List of foreign nationals detained in Iran

The Islamic Republic of Iran has, since 1979 and the Iran hostage crisis, engaged in repeated detentions of foreign or dual nationals. These detentions have lasted for extended periods, with a documented history of using the detained party as a bargaining chip in diplomatic negotiations. The list below of current and former detainees in Iran excludes people abducted in other countries and brought into the country.[why?]

Hostage diplomacy

Since the Iran hostage crisis, the Islamic Republic of Iran has engaged in a pattern of detaining foreign nationals for extended periods. According to the Center for Human Rights in Iran, the Iranian government has imprisoned dual and foreign-only nationals "as bargaining chips in its dealings with other nations." Iran's repeated dubious detention of dual citizens and thereafter bargaining behavior have lead observers to qualify the practice as a policy of hostage diplomacy.

According to French ex-hostage Louis Arnaud, who spent two years in Iranian custody, those detained are usually kept in solitary confinement. In an interview, he said that "Everything is done so that you are deprived of your humanity".

Detainees

Dual nationals of Iran and another country are particularly vulnerable to arbitrary detention because under the international Master Nationality Rule and treaty, "a State may not afford diplomatic protection to one of its nationals against a state whose nationality such person also possesses".

According to Human Rights Watch, "Iranian authorities have violated detainees' due process rights and carried out a pattern of politically motivated arrests." In November 2017, Reuters reported that Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) had arrested "at least 30 dual nationals during the past two years, mostly on spying charges."

Reactions

In September 2019, on the sidelines of the Seventy-fourth session of the United Nations General Assembly, families of dual and foreign nationals imprisoned in Iran as well former dual and foreign nationals imprisoned in Iran launched the Alliance Against State Hostage Taking."

In January 2023, France called for the release of seven nationals, who were held in Iran. One of the detainees, Fariba Adelkhak was arrested in June 2019, along with her colleague Roland Marchal. While Marchal was released in 2020, Fraiban Adelkhak remained in prison until 2023.

Current foreign nationals imprisoned in Iran

Name Detained Citizenship Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Nazak Afshar 12 March 2016 France 3568
Ahmad Reza Jalali 24 April 2016 Sweden 3525
Abdolrasoul Dorri-Esfahani 16 August 2016 Canada 3533 In May 2017, convicted on espionage charges, including "collaborating with the British secret service," and sentenced to five years in prison.
Nahid Taghavi 16 October 2020 Germany 1889
Mehran Raoof 16 October 2020 UK 1889
Mikhail Drabkin 22 October 2024 Russia 422 Was convicted for taking pictures of prohibited places in Tehran and sentenced to two years and three months in prison.
Craig Foreman January 2025 UK 351
Lindsay Foreman January 2025 UK 351

Armenian citizens

Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Silva Harotonian 26 June 2008 10 March 2009 257 Convicted of promoting a "soft" revolution in Iran on January 19, 2009, and sentenced to 3 years in prison. At the time of her arrest, Harotonian was an administrative officer for a maternal and child health project in Tehran for International Research & Exchanges Board (IREX), a U.S. government-funded organization.

Australian citizens

Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Jolie King 1 July 2019 5 October 2019 96 Also holds British citizenship.
Mark Firkin 1 July 2019 5 October 2019 96
Meimanat Hosseini-Chavoshi December 2018 27 January 2019 57 Iranian authorities have reportedly prevented her from leaving the country.
Kylie Moore-Gilbert September 2018 25 November 2020 792 Espionage Also holds British citizenship.

Austrian citizens

Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Massud Mossaheb January 2019 In detention 2543
Kamran Ghaderi 2 January 2016 In detention 3638

Azerbaijani citizens

Azerbaijan-Iran relations

Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Farid Safarli 5 March 2023 18 January 2025 685 Espionage Student at a German university at the time of his arrest. Travelled to Iran to meet his Iranian girlfriend, later arrested by the IRGC and held for 2 months in solitary confinement at the notorious Evin Prison.

Farid Safarli's case has characteristics of a hostage situation. His detention came amid strained Azerbaijan-Iran relations early 2023, and his eventual release after almost 2 years was part of a prisoner exchange involving an Iranian spy held in Azerbaijan. This aligns with patterns seen in other cases where foreign nationals are detained in Iran under disputed charges to be used as a political bargaining chip.

Rashid Aliyev 5 October 2008 11 August 2010 676 Espionage Rashid Aliyev travelled to Iran in 2006 to work for the Sazan Electronics Industry Company in the city of Semnan, east of Tehran.

Two years later he was accused of sending information on laser technology and electronic schemes to Azerbaijan and sentenced to 3 years in prison.

Khalida Khalid 30 April 2013 19 May 2013 20 Espionage
Shamkhal Huseynov 30 April 2013 19 May 2013 20 Espionage
Farid Huseyn 2 May 2012 4 September 2012 126 Propaganda against the Islamic Republic of Iran sentenced to 1 year in prison
Shahriyar del Gerani (Hajiyev) 2 May 2012 4 September 2012 126 Propaganda against the Islamic Republic of Iran sentenced to 1 year in prison
Valida Yusifova 2021 July 2023 912 Espionage

Belgian citizens

Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Olivier Vandecasteele February 2022 26 May 2023 479
Diego Mathieu 16 September 2009 8 December 2009 83 Held in Evin Prison
Vincent Boon Falleur 5 September 2009 8 December 2009 94 Held in Evin Prison
Idesbald van den Bosch 5 September 2009 8 December 2009 94 Held in Evin Prison

British citizens

Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Ana Diamond 13 August 2014 21 April 2018 1347 Held in Evin prison on charges of blasphemy and cooperation with a hostile US government.

Dr. Aebraham Diamond &

Dr. Eleanor Abbott-Diamond

July 2014 February 2019 1706 Held in Evin prison for collaborating with hostile governments. Parents of Ana Diamond

Craig Foreman &
Lindsay Foreman
January 2025 In detention 351

Kameel Ahmady 11 August 2019 17 November 2019 98 Released on bail. Fled the regime.
Mehran Raoof 16 October 2020 In detention 1889
Abbas Edalat 15 April 2018 December 2018 230
Morad Tahbaz January 2018 18 September 2023 2086 Conspiring with America Member of group of 5 released in Sept 2023 in exchange for 5 U.S. prisoners and unfreezing of $6 billion in Iranian assets. (Iranian national with US and UK citizenship.)

Anoush Ashoori August 2017 16 March 2022 1688 Convicted of spying for Israel's Mossad and sentenced to 12 years in prison.
Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe 3 April 2016 17 March 2020 (parole within 300 metres of house)
16 March 2022
2173 (part parole) Sentenced to 5 years for "plotting to topple the Iranian government". Iran (birth) / UK (2013) dual citizen

Kamal Foroughi 5 May 2011 1 April 2020 3284

Ghoncheh Ghavami 20 June 2014 23 November 2014 156

Roya Saberi Negad Nobakht October 2013 25 August 2017 1424 Subject to travel ban after release. Unclear if she has been permitted to depart Iran.

Andrew Barber 21 June 2010 18 August 2010 58

Iason Athanasiadis 17 June 2009 5 July 2009 18 Also holds Greek citizenship.

Roger Cooper 7 December 1985 1 April 1991 1941

Frank Skinner 27 April 1981 13 April 1982 351 Flight engineer for Iran Air held without charge.

Andrew Pyke 27 August 1980 28 January 1982 519 British businessman who worked for Dutch-Iranian helicopter firm, accused of spying but never charged.

Aras Amiri 14 March 2018 16 August 2021 1251 Sentenced to 10 years in prison for spying.

Canadian citizens

Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Kavous Seyed-Emami 24 January 2018 8 February 2018 15 Died in custody under suspicious circumstances. Authorities say he committed suicide.
Abdolrasoul Dorri-Esfahani August 2016 In detention 3533 In May 2017, convicted on espionage charges, including "collaborating with the British secret service," and sentenced to five years in prison.
Homa Hoodfar 6 June 2016 26 September 2016 112 Undisclosed "security" charges Before arrest, had been prevented from leaving country from March 2016.
Maziar Bahari 21 June 2009 17 October 2009 118
Hossein Derakhshan 1 November 2008 19 November 2014 2209 Sentenced to 19.5 years on "several national security, obscenity and religious insult charges in connection with his online activism."
Hamid Ghassemi-Shall 24 May 2008 23 September 2013 1948
Zahra Kazemi 23 June 2003 10 July 2003 17 Died in custody as a result of torture.
Ramin Jahanbegloo 27 April 2006 30 August 2006 125 Plotting a "velvet revolution"
Philip Engs 3 December 1986 8 February 1987 67 Manager of oil services company, held in solitary confinement and interrogated at Evin Prison on ““Suspicion of espionage”’, never formally charged, and then released unharmed. Concessions were made by his employer on their contract for services with NIOC while he was detained.

Canadian permanent residents

Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Saeed Malekpour 4 October 2008 3 August 2019 3955 Escaped Iran while on furlough from prison.

Dutch citizens

Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Sabri Hassanpour 19 April 2016 May 2018 742
Zahra Bahrami 27 December 2009 Executed on
29 January 2011
398 Arrested while participating in the 2009 Ashura protests. Charged with the capital crime of drug trafficking. Executed by hanging on 29 January 2011.

Finnish citizens

Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Ana Diamond 10 January 2016 January 2018 722 Arbitrary detention, later falsely accused of espionage for "MI6, CIA, Mossad, and others." UK Permanent Resident at the time of arrest, as well as British naturalisation application in place.

Subjected to travel ban shortly after her arrival in Iran in August 2014, ~500-days before her arrest in January 2016. Travel ban imposed again following her release from Evin prison on bail in August 2016. Acquitted of all charges in 2017 and travel ban lifted in May 2018.

French citizens

Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Fariba Adelkhah 5 June 2019 October 2023 1579
Nazak Afshar 12 March 2016 In detention 3568
Benjamin Brière 26 May 2020 12 May 2023 1081 spying and propaganda, for flying a drone in an unauthorised area and making social media posts concerning Iranian law
Nelly Erin-Cambervelle 21 October 2018 21 February 2019 123 "signing an illegal mining contract and carrying out an unauthorized trip" Erin-Cambervelle is a businesswoman from the French Caribbean island of Martinique.
Stéphane Lherbier 29 November 2005 25 February 2007 453 Detained with German Donald Klein.
Roland Marchal June 2019 20 March 2020 293
Bernard Phelan 3 October 2022 12 May 2023 221 Providing information to an enemy country French-Irish. Sentenced to 6.5 years in February 2023. Had previously been sentenced to 3.5 years, and told he would be pardoned.
Clotilde Reiss 1 July 2009 16 May 2010 319
Cécile Kohler 1 May 2022 4 November 2025 1327 "attempting to incite unrest and helping teachers strike in Iran"
Jacques Paris 1 May 2022 4 November 2025 1327 "attempting to incite unrest and helping teachers strike in Iran"
Lennart Monterlos 16 June 2025 In detention 185 "arrested for committing a crime"

French permanent residents

Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Ruhollah Zam 11 October 2019 Executed on
12 December 2020
428 Journalist, host of a 1.4 million follower Telegram chanel covering the 2017–2018 Iranian protests.

German citizens

Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Helmut Szimkus January 1989 14 June 1994 1639
Helmut Hofer September 1997 January 2000 852 Initially sentenced to death for having illicit sexual relations with an Iranian woman.
Donald Klein 29 November 2005 12 March 2007 468
Marcus Hellwig 10 October 2010 19 February 2011 132
Jens Koch 10 October 2010 19 February 2011 132
Jamshid Sharmahd July 2020 Executed on
28 October 2024
1549 Journalistic activity criticizing the Islamic regime for 16 years German citizen and US national. Jimmy was kidnapped on a business trip to India and taken to Iran. He has spent the entire detention at an unknown location, in solitary confinement and after what Amnesty International calls a sham trial condemned to death.
Nahid Taghavi 12 October 2020 In detention 1893 on 4 June 2023, Marges Mohammadi (also detained in Iran) wrote on Instagram that Taghavi's state of health is so bad that her life is in danger.

Italian citizens

Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Cecilia Sala 19 December 2024 8 January 2025 -20

Lebanese citizens

Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Nizar Zakka 15 September 2015 11 June 2019 1395 Permanent resident of the U.S. at time of arrest.

New Zealand citizens

Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Topher Richwhite 9 July 2022 27 October 2022 110 Travel blogger, detained following vehicle inspection at border
Bridget Thackwray 9 July 2022 27 October 2022 110 Travel blogger, detained following vehicle inspection at border

Russian citizens

Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Yulia Yuzik 2 October 2019 10 October 2019 8
Mikhail Drabkin 22 October 2024 In detention 422 Was convicted for taking pictures of prohibited places in Tehran and sentenced to two years and three months in prison

Swedish citizens

Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Unknown June 2025 In detention - Accused of espionage.
Ahmad Reza Jalali 24 April 2016 In detention 3525
Habib Chaab October 2020 Executed on
6 May 2023
947 Death sentence upheld by Iranian supreme court March 2023.
Johan Floderus 17 April 2023 15 June 2024 425 Accused of espionage.
Stefan Johansson 26 February 2006 16 April 2007 414 Convicted for espionage and sentenced to 3 years in prison.
Jari Hjortmar 26 February 2006 16 April 2007 414 Convicted for espionage and sentenced to 3 years in prison.

South African citizens

Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Stuart Timm 10 January 1997 17 February 1997 38

United States citizens

Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Emad Shargi 30 November 2020 18 September 2023 1022 Member of [50] in exchange for 5 U.S. prisoners and unfreezing of $6 billion in Iranian assets. Had been sentenced to 10 years in January 2021. Had previously been cleared in December 2019. (Iranian national who also holds US citizenship.)
Michael White July 2018 19 March 2020 627
Morad Tahbaz January 2018 18 September 2023 2086 Conspiring with America Member of group of 5 released in Sept 2023 in exchange for 5 U.S. prisoners and unfreezing of $6 billion in Iranian assets. (Iranian national who also holds US and UK citizenship.)
Xiyue Wang 8 August 2016 7 December 2019 1216
Gholamreza (Reza) "Robin" Shahini 11 July 2016 21 March 2017 253
Karan Vafadari 20 July 2016 21 July 2018 731 Released on bail but reportedly has not been permitted to leave Iran.
Baquer Namazi 22 February 2016 1 October 2022 2413 Released during the Mahsa Amini protests
Siamak Namazi 13 October 2015 18 September 2023 2895 Espionage Member of group of 5 released in Sept 2023 in exchange for 5 U.S. prisoners and unfreezing of $6 billion in Iranian assets. (Iranian national who also holds US citizenship.)
Nosratollah Khosravi-Roodsari May 2015 16 January 2016 260
Matthew Trevithick 7 December 2015 16 January 2016 39
Jason Rezaian 22 July 2014 16 January 2016 543
Saeed Abedini 28 July 2012 16 January 2016 1277
Masoud Jamali Ashtiani 20 May 2012 20 May 2013 365 propaganda against the regime 41 days in solidarity confinement
Afsaneh Azadeh 13 May 2012 September 2012 111 Azadeh was released from detention to house arrest from September 2012 – November 2012. She was not permitted to leave the country until May 2013.
Amir Hekmati 29 August 2011 16 January 2016 1601
Joshua Fattal 31 July 2009 21 September 2011 782
Shane Bauer 31 July 2009 21 September 2011 782
Sarah Shourd 31 July 2009 14 September 2010 410
Roxana Saberi 31 January 2009 11 May 2009 100
Esha Momeni 15 October 2008 10 November 2008 26 Momeni was released on bail in November 2008 but she was not permitted to leave Iran until August 2009.
Reza Taghavi May 2008 16 October 2010 898
Nik Moradi 31 October 2007 15 April 2008 167
Kian Tajbakhsh 11 May 2007 19 September 2007 140
Ali Shakeri 8 May 2007 25 September 2007 140
Haleh Esfandiari 8 May 2007 21 August 2007 105
Robert Levinson (alleged) 9 March 2007 Presumed dead 25 March 2020 >1333 (alleged) U.S. agent working for the CIA who disappeared on Kish Island. Proof of life in captivity in an unknown location was received in November 2010, but Iran has never acknowledged his arrest or detention; he was presumed dead in March 2020.
Dariush Zahedi 10 July 2003 9 November 2003 122
Daniel Baumann 10 January 1997 16 March 1997 65 Dual U.S.-Swiss citizen. Arrested with South African Stuart Timm.
Gerald Seib 31 January 1987 4 February 1987 4 Wall Street Journal reporter who had been visiting Iran with a group of journalists.
Jon Pattis 16 June 1986 October 1991 1933 Sentenced to 10 years in prison in 1987 for espionage.
David Rabhan 1980 6 August 1990 3518
Abbas Alizadeh May 2021 19 August 2021 110 Espionage House arrest. Released in return for Elamite tablets.

United States permanent residents

Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Afshin Sheikholeslami Vatani 27 June 2020 In detention 2000 Released on bail in February 2019 but reportedly has not been permitted to leave Iran and then arrested again in 2020.
Afarin Neyssari 20 July 2016 21 July 2018 731 Released on bail but reportedly has not been permitted to leave Iran.
Shahab Dalili 20 March 2016 In detention 3560 cooperating with a hostile government U.S. permanent resident
Jamshid Sharmahd 1 August 2020 Executed on
28 October 2024
1549 Accused of complicity in the 2008 Shiraz bombing. German citizen and U.S. permanent resident. Jimmy was kidnapped on a business trip to India and taken to Iran. He has spent the entire detention at an unknown location, in solitary confinement and after what Amnesty International calls a sham trial condemned to death.

Iran hostage crisis detainees (1979–1981)

Name Detained Released Days in detention Notes
Cynthia Dwyer 5 May 1980 10 February 1981 281 Civilian. Freelance writer convicted on trumped-up charges of espionage and other crimes
Mohi Sobhani 6 September 1980 4 February 1981 151 Civilian
Thomas L. Ahern, Jr. 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Clair Cortland Barnes 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
William E. Belk 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Robert O. Blucker 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Donald J. Cooke 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
William J. Daugherty 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Robert Englemann 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
William Gallegos 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Bruce W. German 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Duane L. Gillette 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Alan B. Golacinski 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
John E. Graves 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Joseph M. Hall 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Kevin J. Hermening 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Donald R. Hohman 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Leland J. Holland 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Michael Howland 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Charles A. Jones, Jr. 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Malcolm K. Kalp 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Moorhead C. Kennedy Jr. 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444 American Foreign Service officer
William F. Keough, Jr. 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Steven W. Kirtley 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Kathryn L. Koob 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Frederick Lee Kupke 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Bruce Laingen 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444 American diplomat
Steven Lauterbach 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Gary E. Lee 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Paul Edward Lewis 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
John Limbert 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444 American diplomat
John D. McKeel, Jr. 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Michael J. Metrinko 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Jerry J. Miele 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Michael E. Moeller 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Bert C. Moore 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Richard Morefield 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Paul M. Needham, Jr. 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Robert C. Ode 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Gregory A. Persinger 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Jerry Plotkin 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444 Civilian
Regis Ragan 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
David M. Roeder 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Barry M. Rosen 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
William B. Royer, Jr. 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Thomas E. Schaefer 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Charles W. Scott 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Donald A. Sharer 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Rodney V. Sickmann 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Joseph Subic, Jr. 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Elizabeth Ann Swift 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Victor L. Tomseth 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444 American diplomat
Phillip R. Ward 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Richard Queen 4 November 1979 11 July 1980 250 American diplomat
Wesley Williams 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
Joan Walsh 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
David Walker 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
Joseph Vincent 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
Terri Tedford 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
Neal Robinson 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
Lloyd Rollins 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
Elizabeth Montagne 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
Lillian Johnson 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
James Hughes 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
Kathy Gross 4 November 1979 19 November 1979 15
Ladell Maples 4 November 1979 19 November 1979 15
William Quarles 4 November 1979 19 November 1979 15

See also

  • Iranian nationality law
  • Iran's hostage diplomacy
  • Human rights in Iran
  • Lebanon hostage crisis
  • Iran hostage crisis

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