The Malayic languages are a branch of the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Austronesian language family. The most prominent member is Malay, a pluricentric language given national status in Brunei and Singapore while also providing the basis for national standards Malaysian in Malaysia and Indonesian in Indonesia. The Malayic branch also includes local languages spoken by ethnic Malays (e.g. Jambi Malay, Kedah Malay), further several languages spoken by various other ethnic groups of Sumatra, Indonesia (e.g. Minangkabau) and Borneo (e.g. Banjarese, Iban) even as far as Urak Lawoi in the southwestern coast of Thailand.
| Malayic | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Maritime Southeast Asia |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
| Proto-language | Proto-Malayic |
| Subdivisions |
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | mala1538 |
Historical distribution of the Malayic languages in Maritime Southeast Asia (including Malay-based creoles): The Ibanic, Western Malayic Dayak (Kanayatn/Kendayan-Salako) subgroups, and southern Malayic Dayak varieties. Other Malayic varieties; genetic relationships between them are still unclear (most often left unclassified). | |
The most probable candidate for the urheimat of the Malayic languages is western Borneo prior to spread in Sumatra.
History
The term "Malayic" was first coined by Dyen (1965) in his lexicostatistical classification of the Austronesian languages. Dyen's "Malayic hesion" had a wider scope than the Malayic subgroup in its currently accepted form, and also included Acehnese, Lampung and Madurese. Nothofer (1988) narrowed down the range of Malayic, but included the non-Malayic languages Rejang and Embaloh:
- Rejang
- Embaloh
- Salako
- Iban-Malayan
- Ibanic
- Malayan
The present scope of the Malayic subgroup, which is now universally accepted by experts in the field, was first proposed by K.A. Adelaar (1992, 1993), based on phonological, morphological and lexical evidence.
Languages
Malayic languages are spoken on Borneo, Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Java and on several islands located in the South China Sea and the Strait of Malacca. The following list only includes Malayic languages as traditionally spoken by the respective ethnic groups, for non-traditional languages, see Malay trade and creole languages.
Borneo
| Language | Country or administrative division |
|---|---|
| Banjar (incl. Bukit Malay) | Central Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, East Kalimantan |
| Brunei Malay or Kedayan | Brunei, Labuan, Sabah, Sarawak |
| Berau Malay | East Kalimantan |
| Ibanic branch (Iban, Remun, Mualang, Seberuang) | Sarawak, West Kalimantan |
| Kotawaringin Malay | Central Kalimantan |
| Kutai (Kota Bangun and Tenggarong varieties) | East Kalimantan |
| Kendayan | West Kalimantan |
| Keninjal | West Kalimantan |
| Ketapang Malay | West Kalimantan |
| Malayic Dayak | Central Kalimantan, West Kalimantan |
| Melawi Malay | West Kalimantan |
| Pontianak Malay | West Kalimantan |
| Sambas Malay | West Kalimantan |
| Sarawak Malay | Sarawak |
Sumatra
- Bilah–Panai Malay, Central Malay, Col, Haji, Jambi Malay, Kaur, Kerinci, Kubu, Langkat Malay, Lubu, Minangkabau (incl. Jamee, Kampar, Kuantan, Mukomuko, and Pesisir), Musi, Palembang, Pekal, Riau Malay, Serdang Malay, Tamiang Malay
Malay Peninsula
| Language | Country or administrative division |
|---|---|
| Jakun | Pahang, Johor |
| Johor-Riau-Malacca (Malaccan) Malay | along the western coasts of the Malay Peninsula, starting from southern Perak (Muallim District) to Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya, Negeri Sembilan (Port Dickson District), Malacca, Johor and Singapore. |
| Kedah Malay | Kedah, Penang, Perlis, northwestern Perak, Satun (Thailand), Tanintharyi (Myanmar) |
| Kelantan-Patani Malay | Kelantan, Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat, Songkhla (Thepha District and Saba Yoi District), Terengganu (Besut and Setiu) |
| Negeri Sembilan Malay | Negeri Sembilan, Malacca (Naning), some areas in Pahang and Johor |
| Pahang Malay | Pahang, Terengganu (around areas of Pasir Raja), Negeri Sembilan (around Jelebu District) |
| Penang Malay | Penang |
| Perak Malay | Perak |
| Reman Malay (offshoot of Kelantan-Patani language) | Kedah (mainly in Baling District but also in Sik District and Yan District), Perak (Hulu Perak District) |
| Orang Kanaq | Johor |
| Orang Seletar | Johor |
| Temuan | Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, Negeri Sembilan, Malacca, Pahang |
| Terengganu Malay | Terengganu, Pahang (mainly Kuantan District and Rompin District), Johor (Mersing District and Tanjung Sedili) |
| Tioman Malay | Pahang (Tioman Island), Johor (Aur Island and Pemanggil Island) |
| Urak Lawoi' | Thailand (Phuket, Krabi, Satun) |
Java
- Betawi (incl. Cocos Malay)
South China Sea
- Bangka Malay, Duano, Loncong, Orang Seletar
Subgrouping
Internal classification
While there is general consensus about which languages can be classified as Malayic, the internal subgrouping of the Malayic languages is still disputed.
Adelaar (1993)
Adelaar (1993) classifies the Malayic languages as follows.
Ross (2004)
Based on grammatical evidence, Ross (2004) divides the Malayic languages into two primary branches:
- Malayic
- Western Malayic Dayak (Kendayan, Salako)
- Nuclear Malayic (all other lects)
This classification was mirrored in the Glottolog (Version 3.4).
Anderbeck (2012)
Following Tadmor (2002), Anderbeck (2012) makes a distinction between Malay and Malayic in his discussion about the dialects of the Sea Tribes in Riau Archipelago. He tentatively classifies all Malayic languages as belonging to a "Malay" subgroup, except Ibanic, Kendayan/Selako, Keninjal, Malayic Dayak (or "Dayak Malayic") and the "fairly divergent varieties" of Urak Lawoi' and Duano.
- Malayic
- Ibanic
- Kendayan/Selako
- Keninjal
- Malayic Dayak
- Urak Lawoi'
- Duano
- Malay (including all other Malayic varieties)
Anderbeck's classification has been adopted in the 17th edition of the Ethnologue, with the sole exception of Duano, which is listed in the Ethnologue among the "Malay" languages.
Smith (2017)
In his dissertation on the languages of Borneo, Smith (2017) provides evidence for a subgroup comprising Malayic isolects in western Borneo and southern Sumatra, which he labels "West Bornean Malayic".
Glottolog
Glottolog 5.2 classifies the Malayic languages into several groups, namely:
- Malayic
- Duano
- Haji
- Malayic Dayak
- Old Malay
- Western Malayic Dayak
- Kendayan–Belangin
- Menterap
- Ibanic
- Keninjal
- Iban–Mualang–Seberuang
- Mualang
- Iban–Seberuang
- Seberuang
- Northern Iban
- Iban
- Remun
- Nuclear Malayic
- South Sumatra Malay
- Kaur
- South Barisan Malay
- Standard Malay–Indonesian
- Standard Indonesian
- Standard Malay
- Betawic
- Betawi
- Cocos Islands Malay
- Peranakan Indonesian
- Central Sumatran Malay
- Kubu
- Music
- Col
- Musi
- East Borneo Malay
- Kota Bangun Kutai Malay
- Banjar–Berau–Brunei Malay
- Banjar–Bukit Malay
- Banjar
- Bukit Malay
- Berau–Brunei Malay
- Berau Malay
- Bruneic Malay
- Sabah Malay
- Brunei–Bacan Malay
- Bacanese Malay
- Brunei
- Banjar–Bukit Malay
- Northern Sumatra Malay
- Jambi Malay
- Bangka–Belitung Malay
- Bangka
- Loncong
- Kerinci–Minangkabau
- Kerinci
- Minangkabauic
- Lubu
- Minangkabau
- Negeri Sembilan Malay
- Pekal
- Greater Riau–Johoric
- Balinese Malay
- Central Malay
- Jakun
- Orang Kanaq
- Orang Selatar
- Temuan
- Tenggarong Kutai Malay
- Northeastern Peninsular Malay
- Kedah–Perak Malay
- Kelantan–Pattani Malay
- Urak Lawoiʼ
- Vehicular Malay
- Baba Malay
- Makassar Malay
- Malaccan Creole Malay
- Sri Lanka Malay
- Eastern Indonesia Trade Malay
- Kupang Malay
- Larantuka Malay
- Papuan Malay
- Ambonic Malay
- Ambonese Malay
- Banda Malay
- Manadoic Malay
- Gorap
- Manado Malay
- North Moluccan Malay
- South Sumatra Malay
Position within Austronesian
The inclusion of the Malayic languages within the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup is undisputed, and there is general consensus that the Chamic languages are closely related to Malayic. The wider affiliations of the Malayic languages are however controversial. There are two major proposals: Adelaar (2005) places Malayic within the Malayo-Sumbawan subgroup, which comprises the following languages:
Blust (2010) and Smith (2017) assign Malayic to the Greater North Borneo subgroup:
- Greater North Borneo
- North Borneo languages
- Central Sarawak languages
- Kayan–Murik languages
- Land Dayak languages
- Malayo–Chamic
- Chamic languages
- Malayic languages
- Rejang language
- Sundanese language
The Malayo-Sumbawan hypothesis is mainly based on phonological evidence with a few shared lexical innovations, while the Greater North Borneo hypothesis is based on a large corpus of lexical evidence.
See also
- Languages of Indonesia
- Indonesian language, the Malayic language with the most speakers
Notes
- As with Adelaar, Anderbeck reckons the difficulty in assigning absolute subgrouping within Malayic subfamily, and suggests an alternative approach which is "to dissolve the Malay node and keep everything in the Malayic group".
- This classification is still in use in the current 22nd edition (2019).
- Alongside other various South Sumatran isolects which exhibit the *-R > *-ʔ innovation in a specific set of lexemes.
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