This article lists political parties in the Netherlands. The country has a multi-party system with numerous political parties, and any one party has little chance of gaining power alone; parties work with each other to form coalition governments.
The lower house of the legislature, the House of Representatives, is elected by a national party-list system of proportional representation. There is a legal threshold of 1/150 for getting a seat, so a party can win a seat only with at least two-thirds percent (0,67%) of the national vote, roughly one seat for every 67,000 votes.
The first national political party was the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP), founded in 1879.
No party has come close to winning a majority of seats since the introduction of proportional representation in 1918. All governments since then have been coalitions between two or more parties. However, there is a broad consensus on the basic principles of the political system, with all parties having to adjust their goals to some extent in order to have a realistic chance at being part of the government.
National political parties
Parties represented in the States General and/or European Parliament
| Political party | Main ideology | Position | Leader | Affiliation | Seats | Ref. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eur. | EP group | Intl. | Senators | House reps. | MEPs | ||||||||
| D66 | Democrats 66 Democraten 66 | Social liberalism | Centre | Rob Jetten | ALDE | RE | LI | 7 / 75 | 26 / 150 | 3 / 31 | |||
| PVV | Party for Freedom Partij voor de Vrijheid | Right-wing populism | Right-wing to far-right | Geert Wilders | ID | PfE | — | 4 / 75 | 26 / 150 | 6 / 31 | |||
| VVD | People's Party for Freedom and Democracy Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie | Conservative liberalism | Centre-right | Dilan Yeşilgöz | ALDE | RE | LI | 9 / 75 | 22 / 150 | 4 / 31 | |||
| PvdA | Labour Party Partij van de Arbeid | Social democracy | Centre-left | Jesse Klaver | PES | S&D | PA | 14 / 75 | 20 / 150 | 4 / 31 | |||
| GL | GreenLeft GroenLinks | Green politics | Centre-left | EGP | Greens–EFA | GG | 4 / 31 | ||||||
| CDA | Christian Democratic Appeal Christen-Democratisch Appèl | Christian democracy | Centre-right | Henri Bontenbal | EPP | EPP | CDI | 6 / 75 | 18 / 150 | 3 / 31 | |||
| JA21 | Right Answer 2021 Juiste Antwoord 2021 | Right-wing populism | Right-wing to far-right | Joost Eerdmans | ECR | ECR | — | 2 / 75 | 9 / 150 | 0 / 31 | — | ||
| FvD | Forum for Democracy Forum voor Democratie | National conservatism | Far-right | Thierry Baudet | ESN | — | — | 3 / 75 | 7 / 150 | 0 / 31 | |||
| BBB | Farmer–Citizen Movement BoerBurgerBeweging | Agrarianism | Right-wing | Caroline van der Plas | — | EPP | — | 12 / 75 | 4 / 150 | 2 / 31 | — | ||
| CU | Christian Union ChristenUnie | Christian democracy | Centre | Mirjam Bikker | ECPM | — | — | 3 / 75 | 3 / 150 | 0 / 31 | |||
| DENK | DENK | Minority interests | Centre-left | Stephan van Baarle | — | — | — | 0 / 75 | 3 / 150 | 0 / 31 | |||
| PvdD | Party for the Animals Partij voor de Dieren | Animal welfare | Left-wing | Esther Ouwehand | APEU | The Left | — | 1 / 75 | 3 / 150 | 1 / 31 | |||
| SGP | Reformed Political Party Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij | Christian right | Right-wing | Chris Stoffer | ECPM | ECR | — | 2 / 75 | 3 / 150 | 1 / 31 | |||
| SP | Socialist Party Socialistische Partij | Democratic socialism | Left-wing | Jimmy Dijk | — | — | — | 3 / 75 | 3 / 150 | 0 / 31 | |||
| 50+ | 50PLUS | Pensioners' interests | Centre | Jan Struijs | EDP | — | — | 1 / 75 | 2 / 150 | 0 / 31 | |||
| Volt | Volt Netherlands Volt Nederland | European federalism | Centre | Laurens Dassen | Volt | Greens–EFA | — | 2 / 75 | 1 / 150 | 2 / 31 | |||
| OPNL | Independent Politics Netherlands Onafhankelijke Politiek Nederland | Regionalism | Auke van der Goot | EFA | — | — | 1 / 75 | — | — | — | |||
Parties without representation in the States General and/or European Parliament
| Party | Main ideology | Position | Leader | Affiliation | Ref. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| European | International | ||||||||
| BIJ1 | BIJ1 | Anti-capitalism | Left-wing to far-left | Tofik Dibi | — | — | — | ||
| CO | Code Orange Code Oranje | Direct democracy | Syncretic | Bert Blase | — | — | — | ||
| NVU | Dutch People's Union Nederlandse Volks-Unie | Ethnic nationalism | Far-right | Constant Kusters | — | — | — | ||
| OPA | Elderly Politically Active Ouderen Politiek Actief | Pensioners' interests | Single-issue politics | Vacant | — | — | — | ||
| GOUD | GOUD | Pensioners' interests | Centre | Vacant | — | — | — | ||
| HVV | Heart for Freedom Hart voor Vrijheid | Antivax | Syncretic | Vacant | — | — | — | ||
| LHK | Henk Krol List Lijst Henk Krol | Progressive conservatism | Centre-right | Vacant | — | — | — | ||
| BVNL | Interest of the Netherlands Belang van Nederland | Classical liberalism | Right-wing | — | — | — | — | ||
| JL | Jesus Lives Jezus Leeft | Evangelism | Right-wing | Florens van der Spek | — | — | — | ||
| LEF | LEF – For the New Generation LEF – Voor de Nieuwe Generatie | Youth politics | — | Daniël van Duijn | — | — | — | ||
| LibDem | Liberal Democratic Party Liberaal Democratische Partij | Social liberalism | Centre | Sammy van Tuyll | — | — | — | ||
| LP | Libertarian Party Libertaire Partij | Right-libertarianism | Right-wing | Tom van Lamoen | EPIL | LI | |||
| MDD | More Direct Democracy Meer Directe Democratie | Direct democracy | Centre-right | Dorien Rookmaker | EAFD | — | — | ||
| NCPN | New Communist Party of the Netherlands Nieuwe Communistische Partij van Nederland | Marxism–Leninism | Far-left | Rinze Visser | — | IMCWP | — | ||
| NLB | NLBeter | Public sector interests | Centre | Esther van Fenema | — | — | — | ||
| NLPlan | Netherlands with a Plan Nederland met een PLAN | Participatory democracy | Centre | Kok Kuen Chan | — | — | — | ||
| PSP | Pacifist Socialist Party '92 Pacifistisch Socialistische Partij '92 | Pacifist socialism | Left-wing | Vacant | — | — | — | ||
| PvdR | Party for the Republic Partij voor de Republiek | Republicanism | Centre | Bruno Braakhuis | — | — | — | ||
| PvdS | Party for Sports PartijvdSport | Health promotion | Centre | Annemarie van Duivenboden | — | — | — | ||
| PDNM | Party The New Human Partij De Nieuwe Mens | Spiritual left | Centre-left | Niraï Melis & Raishrie Gajadin | — | — | |||
| PPNL | Pirate Party Piratenpartij | Pirate politics | Syncretic | Mark van Treuren | PPEU | PPI | |||
| PPvB | Political Party for Basic Income Politieke Partij voor Basisinkomen | Universal basic income | Single-issue politics | Sepp Hannen | — | — | — | ||
| TON | Proud of the Netherlands Trots op Nederland | Conservative liberalism | Right-wing | Sander van den Raadt | — | — | — | ||
| RSP | Revolutionary Socialist Party Revolutionair Socialistische Partij | Socialism | Far-left | Gwildor Sok | — | — | — | ||
| SPL | Splinter | Secularism | — | Femke Merel van Kooten | — | — | — | ||
| DG | The Greens De Groenen | Green politics | Centre-left | Mark van Treuren | — | — | — | ||
| DFP | The Party Party De Feestpartij | Joke Party | Syncretic | Johan Vlemmix | — | — | — | ||
| SvN | Together for the Netherlands Samen voor Nederland | Right-wing populism | Far-right | Michel Reijinga | — | — | — | ||
| UCF | Ubuntu Connected Front | Ubuntuism | Centre-left | Regillio Vaarnold | — | — | — | ||
| VCP | United Communist Party Verenigde Communistische Partij | Communism | Far-left | Engel Modderman | — | — | — | ||
| VDR | vandeRegio | Regionalism | Centre | Sent Wierda | EFA | — | — | ||
Regional and local political parties
European Netherlands
Regional parties
| Political party | Active in | Seats in the prov. council | European affiliation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FNP | Frisian National Party Fryske Nasjonale Partij | Friesland | 4 / 43 | EFA | ||
| GB | Groninger Interest Groninger Belang | Groningen | 3 / 43 | — | ||
| LB | Local Brabant Lokaal Brabant | North Brabant | 2 / 55 | — | ||
| LL | Local Limburg Lokaal-Limburg | Limburg | 2 / 47 | — | ||
| PvhN | Party for the North Partij voor het Noorden | Groningen Friesland Drenthe | Groningen: 1 / 43 | — | ||
| PvZ | Party for Zeeland Partij voor Zeeland | Zeeland | 2 / 39 | — | ||
| PBF | Provincial Interest Fryslân Provinciaal Belang Fryslân | Friesland | 1 / 43 | — | ||
| SLD | Strong Local Drenthe Sterk Lokaal Drenthe | Drenthe | 1 / 43 | — | ||
| SLF | Strong Local Flevoland Sterk Lokaal Flevoland | Flevoland | 1 / 41 | — | ||
Local parties
| Party | Main ideology | Position | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forza! | Forza! Netherlands Forza! Nederland | Right-wing populism | Right-wing | ||
| HvDH | Heart for The Hague Hart voor Den Haag/Groep de Mos | Conservative liberalism | Right-wing | ||
| LR | Livable Rotterdam Leefbaar Rotterdam | Fortuynism | Right-wing | ||
| VSP | List of United Seniors Party candidates in the 2006 Dutch general election Verenigde Senioren Partij | Pensioners' interests | Single-issue politics | ||
Water board parties
| Political party | Main ideology | Position | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AWP | General Water Board Party Algemene Waterschapspartij | Apoliticism | Syncretic | ||
| WN | Water Natuurlijk | Green politics | Centre-left | ||
Defunct political parties
| Party | Ideology | Start | End | Max vote share | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Actie Bouwman | 1934 | 1940 | 0.57 | ||
| General Elderly Alliance Algemeen Ouderen Verbond (AOV) | 1993 | 3.63 | |||
| General League of Roman Catholic Electoral Associations Algemeene Bond van Roomsch-Katholieke Kiesverenigingen | 1904 | 1926 | 30.03 | ||
| Article 50 Artikel 50 | 2012 | 2015 | 0.51 | ||
| General Dutch Fascist League Algemeene Nederlandsche Fascisten Bond (ANFB) | Fascism | 1932 | 1934 | ||
| Anti-Revolutionary Party Anti-Revolutionaire Partij (ARP) | 1879 | 1980 | |||
| Workers Party of the Netherlands Arbeiderspartij van Nederland | |||||
| Farmers' Party Boerenpartij | 1958 | 1981 | 4.77 | ||
| League of Christian Socialists Bond Christen-Socialisten | |||||
| League of Free Liberals Bond van Vrije Liberalen | 1906 | 1921 | |||
| Centre Democrats Centrum Democraten (CD) | 1984 | 2002 | 2.46 | ||
| Centre Party Centrumpartij | 1980 | 1986 | 0.83 | ||
| Centre Party '86 Centrumpartij '86 | 1986 | 1998 | 0.4 | ||
| Christian Democratic Party Christen-Democratische Partij | |||||
| Christian Democratic Union Christelijk-Democratische Unie | 1926 | 1946 | 2.09 | ||
| Christian Historical Union Christelijk-Historische Unie (CHU) | 1908 | 1980 | |||
| Christian Social Party Christelijk-Sociale Partij (CSP) | 1907 | 1926 | |||
| Christian Historical Voters' League Christelijk Historische Kiezersbond (CHK) | 1897 | 1903 | |||
| Christian Historical Party Christelijk Historische Partij | 1903 | 1908 | |||
| Communist Party of the Netherlands Communistische Partij Nederland (CPN) | 1901 | 1991 | 10.56 | ||
| Democratic Party Democratische Partij | 1921 | 1932 | |||
| Democratic Socialists '70 Democratisch Socialisten '70 (DS'70) | 1970 | 1983 | 5.33 | ||
| Economic League Economische Bond (EB) | 1917 | 1921 | 3.11 | ||
| Entrepreneurs' Party OndernemersPartij (OP) | 2015 | 2019 | 0.12 | ||
| Europe Transparent | |||||
| Evangelical People's Party Evangelische Volkspartij (EVP) | 1981 | 1991 | 0.69 | ||
| Fatherland League | |||||
| List of Free and Social Netherlands candidates in the 2021 Dutch general election | |||||
| Frisian League Friesche Bond | 1898 | 1908 | |||
| Reformed Political League Gereformeerd Politiek Verbond (GPV) | 1948 | 2003 | 1.77 | ||
| Hervormd Gereformeerde Staatspartij | 1921 | 1946 | 1.06 | ||
| Independent Socialist Party | |||||
| Islam Democrats Islam Democraten | 2005 | 0.0 | |||
| Catholic National Party | 2.71 | ||||
| Catholic People's Party | 1945 | 1980 | 31.88 | ||
| Communist Workers Organisation (Marxist–Leninist) | |||||
| Communist Unity Movement of the Netherlands (Marxist–Leninist) Kommunistiese Eenheidsbeweging Nederland | Communism | 1964 | 1985 | 0.03 | |
| Independent Citizens' Party | |||||
| Livable Netherlands Leefbaar Nederland (LN) | 1999 | 2007 | 1.61 | ||
| Liberal State Party Liberale Staatspartij (LSP) | 1921 | 1946 | 9.26 | ||
| Liberal Party Liberale Partij | 1922 | 1925 | |||
| Liberal Union | 1885 | 1921 | |||
| Pim Fortuyn List Lijst Pim Fortuyn (LPF) | 2002 | 2008 | 17.00 | ||
| Ratelband List | |||||
| Middle Party for City and Country | |||||
| Middle Class Party | |||||
| National Socialist Dutch Workers Party Nationaal-Socialistische Nederlandsche Arbeiderspartij (NSNAP) | National socialism | 1931 | 1941 | 0.02 | |
| National Socialist Movement Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging (NSB) | Fascism | 1931 | 1945 | 4.22 | |
| Dutch Block | |||||
| New Middle Party | |||||
| Neutral Party | |||||
| New National Party Nieuwe Nationale Partij (NNP) | 1998 | 2005 | |||
| New Right Nieuw Rechts | 2003 | 2007 | |||
| NIDA | |||||
| New Ways Nieuwe Wegen | 0.14 | ||||
| Pacifist Socialist Party | 1957 | 1991 | 3.03 | ||
| Party of the Future | 2021 | ||||
| Party for Neighbourly Love, Freedom and Diversity | 2006, 2020 | 2010, 2022 | |||
| Freedom Party Partij van de Vrijheid (PvdV) | 1946 | 1948 | 6.41 | ||
| Party for Justice, Action and Progress | |||||
| Peasants' League | |||||
| Political Party of Radicals Politieke Partij Radikalen (PPR) | 1968 | 1990 | 4.80 | ||
| Progressive Integration Party | |||||
| Radical League | |||||
| Reformatory Political Federation | 1975 | 2003 | |||
| Roman Catholic Party of the Netherlands | 0.92 | ||||
| Roman Catholic State Party | 1926 | 1945 | 29.64 | ||
| Social Democratic Workers' Party | 1894 | 1946 | 23.81 | ||
| Social Democratic League | |||||
| Socialist Party | |||||
| Union 55+ | |||||
| Alliance to Democratise the Forces | 0.51 | ||||
| League of Communists in the Netherlands | |||||
| Alliance for National Reconstruction Verbond voor Nationaal Herstel | 1933 | 1941 | 0.8 | ||
| VoorNederland | 2014 | 2017 | 0.36 | ||
| Free-minded Party | |||||
| Free-thinking Democratic League Vrijzinnig Democratische Bond (VDB) | 1901 | 1946 | 9.06 | ||
| Free Anti Revolutionary Party Vrij-Antirevolutionaire Partij (VAR) | 1898 | 1903 | |||
| Union of Actualists Verbond van Actualisten | Actualism | 1923 | 1928 |
See also
- Politics of the Netherlands
- List of ruling political parties by country
- Liberalism in the Netherlands
- Socialism in the Netherlands
- Christian democracy in the Netherlands
- Republicanism in the Netherlands
- Fascism in the Netherlands
- List of political parties in Aruba
- List of political parties in Curaçao
- List of political parties in Saba
- List of political parties in Sint Eustatius
- List of political parties in Sint Maarten
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