Möng Mao

Möng Mao Lông (lit. 'Great Möng Mao'), also known as Möng Mao, Maw, or Luchuan (麓川), was a Tai kingdom which flourished from the 14th to 15th centuries, and consolidated dominance over the frontier regions of modern-day Myanmar, China, and India. The core territory was centered on the Nam Mao (Ruili) river basin.

Möng Mao Lông ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ မိူင်းမၢဝ်းလူင်
1276–1444
Core territory of Möng Mao   Greatest extent of Möng Mao during the reign of Si Kefa (c. 1360)
Status	Pacification commissioner of Pingmian under Yuan dynasty (1355-1384) Luchuan-Pingmian pacification commission under Ming dynasty (1384-1441)
Capital	Selan
Common languages	Old Shan (lingua franca and administrative language) Regional Achang Jiexie Nu Wa Bulang Ta'ang Burmese Pyu
Religion	Tai folk religion Mahayana Buddhism Theravada Buddhism
Demonym	Tai Mao
Government	Monarchy
Saopha
• 1335–1369	Hsö Hkan Hpa
• 1382–1399	Si Lunfa [zh] (Hsö Hom Hpa)
• 1413–1442	Si Renfa (Hsö Ngan Hpa)
• 1442–1444	Si Jifa
Historical era	Late Middle Ages
• Establishment of the Luchuan Route [zh].	1276
• Hsö Hkan Hpa becomes ruler of Möng Mao	c. 1335
• Destruction of Pinya and Sagaing	1364
• Ming-Mong Mao War	1380 –1388
• Dao Ganmeng rebellion	1397–1398
• Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns	1436–1449
• Disestablished	1444
Currency	Native silver and bronze ingots
Preceded by Succeeded by Yuan dynasty Möng Yang Ming dynasty Shan states Ahom kingdom
Today part of	China India Myanmar

Möng Mao was originally a Tai principality located on the Nam Mao (Ruili) and Longchuan regions, where it had historically managed tributary relations and political conflicts with larger states. Towards the end of the Yuan dynasty, Si Kefa became ruler of Möng Mao. During his reign, he conquered vast territories extending from Assam in Northeast India, the majority of Tai states in upper Burma, to the Red river in central Yunnan, and even marched south to destroy the kingdoms of Sagaing and Pinya.

When the Ming dynasty later entered Yunnan, Möng Mao’s ruler Si Lunfa chose to submit to Ming authority and accepted imperial investiture. But shortly after, he attacked Jingdong and Moshale, which were states under Möng Mao that had defected to the Ming, leading to several wars between the two countries. At that time, the Ming government still lacked the capacity to control Yunnan’s western frontier deeply and eventually accepted Möng Mao’s surrender.

After Si Lunfa’s death, the Ming court took the opportunity to dismantle Möng Mao, dividing its territory into numerous smaller native chieftaincies. His later successor, Si Renfa, attempted to restore Möng Mao’s former domains, waging campaigns to annex neighboring tusi states. This ultimately prompted the Luchuan-Pingmian campaigns, in which the Si family was defeated and retreated to Möng Yang.

Following the weakening of Möng Mao, no single ethnic power dominated China’s southwestern frontier. The various tusi regimes remained in a state of rivalry and balance, creating favorable conditions for the rise of the Toungoo Empire in Myanmar.

Names

Möng Mao is a Tai Nuea and Shan language name, also called Möng Mao Lông (Tai Nüa: ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ; Shan: မိူင်းမၢဝ်းလူင်), which means "Great Muang Mao". The "Möng" means country or place. The "Mao" (ᥛᥣᥝᥰ) was evolved from "dizzy" (ᥛᥝᥰ), it is because the mother of legendary king Chao U Ting felt dizzy when she was brought to the sky by a bird. The name "Möng Mao" is still used currently, as the official Tai Nuea name of Ruili City (ᥝᥥᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ). Alternatively, "Mao" derives from the Shan name of the Nam Mao (Ruili River).

Möng Mao also adopted Kosambi (ကောသမ္ဗိ) as its Buddhist classical name, named after Kosambi, an ancient Indian kingdom. The name was approximated into Burmese as "Koshanpyi" (ကိုးရှမ်းပြည်, lit. 'nine Shan States'). "Kosambi" is also called "Guozhanbi" (Tai Nüa: ᥐᥨᥝᥰ ᥓᥛᥱ ᥙᥤᥱ, Chinese: 果占璧) in Ruili, modern Dai people give a new explanation of "Guozhanbi" which is "place that produce fragrant soft rice".

In Chinese literature, Möng Mao was called Luchuan (Chinese: 麓川), first recorded in Yuanshi as the name of the administrative division "Luchuan Circuit" (Chinese: 麓川路). Some of literature also called Mong Mao as Baiyi (Chinese: 百夷), but most of the time this is a collective name of all the ethnic groups in south west of Yunnan, or specifically refers to Dai people. The Tai name of Luchuan first appears in the Baiyi Guan laiwen 百夷館來文 (“Incoming correspondence of the Baiyi College”), included in the Huayi yiyu 華夷譯語 of the fifteenth century, as Mäng Maaw which gives Luchuan 麓川 as the Chinese equivalent.

In English literature, the earliest mention of Möng Mao appears in Robert Boileau Pemberton's account, who discovered and translated an ancient Shan manuscript. In it, he describes a kingdom whose capital the Shans refer to as Mongmaorong.

In Burmese literature, Möng Mao was called Maw or Maw Shan. In the Manipur literature, such as Cheitharol Kumbaba use the name Pong refer to Mong Mao.

History

Early history

Little is known about the history of Möng Mao before the 13th century. Although Tai chronicles date its founding to as early is the 6th century, the differing details and dates in various local chronicles, the inclusion of mythological features, and a lack of corroborating evidence from external sources mean that these accounts are often regarded as legendary history. Many of these chronicles begin with the story of Hkun Lu [zh] (Hkun Lung) and Hkun Lai [zh], who descended from heaven and established Möng Mao (or Kawsampi) in 568 (or 835 in some chronicles) and sent their children to rule over Tai chieftanships in the Nam Mao valley. Some chronicles instead begin with Chao U Ting [zh]. Jiang Yingliang believes that the Tai developed a stratified society in the Dehong area around the 10th century, consisting of four states, Möng Mao, Möng Yang, Möng Hsen Se, and Hsenwi, and that the center of power frequently shifted between these states and they were sometimes unified into a single state named Kawsambi.

Modern scholars and historians disagree on the early history, some believe that Möng Mao may have begun to emerge in the 6th century based on the legends of Hkun Lu and Hkun Lai, while others believe that there were no significant Tai polities in Yunnan and northern Myanmar before the Mongol invasions of Burma. According to the research of Jiang Yingliang, the lineage of the rulers of Möng Mao commenced in 1256, and this may have been when the polity emerged after the fall of Dali to the Mongol Empire.

Connection with Ahom history

The records of the Buranji in Tai-Ahom language tells the story of a Mao prince, Chaolung Sukaphaa who left Möng Mao Lung with his 9000 Tai Mao followers in 1215 AD, and established the Ahom kingdom in 1228 AD in modern day Assam. They were identified as the Mao section of Tai and were later called the Tai-Ahom. However, modern scholars disagree with the date of this history, and believes the founding of the Ahom kingdom should happen in the 14th century.

Relations with the Yuan dynasty

During this time, a patchwork of quarrelsome Tai polities existed in the land between Yongchang and Tagaung. They pledged allegiance to the Yuan dynasty as early as 1260. Multiple administrative divisions were set up in the region in 1276, and Möng Mao was designated as Luchuan Route [zh].

From 1277–1303, the region was plagued with intense conflict and competition between the Pagan kingdom and Yuan dynasty. The Mongol-Yuan wanted to secure access to the Bay of Bengal, and waged two bloody wars in the region, the First Mongol invasion of Burma which toppled the Pagan kingdom, and the Second Mongol invasion of Burma which drove the Mongols out. The expulsion of Burmese power in 1286 and the shrinkage of Mongol-Yuan influence after the withdrawal of troops in 1303 afforded Tai leaders with the opportunity to reorganise and expand their power, and were now able to build new polities with less outside interference. Mongol authority diminished even further in 1330 when a succession crisis erupted in the Yuan court. The conflict spread to Yunnan, and rebel princes sought the military power of local leaders in exchange for titles and rewards. The rogue nobles were eventually suppressed, but Yunnan had now increasingly come under the control of local leaders, the Prince of Liang in Kunming and the Duan family in Dali increasingly overshadowed the central government.

Rise

Hsö Hkan Hpa (Chinese: Si Kefa) began the expansion of Möng Mao's territory in the 1330s–1340s, taking advantage of the good economic conditions and power vacuum in the region. Although chronicles disagree on the exact date of his accession to the throne, the most plausible date given is 1335. In Tai chronicles, Hsö Hkan Hpa gained the submission of neighbouring Tai states, including Hsenwi and Möng Mit, then gathered a large army to march against the governor of Yunnan. The Yuan court ordered local Yunnan authorities to subdue him and four military expeditions were sent in 1342, 1346, 1347 and 1348, but they ended in failure. Fearing further attacks, Hsö Hkan Hpa sent his son, the heir apparent (mansan 滿三), to the Yuan court to nominally recognize their authority. With the outbreak of the Red Turban Rebellions, there was little else the Yuan could do to subdue him, so he was appointed as the "Pingmian Pacification Commissioner", a title which recognized his control over new territories and further bolstered his prestige and legitimacy.

After the war with China, Hsö Hkan Hpa turned his attention west. He sent his brother Hkun Sam Lông west to conquer Assam, which surrendered without resistance and began paying tribute. However, believing his brother was conspiring against him, he poisoned and killed him on his return. The Sagaing kingdom sent an expedition against Möng Mao in 1356, possibly as a response to Möng Mao's expansion into Kale. Hsö Hkan Hpa then ordered expeditions against the Burmese kingdoms of Sagaing and Pinya. Shan raids were reported in 1359 and 1362, and finally the two kingdoms fell in 1364 and were completely devastated, leading to the rise of the Ava kingdom.

Hsö Hkan Hpa died in 1369. He was succeeded by his eldest son Si Bingfa [zh] (called Hsö Pem Hpa in Tai). In 1371, the subordinate states of Möng Yang and Kale went to war with each other. Si Bingfa ruled for 8 years and was succeeded by his son Tai Bian (Hkun Tai Pem Hpa). Tai Bian was a tyrant, and was killed by his uncle Zhao Xiaofa (Hkun Ngok Chyo Hpa) who established himself as ruler. A year later, Zhao Xiaofa was killed by bandits, and the people established his younger brother Si Wafa [zh] (Hsö Wan Hpa) as ruler.

Conflicts with the Ming dynasty

In 1374, the newly founded Ming dynasty sent a diplomatic mission to Burma, hoping to win over the states in the region. However, due to the roads being blocked in Annam, the envoys were recalled. When the Ming dynasty entered Yunnan in 1380, it quickly defeated the Mongol prince Basalawarmi and the Duan family in Dali, reaching the border of Möng Mao in 1382.

Initially, Möng Mao did not submit to the Ming dynasty and the Ming court did not recognize Möng Mao's control over neighbouring areas. Si Wafa attacked the Ming garrison at Jinchi (Baoshan) in 1382, but he was soon assassinated by one of his subordinates and Si Lunfa [zh] (Hsö Hom Hpa) became ruler of Möng Mao in his place. In 1382, Si Lunfa decided to submit to Ming authority, and was granted the tusi title of Pacification Commissioner of Pingmian. In August 1384 Si Lunfa sent a tribute mission to the Ming court surrendering the Yuan seal of commission. As a result he was promoted to Luchuan-Pingmian Pacification Commission with authority over military and civilian affairs.

The Tai ruler in Jingdong, E Tao, who was previously subordinate to Möng Mao, separately surrendered to the Ming court and was appointed as the "Native Prefect" of the region in 1384. Si Lunfa attacked Jingdong the following year to chastise him for his unfaithfulness, and E Tao fled for his life. A Ming expedition was sent against Si Lunfa in 1387, but they were defeated by Tai forces. The Ming believed that the Tai could not be trusted, and prepared military defenses all across the border regions, and diplomatically isolated Möng Mao. In 1388, Tai forces attacked the stockade at Moshale, but were defeated. Further Tai attacks were made on the Dingbian stockade, but these were also defeated. These attacks on Ming frontier outposts led to a large-scale Ming punitive expedition against Si Lunfa, resulting in another Ming victory. Si Lunfa surrendered in 1388, and was made to pay war reparations to the Ming forces.

Dao Ganmeng rebellion

In 1393 Si Lunfa invaded Ava. Despite the fact that he was ultimately defeated, Ava sent an envoy to the Ming seeking their help in deterring Mong Mao aggression. Acknowledging their position, the Hongwu Emperor sent a letter to Si Lunfa in 1396 warning him of retaliation if further acts of aggression were committed. Si Lunfa acquiesced to Ming demands. After Mong Mao stopped their military expansion, Si Lunfa began to welcome foreigners such as Buddhists and former Chinese soldiers into his people's traditional territory. Si Lunfa converted to Buddhism and gave gifts to the Chinese for bringing with them the technology of gunpowder and cannons. This greatly angered the traditional elements in his court and in 1397 Si Lunfa was deposed by the leader of an anti-foreigner faction, Dao Ganmeng, and fled to the Ming government for protection. After reaching the Ming capital, Si Lunfa enlisted the Hongwu Emperor's aid in returning him to power. The emperor, desiring peace in the southwest, agreed to his petition and allocated 100 taels of gold, 150 taels of silver, and 500 ding of paper money to his cause. The Marquis of Xiping, Mu Chun, was assigned to provide Si Lunfa military support and retake Möng Mao.

They returned to Yunnan and stayed in Baoshan while Mu Chun sent the commanders He Fu and Qu Neng with 5,000 troops to oust Dao Ganmeng. The expedition was met with initial success in battle, killing a Mong Mao chieftain, and routing his army, but arrived at an impasse when they failed to take a mountain stockade due to unfavorable terrain. He Fu relayed his situation to Mu Chun, who came to his aid with 500 cavalrymen, and in the midst of night advanced on the enemy position taking them by surprise. While they successfully took the stockade, Mu Chun died soon after from an illness and was replaced by He Fu, who captured Dao Ganmeng and installed Si Lunfa as ruler of Möng Mao once again in 1398.

Si Lunfa died in 1399, and was succeeded by his son Si Hangfa. The strength of Möng Mao waned, and principalities previously under its rule became independent. The Ming court took advantage of this situation by establishing 13 new states under its own rule, including Möng Yang (Mengying), Hsenwi, and Möng Ting (Mengding).

Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns

Si Hangfa was succeeded by his brother Si Renfa in 1413. Under Si Renfa, Möng Mao began a period of expansion into neighbouring regions to reassert control over previously owned territory. Si Renfa expanded west into Möng Yang in 1426, and made incursions into territory north of Möng Mao as far as Yongchang in 1428, but the Ming dynasty did not take any harsh measures against him yet. In the 1430s, conflicts between Möng Mao, Hsenwi, Ava, and various other states in the region intensified. The Ming planned a campaign against Möng Mao in 1434, but it was abandoned when Emperor Yingzong, an 8 year old, ascended the throne.

Si Renfa continued to expand, invading Nandian in 1437 and made further incursions into Ganyai, Tengchong, Lujiang, and Jinchi. Si Renfa appointed subordinate leaders to these neighbouring regions without asking the permission of the Ming court. At this point, the Ming considered Si Renfa unable to be reasoned with, and prepared a campaign, ordering Hsenwi to join the war against Möng Mao.

The first campaign was sent in 1438. One army pursued Si Renfa deep into his own territory, and was ambushed and destroyed by Si Renfa. After his victory, he became bolder and began expanding deeper into Ming territory, marching across the Salween river to invade places as far as and Jingdong and Menglian.

A second campaign was sent against Möng Mao in 1441. After an eight month long stalemate, Ming forces advanced deeper into Si Renfa's territory, and his capital was besieged. Möng Mao's capital fell in 1442, and Si Renfa fled to Möng Yang with his family. Imperial orders were given to Hsenwi and Ava to capture Si Renfa, with territory as a reward. Si Renfa was captured by the Burmese king, but the Ming hesitated to keep their promise of territory, so they did not hand him over to the Chinese. Si Renfa's son, Si Jifa, continued operations in southwestern Yunnan and tried to beg for pardon from the Ming court for his father and himself. He was defeated in Mangshi, but, seeing the Ming troops leave the region, he reoccupied Möng Mao and began invading neighbouring principalities again.

A third campaign was sent in 1443. Möng Mao's capital was captured again in 1444, and its core region was partitioned into a new state, Möng Wan (Longchuan), with a new ruling dynasty. Si Renfa again retreated to Möng Yang, but the Ming did not immediately pursue him as they were not sure which side Hsenwi and Ava would take.

A fourth campaign was sent to oust Si Jifa in Möng Yang in 1449. Ming armies crossed the Irrawaddy river into Möng Yang, and defeated Si Jifa's strongholds. Though Si Jifa and his brother Si Bufa [zh] escaped, the Ming armies considered it a victory and left the capture of Si Jifa to the Burmese. Silu, a younger son of Si Renfa, became the new leader of Möng Yang, the Ming general, realizing he could not defeat Silu and his supporters, made a peace treaty with him. A stone tablet was erected on the Irrawaddy river which marked the boundary, it stated: "Not before the stone is rotten and the river has dried up are you allowed to cross [the Irrawaddy]." Silu agreed, and the Ming troops left.

Möng Yang period

Sawlon, a descendant of Möng Mao's royal family, conquered the Ava kingdom in 1527.

Government

The political organization of the kingdom consisted of hierarchical officials who controlled units of people. This form of administration also bore a resemblance to the governing systems used in other Tai kingdoms such as Sipsongpanna, Lan Na, and Lan Xang. According to the Baiyi Zhuan records, the ruler of Möng Mao was referred to as "Zhao". Under him stood the "Zhao Meng" who exercises general control over administrative affairs. The ranks below the Zhao Meng are the "Zhao Lu", who controls over 10,000 people, the "Zhao Gang", who controls over 1,000 people, the "Zhao Bo", who controls 100 people, the "Zhao Ha-si", who controls 50 people, and the "Zhao Zhun", who controls 10 people. In times of war and military deployments, there is also a "Zhao Lu-ling" who commands the troops in conjunction with the Zhao Meng. The major and minor officials are allocated territory in which they are permitted to levy corvee labour and taxes.

Capital city

Möng Mao had various capitals located around the Nam Mao valley (modern Ruili and its adjacent border regions in Myanmar), and Selan was the capital which was most often adopted. According to the Hsenwi Chronicle, Selan had been built by Hsö Hkan Hpa (c. 1335), and was fortified with strong walls and deep moats.

The remains of these old capitals were described by James George Scott in the early 20th century:

The modern Sè Lan is a village of no great size. It stands on the highest point of an irregular four-sided plateau, which rises to a height of 260 or 300 feet above the valley level and is about a square mile in area. This plateau is completely surrounded by an entrenched ditch, which is in many places 40 or 50 feet deep. There no doubt was once also a wall, but this has completely mouldered away. A few miles off is Pang Hkam, also an old Mao capital, and also with the remains of an earthen parapet and ditch enclosing an even larger area. In the neighbourhood are a number of bare detached hills surrounded by formidable entrenchments.

— James George Scott

List of Monarchs

Chinese name	Years	Length	Succession	Death	Tai Lông (Shan) Name	Tai Nua Name	Burmese name	Other names
Si Kefa 思可法	1335–1369	34 years		natural	Sua-Khān-Fā သိူဝ်ၶၢၼ်ႇၾႃႉ	Se-Xaan-Faa ᥔᥫᥴ ᥑᥣᥢᥱ ᥜᥣᥳ	Tho Chi Bwa သိုချည်ဘွား	Hsö-Khan-Pha
Zhao Bingfa 昭併發	1369–1378	8 years	son	natural
Tai Bian 臺扁	1378/79	1 year	son	murdered
Zhao Xiaofa 昭肖發	1379/80	1 year	brother of Zhao Bingfa	murdered
Si Wafa 思瓦發	?	?	brother	murdered	Sua-Wak-Fā သိူဝ်ဝၵ်ႉၾႃႉ	Se-Vak-Faa ᥔᥫᥴ ᥝᥐᥳ ᥜᥣᥳ		Hsö-Wak-Pha
Si Lunfa 思倫發	1382–1399	17 years	grandson of Si Kefa		Sua-Lông-Fā သိူဝ်လူင်ၾႃႉ	Se-Loong-Faa ᥔᥫᥴ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ ᥜᥣᥳ	Tho Ngan Bwa I သိုငံဘွား	Hsö-Long-Hpa
Si Hangfa 思行發	1404–1413	9 years	son	abdicated
Si Renfa 思任發	1413–1445/6	29 years	brother	executed	Sua-Wen-Fā သိူဝ်ဝဵၼ်းၾႃႉ	Se-Ween-Faa ᥔᥫᥴ ᥝᥥᥢᥰ ᥜᥣᥳ	Tho Ngan Bwa II သိုငံဘွား	Hso Ngan Pha Sa Ngam Pha Hsö-Wen-Pha
Si Jifa 思機發	1445/6–?		son	executed			Tho Kyein Bwa သိုကျိန်ဘွား	Sa Ki Pha, Chau Si Pha
Si Bufa 思卜發	1449–1461			natural			Tho Bok Bwa သိုပုတ်ဘွား
Si Hongfa	1465?–1479?						Tho Han Bwa သိုဟန်ဘွား
Si Lufa?	1482?–?
Si Lun	1500s?–1533			murdered			Sawlon စလုံ

Saophas

The various versions of the Möng Mao Chronicle provide the lineage of Möng Mao rulers. The Shan chronicle tradition, recorded very early by Elias (1876), provides a long list with the first ruler of Möng Mao dating from 568 A.D. The dates in Elias for later rulers of Möng Mao do not match very well the dates in Ming dynasty sources such as Ming Shilu (Wade, 2005) and Baiyi Zhuan (Wade, 1996) which are considered more reliable from the time of the ruler Si Kefa. Bian-zhang-ga (1990), translated into Thai by Witthayasakphan and Zhao Hongyun (2001), also provides a fairly detailed local chronicle of Möng Mao.

Mong Mao Long, or the white fog of Mong Mao Long, was founded in 56 BC by Hso Hom Hpa, a descendant of the ancient Tai King from Nawng Hsè, who sent his son Hkun Hkam Naw to build the city of Oung Pawng-Hsipaw.

Later, the city became vacant. And was pioneered by Hkun Lai, who came from the city of Mong Ri Mong Ram, the city sited in the region called Koshanpye.

The city has gone through many events. Since the reign of Hso Hkan Hpa, their subsequent saopha have assassinated each other. The struggle for the throne led to Hso Kaa Hpa, son of Sao Chang Nyue from Mong Ri Mong Ram (different from Chao Chang Nyue, the 37th saopha of Mong Mao Long) and Mahadevi Phlak Hkam Hsen Mawng, daughter of Sao Tai Lung, the 45th (Sao Pam Myo Pung, his son the 46th saopha, handed over the throne to Hso Kaa Hpa) Hso Kaa Hpa had to evacuated from the Koshanpye. Across the Pad Kai mountain range into Assam in India to established a new kingdom called the Ahom Kingdom.

Mong Mao Long has a total of 81 saophas. Mao Long is currently located near the Burmese border. (located during the Hso Wak Hpa era saopha No.52) in Yunnan Province, which in the past Counting with the provinces in Burma it is a group of Mong Mao Lung, Mongmit, Mongkawng and Bammaw located nearby.

Saophas:

• Hso Hom Hpa 56BC-24BC from Nawng Hsè
• Hso Loum Hpa 24BC-16 bro
• Hso Wei Hpa 16-37 son
• Hso Tawn Hpa 37-75 son
• Hso Guen Hpa 75-125 son
• Hso Pung Mung 125-158 son
• Vacant 158–171
• Sao Hkam Sunt 171-217 son of Sao Hkam Möng from Hsipaw
• Sao Sam Myat 217-263 son
• Hso Mya Hpa 263-294 son
• Hso Kern Hpa 294-314 son
• Hso Kert Hpa 314-335 bro
• Hso Kawn Hpa 335-346 bro
• Hso Tan Hpa 346-372 son
• Hso Kaw Hpa 372-394 bro
• Hso Hang Hpa 394-420 son of Hso Tan Hpa
• Hso Hkuan Hpa 420-470 son
• Hso Huan Hpa 470-506 son
• Vacant 506–568
• Hkun Lai 568-638 from Mongri Mongram
• Ai Dyep That Hpa 638-678 son of Hkun Lai
• Hkam Pong Hpa 678 son of Sao Hkun Kyunt
• Hkam Sap Hpa (Hkam Lap Hpa) son of Hkam Pong Hpa
• Hkam Sip Hpa (Hkam Suep Hpa) 703-753 bro
• Ni Hpa Maung 753-793 son
• Sao Hkun Hpa 793-834 son
• Hso Hkai Hpa 834-863 son
• Hso Han Hpa 863-901 son
• Hso Htao Hpa 901-933 son
• Hso Powt Hpa 933-960 son
• Hso Won Hpa 960-983 son
• Hso Hon Hpa 983-995 son
• Hso Hau Hpa 995–1014
• Hso Lip Hpa 1014–1035
• Hkun Kwat Hpa 1035–1050
• Hso Tai Hpa 1050-1062 son
• Hso Lung Hpa 1062-1081 son
• Sao Sang Mwun 1081-1096 son
• Sao Sang Yaw 1096-1103 son
• Hso Tai Hpa 1103-1112 bro
• Sao Sein Nga 1112-1123 son
• Sao Lung Chu 1123-1137 bro
• Sao Nga Chu 1137-1145 son
• Sao Hkun Ming 1145-1163 son
• Sao Hkun Kum 1163-1171 son
• Sao Tai Pum 1171-1188 son
• Sao Tai Lung 1188-1203 son
• Pam Yau Pung (Pam Myo Pung) 1203-1210 son
• Sao Ai Mo Kang Neng 1210 -1220

He was the one of descendants from Hkun Su the saopha of Nawng Hsè

• Hso Hkan Hpa (Hso Chi Hpa) son of Sao Ai Mo Kang Neng 1220–1250

(He has younger brother name's Sam Lung Kung Maing (Sam Lung Hpa) became the saopha of Möngkawng)

• Hso Piam Hpa 1250-1283 son
• Hso Kam Hpa (Tai Peong, Tai Piam Hpa) 1283-1284 son
• Sao Xiao Hpa 1284-1285 younger brother of Hso Piam Hpa
• Hso Wak Hpa (Hso Wa Hpa) 1285–1315

(He established the present of the city located)

• Ai Puk 1315-1330 son

Vacant 1330–1339

• Hso Hkli Hpa (Tai Pong) 1339–1346
• Hso Lung Hpa (Tai Lung) 1346-1396 son
• Hso Ching Hpa (Hso Tit Hpa, Sao Lwei) 1396-1415 son
• Hso Ween Hpa (Hso Ngan Hpa) 1415-1445 son

Vacant 1445–1448

• Sao Lam Kon Kam Hpa 1448-1461 (son of Hso Ween Hpa but some source told he is the uncle of Hso Wak Hpa)
• Hso Ham Hpa (Hso Powt Hpa) 1461-1490 son
• Hso Kaa Hpa (Hso Han Hpa) 1490-1496 son
• Hso Pim Hpa (Hso Liu Hpa) his nickname is Kyie-poi-pei-ma 1496-1516 son
• Sao Sai Lung (Hso Hom Hpa) 1516-1533 son
• Vacant 1533–1604
• Sao Poreing 1604–1611
• Kan Kyaung Hpa 1611-1646 (son of Hso Hkwa Hpa the saopha of Wanmaw state)
• Hso Luan Hpa 1646-? son
• Hso Kying Hpa son
• Hso Kyoen Hpa son
• Hso Sueng Hpa ?-1699 son
• Hso Bin Hpa 1699-1726 son
• Hso Kyue Hpa 1726-? son
• Hso Yin Hpa ?-1787 son
• Hso Wan Hpa 1787-? son
• Hso Jing Hpa (Hso Hung Hpa) ?-1814 younger brother
• Hso Lueng Hpa 1814-? son
• Hso Suan Hpa son
• Hso Wing Hpa ?-1894 son
• Hso Klai Hpa 1894-1928 son
• Hso An Hpa 1928-1929 son
• Hso Pa Hpa (Hso Wen Hpa) 1929-1955 son (ruled with Hso Kyang Hpa and Fang Hkuea Shang)
• Hso Kyang Hpa (Thao Kying Pan) 1929-1940 (uncle of Hso Pa Hpa (Hso Wen Hpa))
• Fang Hkuea Shang 1940-1942 (Hso Pa Hpa (Hso Wen Hpa)'s another uncle) from Mong Hkawn

Notes

1. The establishment of Möng Mao can differ based on interpretation. If Hkun Hpang Hkam [zh] becoming the ruler of Möng Mao is taken as the starting point, the date is 1256; if the establishment of Luchuan Route by the Yuan dynasty is taken as the starting point, the date is 1276; if the succession of Si Kefa is taken as the starting point, the date is 1335. If the legendary stories of its founding are taken as the starting point, dates such as 568, 835 and others could be suggested. If the tribal alliances hypothesized by historians are taken as the starting point, dates such as the 6th–7th centuries or the 10th–11th centuries are possible.
2. If the defeat of Si Renfa and the loss of the seal of the Luchuan Pacification Commission is taken as the ending point, the date is 1441; if the defeat of Si Jifa, the loss of Möng Mao’s former territory, and the retreat to Möng Yang is taken as the ending point, the date is 1444; if the defeat of Si Jifa in Möng Yang and the peace negotiations between Si Lufa and the Ming dynasty is taken as the ending point, the date is 1449. If the extinction of the Si family in Möng Yang at the hands of Burma is taken as the ending point, the date is 1604.
3. The exact administrative center of the Si family has shifted around the Nam Mao valley until 1444. It is also rendered into English as "Zhelan", "Seilant", or "Che Lant".
4. Tai Nüa: ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ; Shan: မိူင်းမၢဝ်းလူင်; Ahom: 𑜉𑜢𑜤𑜂𑜫𑜉𑜨𑜰𑜧𑜊𑜤𑜂𑜫; Burmese: မိုင်းမောလုံ; Thai: อาณาจักรเมาหลวง
5. Shan: မိူင်းမၢဝ်း; Tai Nüa: ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ; Ahom: 𑜉𑜢𑜤𑜂𑜫𑜉𑜨𑜰𑜧, Burmese: မိုင်းမော; Chinese: 勐卯; Also rendered into English as Moeng Mao, Mengmao, Mäng Maaw, Mong Mau, etc.
6. Mansan 滿三 is a Chinese transliteration of the Tai term maang saa ᥛᥣᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥰ, meaning prince or heir apparent, a Burmese loanword used frequently in Tai literature.
7. (Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 272) and (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 392): Tho Chi Bwa was a brother of Lord Tho Han Bwa. (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 170): Tho Chi Bwa was a son of Tho Khin Bwa, Lord of Maw.
8. All the main Burmese chronicles—(Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 297) (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 200) and (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 424)—give the name as Tho Ngan Bwa, the same name as the sawbwa in the 15th century.
9. (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 82, 88): Great grandson of Tho Chi Bwa
10. (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 291) and (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 91): Both Tho Kyein Bwa and Tho Bok Bwa were still alive in 1451.
11. (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 291) and (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 91): Both Tho Kyein Bwa and Tho Bok Bwa were still alive in 1451. Tho Bok Bwa was appointed sawbwa of Mohnyin by King Narapati I of Ava.

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