The vice president of the Philippines is the second-highest executive official in the government of the Philippines. The vice president is directly elected by qualified voters to a six-year term, and may be a cabinet member without confirmation from the Commission on Appointments and is first in the presidential line of succession.
The incumbent vice president is Sara Duterte, who assumed office on June 30, 2022.
History
The office of vice president was initially created following the ratification of the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines, which states that the vice president shall be elected by direct vote of the people. Vice presidents during the Commonwealth of the Philippines were under American sovereignty, and there was no office of vice president during the Second Republic, which was considered to be a puppet state of Imperial Japan during World War II. During the martial law declared by President Ferdinand Marcos from 1972 to 1981, the office of the vice president was abolished and the sitting vice president, Fernando Lopez, was removed from the office. Though the 1973 Constitution initially did not provide for a vice president, subsequent amendments restored the office. A vice president was appointed after the 1986 election when Marcos and Arturo Tolentino were proclaimed as winners by the Batasang Pambansa. However, in 1986, the People Power Revolution overthrew Marcos' dictatorship and repealed the 1973 Constitution. In 2013, the National Historical Commission of the Philippines through Resolution No. 2, series of 2013 declared that Tolentino is not part of the official list of vice presidents of the Philippines. The subsequently formed 1987 Constitution of the Philippines was established, which states that: "There shall be a vice-president who shall have the same qualifications and term of office and be elected with, and in the same manner, as the president."
Before the ratification of the 1987 constitution, in case of an intra-term vacancy, there was no process to appoint a new vice president until after the next election. However, after the ratification of the 1987 constitution, the president could nominate a vice president in case of an intra-term vacancy from a member of the congress, whom both houses vote separately for confirmation by a majority vote. In 2001, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo became president after the Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled that President Joseph Estrada resigned. A few days later, she appointed Teofisto Guingona as the vice president. Guingona is the only person being unelected to the position.
Three vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency due to the death of presidents: Sergio Osmeña in 1944, Elpidio Quirino in 1948, and Carlos P. Garcia in 1957. Fernando Lopez was the longest-serving vice president, who served for a combined total of almost 11 years. Elpidio Quirino served the shortest time as vice president for approximately 1 year and 11 months.
Vice presidents
| No. | Portrait | Name (Lifespan) | Term start | Term end | Term length | Party | Election | President | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sergio Osmeña (1878–1961) | November 15, 1935 | August 1, 1944 | 8 years, 260 days | Nacionalista | 1935 | Manuel L. Quezon | ||
| 1941 | |||||||||
| Vacant (August 1, 1944 – May 28, 1946) | Sergio Osmeña | ||||||||
| 2 | Elpidio Quirino (1890–1956) | May 28, 1946 | April 15, 1948 | 1 year, 323 days | Liberal | 1946 | Manuel Roxas | ||
| Vacant (August 1, 1944 – May 28, 1946) | Elpidio Quirino | ||||||||
| 3 | Fernando Lopez (1904–1993) | December 30, 1949 | December 30, 1953 | 4 years | Liberal (until 1953) | 1949 | |||
| Democratic (from 1953) | |||||||||
| 4 | Carlos P. Garcia (1896–1971) | December 30, 1953 | March 18, 1957 | 3 years, 78 days | Nacionalista | 1953 | Ramon Magsaysay | ||
| Vacant (March 18, 1957 – December 30, 1957) | Carlos P. Garcia | ||||||||
| 5 | Diosdado Macapagal (1910–1997) | December 30, 1957 | December 30, 1961 | 4 years | Liberal | 1957 | |||
| 6 | Emmanuel Pelaez (1915–2003) | December 30, 1961 | December 30, 1965 | 4 years | Liberal (until 1964) | 1961 | Diosdado Macapagal | ||
| Nacionalista (from 1964) | |||||||||
| 7 | Fernando Lopez (1904–1993) | December 30, 1965 | January 17, 1973 | 7 years, 18 days | Nacionalista | 1965 | Ferdinand Marcos | ||
| 1969 | |||||||||
| Position abolished (January 17, 1973 – January 27, 1984) | |||||||||
| Vacant (January 27, 1984 – February 25, 1986) | |||||||||
| 8 | Salvador Laurel (1928–2004) | February 25, 1986 | June 30, 1992 | 6 years, 126 days | UNIDO (until 1988) | 1986 | Corazon Aquino | ||
| Nacionalista (from 1988) | |||||||||
| 9 | Joseph Estrada (born 1937) | June 30, 1992 | June 30, 1998 | 6 years | NPC (until 1997) | 1992 | Fidel V. Ramos | ||
| LAMMP (from 1997) | |||||||||
| 10 | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (born 1947) | June 30, 1998 | January 20, 2001 | 2 years, 204 days | Lakas | 1998 | Joseph Estrada | ||
| Vacant (January 20 – February 7, 2001) | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | ||||||||
| 11 | Teofisto Guingona Jr. (born 1928) | February 7, 2001 | June 30, 2004 | 3 years, 144 days | Lakas (until 2003) | 2001 | |||
| Independent (from 2003) | |||||||||
| 12 | Noli de Castro (born 1949) | June 30, 2004 | June 30, 2010 | 6 years | Independent | 2004 | |||
| 13 | Jejomar Binay (born 1942) | June 30, 2010 | June 30, 2016 | 6 years | PDP–Laban (until 2012) | 2010 | Benigno Aquino III | ||
| UNA (from 2012) | |||||||||
| 14 | Leni Robredo (born 1965) | June 30, 2016 | June 30, 2022 | 6 years | Liberal | 2016 | Rodrigo Duterte | ||
| 15 | Sara Duterte (born 1978) | June 30, 2022 | Incumbent | 3 years, 172 days | Lakas (until 2023) | 2022 | Bongbong Marcos | ||
| HNP | |||||||||
Timeline
Unofficial vice presidents
Historians and other figures have identified the following people as having held the vice presidency of a government intended to represent the Philippines, but their terms of office are not counted by the Philippine government as part of the presidential succession.
The inclusion of Mariano Trías in the list is disputed, because Trias was chosen as vice president at the Tejeros Convention, and again as vice president for the short-lived Republic of Biak-na-Bato, which was dissolved after the signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and Aguinaldo's exile. Neither the reassumption of power by Emilio Aguinaldo when the revolution was resumed in May 1898 nor his formal proclamation and inauguration as president under the First Philippine Republic in 1899 were regimes that provided for a vice presidency.
| Portrait | Name (Lifespan) | Term start | Term end | Term length | Party | Election | President | Era | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mariano Trías (1868–1914) | March 22, 1897 | January 23, 1899 | 1 year, 307 days | Nonpartisan | 1897 | Emilio Aguinaldo | Tejeros Convention | ||
| – | Republic of Biak-na-Bato | ||||||||
| Francisco Carreón (1868–1939/1941) | May 6, 1902 | July 14, 1906 | 4 years, 69 days | Nonpartisan | – | Macario Sakay | Tagalog Republic | ||
| Ramón Avanceña (1872–1957) | October 14, 1943 | January 15, 1944 | 93 days | KALIBAPI | – | Jose P. Laurel | Second Republic | ||
| Benigno Aquino Sr. (1894–1947) | January 15, 1944 | August 17, 1945 | 1 year, 272 days | KALIBAPI | – | ||||
| Ramón Avanceña (1872–1957) | December 30, 1948 | December 30, 1949 | 1 year | Liberal | – | Elpidio Quirino | Third Republic | ||
List of vice presidents by age
| No. | President | Born | Age at start of vice presidency | Age at end of presidency | Post-vice presidency timespan | Lifespan | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Died | Age | ||||||
| 1 | Sergio Osmeña | September 9, 1878 | 57 years, 67 days November 15, 1935 | 65 years, 327 days August 1, 1944 | 17 years, 79 days | October 19, 1961 | 83 years, 40 days |
| 2 | Elpidio Quirino | November 16, 1890 | 55 years, 193 days May 28, 1946 | 57 years, 153 days April 17, 1948 | 7 years, 318 days | February 29, 1956 | 65 years, 105 days |
| 3 | Fernando Lopez | April 13, 1904 | 45 years, 261 days December 30, 1949 | 49 years, 261 days December 30, 1953 | 39 years, 147 days | May 26, 1993 | 89 years, 43 days |
| 4 | Carlos P. Garcia | November 4, 1896 | 57 years, 56 days December 30, 1953 | 60 years, 134 days March 18, 1957 | 14 years, 88 days | June 14, 1971 | 74 years, 222 days |
| 5 | Diosdado Macapagal | September 28, 1910 | 47 years, 93 days December 30, 1957 | 51 years, 93 days December 30, 1961 | 35 years, 112 days | April 21, 1997 | 86 years, 205 days |
| 6 | Emmanuel Pelaez | November 30, 1915 | 46 years, 30 days December 30, 1961 | 50 years, 30 days December 30, 1965 | 37 years, 209 days | July 27, 2003 | 87 years, 239 days |
| 7 | Fernando Lopez | April 13, 1904 | 61 years, 261 days December 30, 1965 | 68 years, 163 days September 23, 1972 | 20 years, 245 days | May 26, 1993 | 89 years, 43 days |
| 8 | Salvador Laurel | November 18, 1928 | 57 years, 99 days February 25, 1986 | 63 years, 225 days June 30, 1992 | 11 years, 211 days | January 27, 2004 | 75 years, 70 days |
| 9 | Joseph Estrada | April 19, 1937 | 55 years, 72 days June 30, 1992 | 61 years, 72 days June 30, 1998 | Living | Living | 88 years, 244 days |
| 10 | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | April 5, 1947 | 51 years, 86 days June 30, 1998 | 53 years, 290 days January 20, 2001 | Living | Living | 78 years, 258 days |
| 11 | Teofisto Guingona Jr. | July 4, 1928 | 72 years, 218 days February 7, 2001 | 75 years, 362 days June 30, 2004 | Living | Living | 97 years, 168 days |
| 12 | Noli De Castro | July 6, 1949 | 54 years, 360 days June 30, 2004 | 60 years, 359 days June 30, 2010 | Living | Living | 76 years, 166 days |
| 13 | Jejomar Binay | November 11, 1942 | 67 years, 231 days June 30, 2010 | 73 years, 232 days June 30, 2016 | Living | Living | 83 years, 38 days |
| 14 | Leni Robredo | April 23, 1965 | 51 years, 68 days June 30, 2016 | 57 years, 68 days June 30, 2022 | Living | Living | 60 years, 240 days |
| 15 | Sara Duterte | May 31, 1978 | 44 years, 30 days June 30, 2022 | Incumbent | Incumbent | Living | 47 years, 202 days |
Vice presidents who later served as president
| Vice president | President served under | Year(s) served | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sergio Osmeña | Manuel L. Quezon | 1935–1944 | Osmeña succeeded Quezon, after the latter's death |
| Elpidio Quirino | Manuel Roxas | 1946–1948 | Quirino succeeded Roxas, after the latter's death; ran and won a full term in 1949 |
| Carlos P. Garcia | Ramon Magsaysay | 1953–1957 | Garcia succeeded Magsaysay, after the latter's death; ran and won a full term in 1957 |
| Diosdado Macapagal | Carlos P. Garcia | 1957–1961 | Macapagal defeated Garcia in 1961 |
| Joseph Estrada | Fidel V. Ramos | 1992–1998 | Estrada ran for a full term in 1998 |
| Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Joseph Estrada | 1998–2001 | Arroyo succeeded Estrada, after the latter's resignation; ran and won a full term in 2004 |
List of vice presidents by offices held before vice presidency
Executive branch
Cabinet secretaries (as full-time)
The following list includes only cabinet secretaries who served full-time. Vice presidents who served concurrently as cabinet secretaries and their post-vice presidency positions are not included.
| Secretary | Office | President served under | Year(s) served |
|---|---|---|---|
| Elpidio Quirino | Secretary of Finance | Manuel Quezon | 1934–1936 |
| Secretary of Interior | 1935–1938 | ||
| Teofisto Guingona Jr. | Secretary of Justice | Fidel V. Ramos | 1995–1998 |
Other positions (full-time)
| Name | Office | President served under | Year(s) served |
|---|---|---|---|
| Teofisto Guingona | Chairman of the Commission on Audit | Corazon Aquino | 1986–1987 |
| Executive Secretary of the Philippines | Fidel V. Ramos | 1993–1995 | |
| Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Undersecretary of the Department of Trade and Industry | Corazon Aquino | 1987–1992 |
| Jejomar Binay | Chairman of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority | Corazon Aquino | 1990–1991 |
| Joseph Estrada | 1999–2001 |
Legislative
Senators
| Senator | District | Year(s) served | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sergio Osmeña | 10th | 1922–1935 | First vice president to serve as president pro tempore (1922–1934) |
| Elpidio Quirino | 1st | 1925–1935; 1945–1946 | Second vice president to serve as president pro tempore (1945–1946) |
| Fernando Lopez | At-large | 1947–1949 | As a Liberal |
| 1953–1965 | As a Democrat and Nacionalista; third vice president to serve as president pro tempore (1958–1965); only former vice president to be elected again in the same position | ||
| Carlos P. Garcia | 1945–1953 | First vice president to serve as the minority floor leader (1946–1953) | |
| Emmanuel Pelaez | 1953–1959 | Only former vice president elected in the Senate | |
| Salvador Laurel | 1967–1972 | Did not finish term due to the declaration of martial law | |
| Joseph Estrada | 1987–1992 | ||
| Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | 1992–1998 | First term lasted for only three years; did not finish second term, won vice presidency | |
| Teofisto Guingona Jr. | 1987–1993 | Second vice president to serve as president pro tempore (1987–1990) Only vice president to serve as the majority floor leader (1990–1991); did not finish second term, appointed as the executive secretary | |
| 1998–2001 | Second and last vice president to be the minority floor leader, 1998–2001 Did not finish term, appointed to the vice presidency | ||
| Noli De Castro | 2001–2004 | Did not finish term, won vice presidency |
Congressman/Representatives/Assemblyman
| Legislator | District | Lower House Name | Year(s) served | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sergio Osmeña | Cebu 2nd | Philippine Assembly | 1907–1916 | First president to serve as speaker (1907–1916) |
| House of Representatives | 1916–1922 | |||
| Elpidio Quirino | Ilocos Sur 1st | House of Representatives | 1919–1925 | |
| Carlos P. Garcia | Bohol 3rd | 1925–1931 | ||
| Diosdado Macapagal | Pampanga 1st | 1949–1957 | ||
| Leni Robredo | Camarines Sur 3rd | 2013– 2016 | Only one-term representative to win the vice presidency |
Local government
Governors
| Governor | Province | Year(s) served | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sergio Osmeña | Cebu | 1904–1907 | |
| Carlos P. Garcia | Bohol | 1933–1941 | |
| Jejomar Binay | Metro Manila | 1987–1988 | Acting/interim basis |
Mayors
| Mayor | Province | Year(s) served | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fernando Lopez | Iloilo | 1945–1947 | Appointed |
| Joseph Estrada | San Juan | 1969–1986 | Only former vice president to previously serve as mayor and only former vice president to serve as mayor in another city after his term (Manila, 2013–2019) |
| Jejomar Binay | Makati | 1986–1987 | As officer-in-charge |
| 1988–1998 | Elected; first vice president without congressional experience | ||
| 2001–2010 | |||
| Sara Duterte | Davao City | 2010–2013; 2016–2022 | Only vice president served as vice mayor (2007–2010) Second vice president without congressional experience |
Vice presidents by offices concurrently held
Cabinet secretaries
| Secretary | Office | President served under | Year(s) served |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sergio Osmeña | Secretary of Public Instruction | Manuel Quezon | 1935–1940 |
| Secretary of Public Instruction, Health, and Public Welfare | 1941–1944 | ||
| Elpidio Quirino | Secretary of Foreign Affairs | Manuel Roxas | 1946–1950 |
| Fernando Lopez | Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources | Elpidio Quirino | 1949–1953 |
| Ferdinand Marcos | 1965–1971 | ||
| Carlos P. Garcia | Secretary of Foreign Affairs | Ramon Magsaysay | 1953–1957 |
| Emmanuel Pelaez | Diosdado Macapagal | 1961– 1963 | |
| Salvador Laurel | Corazon Aquino | 1986–1987 | |
| Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Secretary of Social Welfare and Development | Joseph Estrada | 1998–2000 |
| Teofisto Guingona Jr. | Secretary of Foreign Affairs | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | 2001–2002 |
| Sara Duterte | Secretary of Education | Bongbong Marcos | 2022–2024 |
Other positions
| Name | Office | President served under | Year(s) served |
|---|---|---|---|
| Joseph Estrada | Chairman of the Presidential Anti-Crime Commission | Fidel V. Ramos | 1992–1997 |
| Noli De Castro | Chairman of the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | 2004–2010 |
| Jejomar Binay | Chairman of the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council | Benigno Aquino III | 2010–2015 |
| Presidential Adviser for Overseas Filipino Workers | |||
| Leni Robredo | Chairperson of the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council | Rodrigo Duterte | 2016 |
| Co-chairperson of the Inter-Agency Committee on Anti-Illegal Drugs | 2019 |
See also
- President of the Philippines
- List of presidents of the Philippines
- Prime Minister of the Philippines (defunct)
Works cited
Books and journals
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- Rodell, Paul A. (2002). "The Philippines: Gloria 'in Excelsis". Southeast Asian Affairs. 2002: 215–236. JSTOR 27913210.
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- Zaide, Sonia M. (1999). The Philippines : A Unique Nation. All-Nations Publishing. ISBN 978-971-642-064-7. LCCN 2004420900. OL 3362336M.
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - "The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2021 – via Official Gazette( This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.)
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - "Emmanuel Pelaez". Senate of the Philippines. Archived from the original on November 18, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
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