This is a list of heads of state of Portugal from 1139 to the present day.
Between 1139 and 1910, Portugal had a Monarchy system, with all monarchs coming from a single ancestor, Afonso I of Portugal, although the direct lines were cut during the passing of time due to several events. In the almost 800 years of Monarchy, Portugal had four royal houses ruling the country. These houses were:
- House of Burgundy (1139–1383)
- House of Aviz (1385–1580)
- House of Habsburg (1581–1640)
- House of Braganza (1640–1910)
On 5 October 1910, a revolution overthrew the Monarchy and a Republic was implemented. Since then, the Republic has had four distinct phases:
- First Portuguese Republic (1910–1926)
- National Dictatorship (1926–1933)
- Estado Novo (1933–1974)
- Third Portuguese Republic (1974–present)
Monarchs
House of Burgundy (1139–1383)
The Portuguese House of Burgundy, known as the Afonsine Dynasty, was the founding house of the Kingdom of Portugal. Prior to the independence of Portugal, the house ruled the feudal County of Portugal, of the Kingdom of Galicia. When Alphonso I Henriques declared the independence of Portugal, he turned the family from a comital house to a royal house which would rule Portugal for over two centuries. When Ferdinand I died, a succession crisis occurred and Ferdinand's daughter Beatrice of Portugal was proclaimed queen and her husband John I of Castile proclaimed king by the right of his wife. Her legitimacy as a monarch is disputed.
| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alphonso I
| 1106/09/11 – 6 December 1185 (aged 73–79) | 25 July 1139 | 6 December 1185 | previously Count of Portugal, founder of the Kingdom of Portugal Son of Henry of Burgundy, Count of Portugal and Teresa of León, Countess of Portugal | Burgundy | |
Sancho I
| 11 November 1154 – 26 March 1211 (aged 56) | 6 December 1185 | 26 March 1211 | Son of Alphonso I | Burgundy | |
Alphonso II
| 23 April 1185 – 25 March 1223 (aged 37) | 27 March 1211 | 25 March 1223 | Son of Sancho I | Burgundy | |
Sancho II
| 8 September 1209 – 4 January 1248 (aged 38) | 26 March 1223 | 4 December 1247 | Son of Alphonso II | Burgundy | |
Alphonso III
| 5 May 1210 – 16 February 1279 (aged 68) | 4 January 1248 | 16 February 1279 | Son of Alphonso II Brother of Sancho II | Burgundy | |
Denis I
| 9 October 1261 – 7 January 1325 (aged 63) | 6 February 1279 | 7 January 1325 | Son of Alphonso III | Burgundy | |
Alphonso IV
| 8 February 1291 – 28 May 1357 (aged 66) | 7 January 1325 | 28 May 1357 | Son of Denis I | Burgundy | |
Peter I
| 8 April 1320 – 18 January 1367 (aged 46) | 28 May 1357 | 18 January 1367 | Son of Alphonso IV | Burgundy | |
Ferdinand I
| 31 October 1345 – 22 October 1383 (aged 37) | 18 January 1367 | 22 October 1383 | Son of Peter I | Burgundy | |
Beatrice
| 7–13 February 1373 – c. 1420 (aged 46–47) | (Disputed) 1383 | (Disputed) 1385 | Daughter of Ferdinand I | Burgundy |
House of Aviz (1385–1580)
The House of Aviz, known as the Joanine Dynasty, succeeded the House of Burgundy as the reigning house of the Kingdom of Portugal. The house was founded by John I of Portugal, who was the Grand Master of the Order of Aviz. When King John II of Portugal died without an heir, the throne of Portugal passed to his cousin, Manuel, Duke of Beja. When King Sebastian of Portugal died, the throne passed to his uncle, Henry of Portugal (he might be called Henry II because Henry, Count of Portugal, father of Alphonso I of Portugal, was the first of that name to rule Portugal). When Henry died, a succession crisis occurred and António, Prior of Crato, was proclaimed António of Portugal.
| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
John I
| 11 April 1357 – 14 August 1433 (aged 75) | 6 April 1385 | 14 August 1433 | Illegitimate son of Peter I | Aviz | |
Edward
| 31 October 1391 – 9 September 1438 (aged 46) | 14 August 1433 | 9 September 1438 | Son of John I | Aviz | |
Alphonso V
| 15 January 1432 – 28 August 1481 (aged 49) | 13 September 1438 — 15 November 1477 | 11 November 1477 — 28 August 1481 | Son of Edward I | Aviz | |
John II
| 3 March 1455 – 25 October 1495 (aged 40) | 11 November 1477 — 28 August 1481 | 15 November 1477 — 25 October 1495 | Son of Alphonso V | Aviz | |
Emmanuel I
| 31 May 1469 – 13 December 1521 (aged 52) | 25 October 1495 | 13 December 1521 | Cousin of John II Grandson of Edward I | Aviz | |
John III
| 7 June 1502 – 11 June 1557 (aged 55) | 13 December 1521 | 11 June 1557 | Son of Emmanuel I | Aviz | |
Sebastian
| 20 January 1554 – 4 August 1578 (aged 24) | 11 June 1557 | 4 August 1578 | Grandson of John III | Aviz | |
Henry I
| 31 January 1512 – 31 January 1580 (aged 68) | 4 August 1578 | 31 January 1580 | Son of Emmanuel I Great-uncle of Sebastian | Aviz | |
Anthony
| 1531 – 28 August 1595 (aged 64) | (Disputed) 24 July 1580 | (Disputed) 1583 | Grandson of Emmanuel I | Aviz |
House of Habsburg (1581–1640)
The House of Habsburg, known as the Philippine Dynasty, is the house that ruled Portugal from 1581 to 1640. The dynasty began with the acclamation of Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1580, officially recognized in 1581 by the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar. Philip I swore to rule Portugal as a kingdom separate from his Spanish domains, under the personal union known as the Iberian Union.
| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Philip I
| 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598 (aged 71) | 17 April 1581 | 13 September 1598 | Grandson of Emmanuel I | Habsburg | |
Philip II
| 14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621 (aged 42) | 13 September 1598 | 31 March 1621 | Son of Philip I | Habsburg | |
Philip III
| 8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665 (aged 60) | 31 March 1621 | 1 December 1640 | Son of Philip II | Habsburg |
House of Braganza (1640–1910)
The House of Braganza, also known as the Brigantine Dynasty, came to power in 1640, when John II, Duke of Braganza, claimed to be the rightful heir of the defunct House of Aviz, as he was the great great grandson of King Manuel I. John was proclaimed King John IV, and he deposed the House of Habsburg in the Portuguese Restoration War.
The descendants of Queen Maria II and her consort, King Ferdinand II (a German prince of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha), came to rule in 1853. Portuguese law and custom treated them as members of the House of Braganza, though they were still Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasts. This has led some to classify these last four monarchs of Portugal as members of a new royal family, called the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, though this view is not widely held.
| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
John IV
| 19 March 1604 – 6 November 1656 (aged 53) | 1 December 1640 | 6 November 1656 | Great-great-grandson of Emmanuel I | Braganza | |
Alphonso VI
| 21 August 1643 – 12 September 1683 (aged 40) | 6 November 1656 | 12 September 1683 | Son of John IV | Braganza | |
Peter II
| 26 April 1648 – 9 December 1706 (aged 58) | 6 November 1683 | 9 December 1706 | Son of John IV Brother of Afonso VI | Braganza | |
John V
| 22 October 1689 – 31 July 1750 (aged 60) | 9 December 1706 | 31 July 1750 | Son of Peter II | Braganza | |
Joseph I
| 6 June 1714 – 24 February 1777 (age 62) | 31 July 1750 | 24 February 1777 | Son of John V | Braganza | |
Mary I
| 17 December 1734 – 20 March 1816 (aged 81) | 24 February 1777 | 20 March 1816 | Daughter of Joseph I | Braganza | |
Peter III
| 5 July 1717 – 25 May 1786 (aged 68) | 24 February 1777 | 25 May 1786 | Husband of Mary I Son of John V jure uxoris king | Braganza | |
John VI
| 13 May 1767 – 10 March 1826 (aged 58) | 20 March 1816 | 10 March 1826 | Son of Mary I and Peter III | Braganza | |
Peter IV
| 12 October 1798 – 24 September 1834 (aged 35) | 10 March 1826 | 2 May 1826 | Son of John VI | Braganza | |
Mary II
| 4 April 1819 – 15 November 1853 (aged 34) | 2 May 1826 | 23 June 1828 | Daughter of Peter IV | Braganza | |
Michael I
| 26 October 1802 – 14 November 1866 (aged 64) | 26 February 1828 | 6 May 1834 | Son of John VI | Braganza | |
Mary II
| 4 April 1819 – 15 November 1853 (aged 34) | 26 May 1834 | 15 November 1853 | Daughter of Peter IV | Braganza | |
Ferdinand II
| 29 October 1816 – 15 December 1885 (aged 69) | 16 September 1837 | 15 November 1853 | Husband of Mary II jure uxoris king | Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry | |
Peter V
| 16 September 1837 – 11 November 1861 (aged 24) | 15 November 1853 | 11 November 1861 | Son of Mary II and Ferdinand II | Braganza/Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | |
Louis I
| 31 October 1838 – 19 October 1889 (aged 50) | 11 November 1861 | 19 October 1889 | Son of Mary II and Ferdinand II | Braganza/Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | |
Charles I
| 28 September 1863 – 1 February 1908 (aged 44) | 19 October 1889 | 1 February 1908 | Son of Louis I | Braganza/Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | |
Emmanuel II
| 15 November 1889 – 2 July 1932 (aged 42) | 1 February 1908 | 5 October 1910 | Son of Charles I Last King of Portugal. | Braganza/Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |
Presidents
The complete list of presidents of the Portuguese Republic consists of the 20 heads of state in the history of Portugal since the 5 October 1910 revolution that installed a republican regime. This list includes not only those persons who were sworn into office as President of Portugal but also those who de facto served as head of state since 1910.
Republican
Democratic
National Republican/Sidonist
Evolutionist Party/Republican Liberal
National Union/Popular National Action
Democratic Renewal
Socialist
Social Democratic
Nonpartisan
First Republic (1910–1926)
| No. | Portrait | President (Birth–Death) | Elected | Term of office | Political party | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| President of the Provisional Government of the Republic (1910–1911) | |||||||
| - | Teófilo Braga (1843–1924) | — | 5 October 1910 | 24 August 1911 | Republican | ||
| Presidents of the Republic (1911–1926) | |||||||
| 1 | Manuel de Arriaga (1840–1917) | 1911 | 24 August 1911 | 26 May 1915[R] | Republican later Democratic | ||
| 2 | Teófilo Braga (1843–1924) | May 1915 | 29 May 1915 | 5 October 1915 | Democratic | ||
| 3 | Bernardino Machado (1851–1944) | August 1915 | 5 October 1915 | 5 December 1917[C] | Democratic | ||
| - | Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: Sidónio Pais | — | 12 December 1917 | 28 April 1918 | – | ||
| 4 | Sidónio Pais (1872–1918) | April 1918 | 28 April 1918 | 14 December 1918[A] | National Republican | ||
| - | Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: João do Canto e Castro | — | 14 December 1918 | 16 December 1918 | – | ||
| 5 | João do Canto e Castro (1862–1934) | December 1918 | 16 December 1918 | 5 October 1919 | National Republican | ||
| 6 | António José de Almeida (1866–1929) | 1919 | 5 October 1919 | 5 October 1923 | Evolutionist Party later Republican Liberal | ||
| 7 | Manuel Teixeira Gomes (1860–1941) | 1923 | 5 October 1923 | 11 December 1925[R] | Democratic | ||
| 8 | Bernardino Machado (1851–1944) 2nd time | 1925 | 11 December 1925 | 31 May 1926[C] | Democratic | ||
Second Republic (1926–1974)
| No. | Portrait | President (Birth–Death) | Elected | Term of office | Political party | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship) (1926–1932) | |||||||
| 9 | José Mendes Cabeçadas (1883–1965) | — | 31 May 1926 | 17 June 1926[C] | Nonpartisan | ||
| - | Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: Manuel Gomes da Costa | — | 17 June 1926 | 29 June 1926 | – | ||
| 10 | Manuel Gomes da Costa (1863–1929) | — | 29 June 1926 | 9 July 1926[C] | Nonpartisan | ||
| - | Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: Óscar Carmona | — | 9 July 1926 | 16 November 1926 | – | ||
| 11 | Óscar Carmona (1869–1951) | — | 16 November 1926 | 15 April 1928 | Nonpartisan | ||
| Estado Novo (New State) (1932–1974) | |||||||
| Óscar Carmona (1869–1951) | 1928 1935 1942 1949 | 15 April 1928 | 18 April 1951[D] | Nonpartisan from 1932 National Union | |||
| - | António de Oliveira Salazar (1889–1970) (interim) | — | 18 April 1951 | 21 July 1951 | National Union | ||
| 12 | Francisco Craveiro Lopes (1894–1964) | 1951 | 21 July 1951 | 9 August 1958 | National Union | ||
| 13 | Américo Tomás (1894–1987) | 1958 1965 1972 | 9 August 1958 | 25 April 1974[C] | National Union from 1970 People's National Action | ||
Third Republic (1974–present)
| No. | Portrait | President (Birth–Death) | Elected | Term of office | Political party | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Presidents appointed in the aftermath of the Carnation Revolution (1974–1976) | |||||||
| - | National Salvation Junta President: António de Spínola | — | 25 April 1974 | 15 May 1974 | – | ||
| 14 | António de Spínola (1910–1996) | — | 15 May 1974 | 30 September 1974[R] | Nonpartisan | ||
| 15 | Francisco da Costa Gomes (1914–2001) | — | 30 September 1974 | 14 July 1976 | Nonpartisan | ||
| Presidents elected under the Constitution of the Republic (1976–present) | |||||||
| 16 | António Ramalho Eanes (born 1935) | 1976 1980 | 14 July 1976 | 9 March 1986 | Nonpartisan from 1985 Democratic Renewal | ||
| 17 | Mário Soares (1924–2017) | 1986 1991 | 9 March 1986 | 9 March 1996 | Socialist | ||
| 18 | Jorge Sampaio (1939–2021) | 1996 2001 | 9 March 1996 | 9 March 2006 | Socialist | ||
| 19 | Aníbal Cavaco Silva (born 1939) | 2006 2011 | 9 March 2006 | 9 March 2016 | Social Democratic | ||
| 20 | Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (born 1948) | 2016 2021 | 9 March 2016 | Incumbent | Social Democratic | ||
- Left office early:
- [A] Assassinated.
- [D] Died in office of natural causes.
- [R] Resigned.
- [C] Forced to resign due to a coup d'état.
Timeline
See also
- List of Portuguese royal consorts
- List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown
- Style of the Portuguese sovereign
- President of Portugal
- First Lady of Portugal
- List of prime ministers of Portugal
- Politics of Portugal
- History of Portugal
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