-European → Iranic → Ossetian | Ossetia (Russia) | Iron, Digor | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Podlashuks | Indo-European → Slavic → Ukrainian or Belarusian → Podlachian | Poland (Podlachia) | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism | |
| Picards | Indo-European → Romance → Picard | France (Picard) | Artésiens | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Poitevins | Indo-European → Romance → Poitevin-Saintogeais → Poitevin | France (Poitou) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Poles | Indo-European → Slavic → Polish, Belarusian → Simple speech Polish Sign | Poland, Czech Republic (Trans-Olza), Kresy (Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania), and neighboring regions | Masovians (including Bambers, Kurpies, Łowiczans, Masurians, Międzyrzec Boyars, Poborzans, Podlachians), Greater Polish (including Kaliszans, Kuyavians (including Kuyavian Borowiaks), and Taśtaks), Lesser Polish (including Cracovians, Lasovians, Lublinians, Sącz Lachs, and Sandomierzans), Kociewians, Łęczycans, Polish Uplanders, Sieradzans, Borderlands Poles (including Bug River Poles), Tuchola Borowians, Kocievians, Dolinians, and Warmians, as well as Significant populations in Germany, Iceland, Sweden, France, the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom, Belarus, Russia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Ireland, and Norway | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Poleshuks | Indo-European → Slavic → Belarusian or Ukrainian → West Polesian | Polesia (Belarus, Poland, Russia, Ukraine) | Christianity | |
| Pomaks | Indo-European → Slavic → Bulgarian | Bulgaria, Turkey (East Thrace), Greece (Western Thrace) | Islam | |
| Portuguese | Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese, Barranquenho | Portugal | Alentejans, Algarveans, Azoreans, Barranquenhos, Beiroes, Madeirans, Mindericos, Minhotos, Olivenzans, Ribatejanos, Transmontanos | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Qaratays | Turkic → Kipchak → Tatar → Qataray | Russia (Kamsko-Ustyinsky District) | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy Christianity → Protestantism → Baptism | |
| Reisende | Indo-European → Germanic → Norwegian | Norway | Christianity | |
| Resians | Indo-European → Slavic → Slovene → Resian | Italy (Resia) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Roma | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Romani, Para-Romani Indo-European → Romance → Romanian → Boyash | Europe, Turkey, North Caucasus | Kalderash, Iberian Cales (including Spanish Cales, Portuguese Cales, Brazilian Cales), Erromintxela, Finnish Kale, Welsh Kale, Vlax Roma, Romanichal (including Scottish Romanichal Travellers), Lowland Scottish Travellers, Burgenland Roma, Sinti (including Manouches), Belaruska Roma, Litovska Roma, Lotfitka Roma, Ruska Roma, Crimean Roma (including Urmacheli, Krimurja, Tayfa), Gurbeti, Xoraxane Roma (including Turkish Roma, Zargari, and Arlije), Romanisal, Bergitka Roma, Polska Roma, Cascarots, Ursari, Romanlar (including Turkish Roma, Sepetçi, Ayjides, Yerli, and Çerge), Wallachian Roma, Servitka Roma, Lovari, Boyash, along with significant populations in Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo, Montenegro, the Netherlands, North Macedonia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Eastern Thrace, Ukraine, the United Kingdom | Christianity, Islam |
| Romands | Indo-European → Romance → Franco-Provencal, Frainc-Comtou, French → Swiss French Francosign → Swiss-French Sign | Switzerland (Romandy) | Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism → Calvinism | |
| Romanians | Indo-European → Romance → Romanian Francosign → Romanian Sign | Romania, Moldova | Northern Dobrujans, Transylvanians, Wallachians (including Oltenians and Muntenians), Moldavians, Bukovinians, along with significant populations in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Ukraine, the United Kingdom | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Romansh | Indo-European → Romance → Romansh | Switzerland (Grisons) | Christianity | |
| Russians | Indo-European → Slavic → Russian Francosign → Russian Sign | Russia, Ukraine (Sumy Oblast), and neighboring regions | Caucasus Russians, Siberians, Cossacks (including Kuban Cossacks and Nekrasov Cossacks), Pomors, Subbotniks, Old Believers (including Kamenschiks, Lipovans, Semeiskie), Karyms, Gurans, Doukhobors, Goryuns, Molokans (including Subbotnik Molokans), Polekhs, Starozhily, along with significant populations in Bulgaria, Belarus, Belgium, Estonia, France, Germany, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Ukraine | Christianity → Spiritual Christianity, Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy, Old Believerism and Old Ritualism Christianity and Animism → Eastern Orthodoxy and Animism → Pomor Christianity |
| Rusyns | Indo-European → Slavic → Carpathian Rusyn, Pannonian Rusyn | Transcarpathia (Ukraine, Slovakia, Poland), Pannonian Plain (Croatia, Serbia), Romania (Bukovina, Maramureș), Lemkovyna (Poland, Slovakia) | Pannonian Rusyns, Lemkos, Hutsuls, Boykos, Dolinians, Zamieszańcy, with significant populations in Romania | Christianity → Eastern Catholicism |
| Rutuls | Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Rutul | Russia (Dagestan) | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Sámi | Uralic → Sámi Historically Uralic → Sámi → Akkala Sámi, Kemi Sámi, Kainuu Sámi | Sápmi (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia) | Inari Sámi, Kildin Sámi, Lule Sámi, Northern Sámi, Pite Sámi, Skolt Sámi, Southern Sámi, Ter Sámi, Ume Sámi, Akkala Sámi | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Sardinians | Indo-European → Romance → Sardinian, Sassarese, Gallurese, Castellanese | Italy (Sardinia) | Logudorese, Campidanese, Sassarese, Gallurese | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Savoyards | Indo-European → Romance → Franco-Provençal → Savoyard | France (Savoy) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Scots | Indo-European → Germanic → Scots, English → Scottish English Indo-European → Celtic → Scottish Gaelic BANZSL → British Sign | United Kingdom (Scotland) | Ulster Scots, Highlanders (including Crofters, Caithnesians, and Hebrideans), Lowlanders, Berwickers, along with significant populations in Russia | Christianity → Protestantism → Calvinism |
| Scottish Highland Travellers | Indo-European → Celtic → Scottish Gaelic → Beurla Reagaird | United Kingdom (Scottish Highlands) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Serbs | Indo-European → Slavic → Shtokavian → Serbian Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign → Serbian Sign | Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republika Srpska), Montenegro, Croatia, Kosovo, Romania, Hungary, Albania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, North Macedonia | Kosovo Serbs, Montenegrin Serbs, Croatian Serbs, Bosnian Serbs, Macedonian Serbs, Romanian Serbs, Hungarian Serbs, Albanian Serbs, Bulgarian Serbs, Slovenian Serbs, Vojvodinian Serbs, Triestine Serbs, Serb Muslims, along with significant populations in Greece, Germany, Austria, France, Slovakia, and Sweden | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Shetlanders | Indo-European → Germanic → Scots → Shetlandic Indo-European → Germanic → English → Scottish English BANZSL → British Sign Historically Indo-European → Germanic → Norn | United Kingdom (Shetland) | Christianity → Protestantism → Presbyterianism | |
| Shopi | Indo-European → Slavic → Bulgarian | Shopluk (Bulgaria, Serbia, North Macedonia) | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy | |
| Silesians | Indo-European → Slavic → Silesian Indo-European → Germanic → Silesian German | Silesia (Poland, Germany, Czech Republic) | Cieszyn Vlachs, Moravians | Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Slovaks | Indo-European → Slavic → Slovak Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Slovak Sign | Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Austria, and surrounding regions | Significant populations in Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Hungary, Austria, Serbia, Croatia | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Slovenes | Indo-European → Slavic → Slovene Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign → Slovenian Sign | Slovenia, Austria (Carinthia), Hungary, Italy (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), Croatia (Istria, Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Zagreb), and surrounding regions | Hungarian Slovenes (including Rába Slovenes), Carinthian Slovenes, Prekmurje Slovenes, Italian Slovenes, Croatian Slovenes along with significant populations in the Croatia, and Italy | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Sorbs | Indo-European → Slavic → Sorbian | Lusatia (Germany, Poland) | Upper Sorbs, Lower Sorbs | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Spaniards | Indo-European → Romance → Spanish, Extremaduran, Asturleonese, Barranquenho, Quinqui jargon Spanish Sign Historically Indo-European → Romance → Andalusi Romance, Old Riojan, Navarrese Romance | Spain, Portugal (Barrancos) | Andalusians, Barranquenhos, Castilians, Leonese, Cantabrians, Extremadurans, Mercheros, Olivenzans | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Swabians | Indo-European → Germanic → Alemannic German → Swabian German | Germany (Swabia) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Swedes | Indo-European → Germanic → Swedish, Dalecarlian, Gutnish, Norrlandic, Jamtska, East Danish → Scanian SSLic → Swedish Sign | Sweden, Estonia (Aiboland), Ukraine (Gammalsvenskby) | Scanians, Jamtish, Gutnish, Dalecarlians, Estonian Swedes along with significant populations in the United Kingdom, Ukraine | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Timok Vlachs | Indo-European → Romance → Romanian Slavic → Shtokavian → Serbian | Serbia (Timok Valley, Belgrade) | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy | |
| Torangeux | Indo-European → Romance → Tourangeau | France (Touraine) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Torbeši | Indo-European → Slavic → Macedonian | North Macedonia | Islam → Sunni Islam | |
| Turks | Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish, Rumelian Turkish Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Balkan Romani → Rumelian Romani Turkish Sign | North Caucasus, Eastern Europe, and Southeast Europe | Rumelian Turks (including Gajals, Kosovoan Turks, Dodecanese Turks, Western Thracian Turks, Bulgarian Turks (including in Turkey), Dobrujan Turks, Macedonian Turks, Bosnian Turks, Croatia, Serbian Turks, Montenegrin Turks), Yörüks, Amuca, Turkish Roma, along with significant populations in Germany, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Sweden | Islam → Sunni Islam, Alevism |
| Tutejszy | Indo-European → Slavic → Polish, East Slavic, Indo-European → Baltic → Eastern Baltic | Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia | Christianity → Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy | |
| Udis | Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Udi | Russia, Ukraine | Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy | |
| Udmurts | Uralic → Permic → Udmurt | Russia (Udmurtia) | Besermyan | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Ukrainians | Indo-European → Slavic → Ukrainian, Surzhyk, Russian Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Ukrainian Sign | Ukraine, Transcarpathia (Slovakia, Poland), Belarus (Beresteishchyna) | Cossacks, Litvins, Pinchuks, Afro-Ukrainians, Podolyans, along with significant populations in France, Portugal, Kazakhstan, Germany, Italy, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, Russia (including Kuban), Belarus, Slovakia, Moldova, Estonia, Finland, Italy, Serbia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Romania | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism → Ukrainian Greek Catholicism |
| Ulster Protestants | Indo-European → Germanic → Scots → Ulster Scots Indo-European → Germanic → English → Ulster English BANZSL → British Sign | Ulster (United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland) | Christianity → Protestantism | |
| Valencians | Indo-European → Romance → Catalan → Valencian LSCic → Valencian Sign | Spain (Valencian Community, Carche) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Vaqueiros de alzada | Indo-European → Romance → Asturleonese | Spain (Asturias, Province of Leon) | Christianity and traditional folk religion → Folk Catholicism → Vaqueiro religion | |
| Vepsians | Uralic → Finnic → Veps | Russia (Former Veps National Volost, Vytegorsky, Babayevsky, Podporozhsky, Lodeynopolsky, Tikhvinsky, and Boksitogorsky districts) | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy | |
| Vilamovians | Indo-European → Germanic → Wymysorys | Poland (Wilamowice) | Christianity → Catholicism | |
| Volga Tatars | Turkic → Kipchak → Central Tatar, Mishar Tatar | Russia (Volga Federal District), Finland | Astrakhan Tatars, Mishar Tatars (including Finnish Tatars), Kasimov Tatars, Kazan Tatars, Kryashens, Nagaybaks, Nukrat Tatars, Perm Tatars, Teptyars | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Votians | Uralic → Finnic → Votic | Russia (Ingria), Estonia (Ida-Viru), Latvia (Bauska) | Kreevins, Poluverniki, Kukkuzi | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Walloons | Indo-European → Romance → Walloon, Picard, French → Belgian French Francosign → Belgian Sign → French Belgian Sign | Belgium (Wallonia, adjacent regions of Flanders), France (Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Ardennes), Netherlands (Dutch Limburg), Germany, Luxembourg | Significant populations in the Netherlands | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Welsh | Indo-European → Celtic → Welsh Indo-European → Germanic → English → Welsh English BANZSL → British Sign | United Kingdom (Wales) | Christianity → Protestantism | |
| Woonwagenbewonder | Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch → Bargoens | Netherlands | Christianity | |
| Yenish | Indo-European → Germanic → Yenish | Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Belgium, and France | Christianity, Judaism | |
| Yugoslavs | Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian, Slovene Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign | Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, North Macedonia, Croatia | Significant populations in Serbia | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism Islam → Sunni Islam |
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