The Nawabs of Bengal were the Independent hereditary rulers of Bengal. In the early 18th-century, the Nawab of Bengal was the independent ruler of Bengal (Bengal, Bihar and Orissa which constitute the modern-day Indian states of West Bengal, Bihar and Odisha and the sovereign country of Bangladesh). The Bengal Subah reached its peak during the reign of Nawab Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan. They are often referred to as the Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa (Bengali: বাংলা, বিহার ও উড়িষ্যার নবাব). The Nawabi Bengal's capital were based in Murshidabad which was centrally located within Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha. Their chief, a former prime minister, became the first Nawab. The Nawabs governed as independent monarchs. The Nawabs, backed by bankers such as the Jagat Seth, became the financial backbone of the Subcontinent court.
| Nawab of Bengal | |
|---|---|
First to reign Murshid Quli Khan 1717 – 30 June 1727 | |
| Details | |
| Style | His Majesty |
| First monarch | Murshid Quli Khan |
| Last monarch | Siraj ud-Daulah (Independent) Mansur Ali Khan (Under British) |
| Formation | 1717 |
| Abolition | 1882 |
| Residences | Chehel Shetun Palace, Hirajheel Palace, Hazarduari Palace |
| Appointer |
|
The Nawabs, especially under the rule of Alivardi Khan of 16 years, were heavily engaged in various wars against the Marathas. Towards the end, he turned his attention to rebuilding and restoring Bengal.
The Nawabs of Bengal oversaw a period of proto-industrialization. The Bengal-Bihar-Orissa triangle was a major production center for cotton muslin cloth, silk cloth, shipbuilding, gunpowder, saltpetre, and metalworks. Factories were set up in Murshidabad, Dhaka, Patna, Sonargaon, Chittagong, Rajshahi, Cossimbazar, Balasore, Pipeli, and Hugli among other cities, towns, and ports. The region became a base for the British East India Company, the French East India Company, the Danish East India Company, the Austrian East India Company, the Ostend Company, and the Dutch East India Company.
The British company eventually rivaled the authority of the Nawabs. In the aftermath of the siege of Calcutta in 1756, in which the Nawab's forces overran the main British base, the East India Company dispatched a fleet led by Robert Clive who defeated the last independent Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Mir Jafar was installed as the puppet Nawab. His successor Mir Qasim attempted in vain to dislodge the British. The defeat of Nawab Mir Qasim of Bengal, Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula of Oudh, and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II at the Battle of Buxar in 1764 paved the way for British expansion across India. The South Indian Kingdom of Mysore led by Tipu Sultan overtook the Nawab of Bengal as the subcontinent's wealthiest monarchy; but this was short-lived and ended with the Anglo-Mysore War. The British then turned their sights on defeating the Marathas and Sikhs.
In 1772, Governor-General Warren Hastings shifted administrative and judicial offices from Murshidabad to Calcutta, the capital of the newly formed Bengal Presidency, and the de facto capital of British India. The Nawabs had lost all independent authority since 1757. In 1858, the British government abolished the symbolic authority of the Nawab court. After 1880, the descendants of the Nawabs of Bengal were recognised simply as Nawabs of Murshidabad with the mere status of a peerage.
History
Independent nawabs
The Bengal Subah was the wealthiest country in subcontinent in 18th century. There were several posts under the Mughal administrative system of Bengal since Akbar's conquest in the 1500s. Nizamat (governornership) and diwani (premiership) were the two main branches of provincial government under the Mughals. The Subahdar was in-charge of the nizamat and had a chain of subordinate officials on the executive side, including diwans (prime ministers) responsible for revenue and legal affairs. After the death of Emperor Aurangzeb, Bengal gradually became independent, and in 1717, through Murshid Quli Khan, Bengal separated from the Mughals. However, they maintained a nominal allegiance to the Mughals. In reality, they were independent.
The Mughal court heavily relied on Bengal for revenue. Azim-us-Shan, the Mughal viceroy of Bengal, had a bitter power struggle with his prime minister (diwan) Murshid Quli Khan. Emperor Aurangzeb transferred Azim-us-Shan out of Bengal and into Bihar in 1703 as a result of the disputes. After the viceroy's exit, the provincial premier Murshid Quli Khan emerged as the de facto ruler of Bengal. His administrative coup merged the offices of the diwan (prime minister) and subedar (viceroy). In 1716, Murshid Quli shifted Bengal's capital from Dhaka to a new city named after himself. In 1717, Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar recognized Khan as the hereditary Nawab Nazim. The Nawab's jurisdiction covered districts in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. The Nawab's territory stretched from the border with Oudh in the west to the border with Arakan in the east.
The chief deputy of the Nawab was the Naib Nazim of Dhaka, the mayor of the former provincial capital whose own wealth was considerable; the Naib Nazim of Dhaka also governed much of eastern Bengal. Other important officials were stationed in Patna, Cuttack, and Chittagong. The aristocracy was composed of the Zamindars of Bengal.[citation needed] The Nawab was backed up by the powerful Jagat Seth family of bankers and money lenders. They served as financiers to both the Nawabs and European companies operating in the region.
The Nawabs profited from the revenue generated by the worldwide demand of muslin trade in Bengal, which was centred in Dhaka and Sonargaon. Murshidabad was a major centre of silk production. Shipbuilding in Chittagong enjoyed Ottoman and European demand. Patna was a centre of metalworks and the military-industrial complex. The Bengal-Bihar region was a major exporter of gunpowder and saltpetre. The Nawabs presided over an era of growing organization in banking, handicrafts, and other trades.
Bengal attracted traders from across Eurasia. Traders were lodged at caravanserais, including the Katra Masjid in Murshidabad; and the Bara Katra and Choto Katra in Dhaka. The expulsion of the Portuguese settlement in Chittagong diverted the centre of international trade away from Dhaka to the new city of Murshidabad, owning to its location on the banks of the Bhagirathi, downstream of which the Europeans had set up their business centres. The Armenians had set up their settlement and a church at Saidabad locality of Berhampore, while a Jain community of bankers developed in Jiaganj-Azimganj. The Portuguese continued to have a minor presence in Bandel, mostly centered around their church. Dutch Bengali trading posts included the Dutch settlement in Rajshahi; the town of Hugli and warehouses in Baranagar & Kalikapur locality of Murshibabad. The French set up in the city of Chandannagar and warehouses in Saidabad & Sandwip. The Danes were set up in the city of Serampore. The British developed the city of Calcutta and a warehouse in Cossimbazar. An attempt by the Austrians to set up an outpost in Bankipur was stonewalled by the British. Dhaka continued to attract Dutch, French and Armenians. Bengali cities were full of brokers, workers, peons, naibs, wakils, and ordinary traders.
The Nawabs were patrons of the arts, including the Murshidabad style of Mughal painting, Hindustani classical music, the Baul tradition, and local craftsmanship. The second Nawab Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan developed Murshidabad's royal palace, military base, city gates, revenue office, public audience hall (durbar), and mosques in an extensive compound called Farrabagh (Garden of Joy) which included canals, fountains, flowers, and fruit trees. The second Nawab's reign saw a period of economic and political consolidation.
The third Nawab Sarfaraz Khan was preoccupied with military engagements, including Nader Shah's invasion of India. Sarfaraz Khan was killed at the Battle of Giria by his deputy Alivardi Khan.[citation needed] The coup by Alivardi Khan led to the creation of a new dynasty. However he was also known as Shuja ul-Mulk (hero of the country) mostly due to him repelling all Maratha invasions of Bengal. [citation needed]
Afghan Insurrections
The Afghan insurrections in Bengal, also known as the Afghan mutinies were a series of four revolts led by the Afghans living in the Bengal Subah between 1745-1750. They were led by ambitious individuals like Mustafa Khan, Sardar Khan and Shamshir Khan with the intent to carve out their own Afghan state in Bengal. The insurrections were ultimately suppressed.
Maratha invasions of Bengal
The resurgent Maratha Empire launched raids against Bengal in the 18th century, which further added to the decline of the Nawabs of Bengal. The Bengal Subah was met by a series of face to face confrontations by the Maratha Empire including the First Battle of Katwa, the Second Battle of Katwa, the Battle of Burdwan and the Battle of Rani Sarai, Battle of Birbhum, First and Second Battles of Midnapur where Nawab Alivardi Khan defeated the Marathas and repelled their attacks. The Maratha raids lasted a decade from 1741 to early 1751.
The Marathas committed many atrocities across Bengal causing many to flee from West Bengal to East Bengal. 400,000 civilian Bengalis were massacred by the Bargis (Maratha warriors) including textile weavers, silk winders, and mulberry cultivators. Many Bengalis were mutilated and contemporary accounts describe the scene of mass gang-rape against women. Alivardi Khan the Nawab of Bengal fearing even worse devastation and destruction agreed to pay Rs. 1.2 million of tribute annually as the chauth of Bengal and Bihar to the Marathas, and the Marathas agreed not to invade Bengal again.
The expeditions, led by Raghuji Bhonsle of Nagpur, also established de facto Maratha control over Orissa, which was formally incorporated in the Maratha Empire in 1752.
British influence and succession
Nawab Murshid Quli Khan was notorious for his repressive tax collection tactics, including torture for non-payment. Nawab Alivardi Khan's successor was Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah. Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah grew increasingly wary of the British presence in Bengal. He also feared invasions by the Durrani Empire from the north and Marathas from the west. On 20 June 1756, Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah launched the siege of Calcutta, in which he won a decisive victory. The British were briefly expelled from Fort William, which came under the occupation of the Nawab's forces. The East India Company dispatched a naval fleet led by Robert Clive to regain control of Fort William. By January 1757, the British retook Fort William. The stalemate with the Nawab continued into June. The Nawab also began cooperating with the French East India Company, raising the ire of the British further. Britain and France were at the time pitted against each other in the Seven Years' War.
On 23 June 1757, the Battle of Plassey brought an end to the independence of the Nawabs of Bengal. Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah and his French allies were caught off guard by the defection of the Nawab's Commander-in-Chief Mir Jafar to the British side. The British, under the leadership of Robert Clive, gained enormous influence over Bengal Subah as a result of the battle. The last independent Nawab was arrested by his former officers and killed in revenge for the brutality against his courtiers.
Mir Jafar was installed as the puppet Nawab by the British. However, Jafar entered into a secret treaty with the Dutch East India Company. This caused the British to replace Mir Jafar with his son-in-law Mir Qasim in October 1760. In one of his first acts, Mir Qasim ceded Chittagong, Burdwan and Midnapore to the East India Company. Mir Qasim also proved to be a popular ruler. But Mir Qasim's independent spirit eventually raised British suspicions. Mir Jafar was reinstalled as Nawab in 1763. Mir Qasim continued opposing the British and his father-in-law. He set up his capital in Munger and raised an independent army. Mir Qasim attacked British positions in Patna, overrunning the company's offices and killing its Resident. Mir Qasim also attacked the British-allied Gorkha Kingdom. Mir Qasim allied with Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula of Awadh and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. However, the Mughal allies were defeated at the Battle of Buxar in 1764, which was the last real chance of resisting British expansion across the northern Indian subcontinent.
The South Indian Kingdom of Mysore under Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan briefly eclipsed the dominant position of Bengal in the subcontinent. Tipu Sultan pursued aggressive military modernization; and set up a company to trade with communities around the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea. Mysore's military technology at one point rivaled European technology. However, the Anglo-Mysore War ended Tipu Sultan's ascendancy.
In 1765, Robert Clive, as the representative of the East India Company, was given the Diwani of Bengal by the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II. With this a system of dual governance was established, with the Nawabs responsible for the Nizamat of Bengal and the Company responsible for the Diwani of Bengal. In 1772, this arrangement came to be abolished and Bengal was brought under direct control of the British. In 1793, the Mughal emperor also ceded the Nizamat of Bengal to the Company and the Nawab of Bengal was reduced to a mere titular position and pensioners of the Company. After the Revolt of 1857, Company rule in India ended, and the British Crown, in 1858, took over the territories which were under direct rule of the company. This marked the beginning of Crown rule in India, and the Nawabs had no political or any other kind of control over the territory. Mir Jafar's descendants continued to live in Murshidabad. The Hazarduari Palace (Palace of a Thousand Doors) was built as the residence of the Nawabs in the 1830s. The palace was also used by British colonial officials.
Nawab Mansur Ali Khan was the last titular Nawab Nazim of Bengal. During his reign the nizamat at Murshidabad came to be debt-ridden. The Nawab left Murshidabad in February 1869, and had started living in England. The title of the Nawab of Bengal stood abolished in 1880. He returned to Bombay in October 1880 and pleaded his case against the orders of the government, but as it stood unresolved the Nawab renounced his styles and titles, abdicating in favour of his eldest son on 1 November 1880.
The Nawabs of Murshidabad succeeded the Nawab Nazims following Nawab Mansur Ali Khan's abdication, The Nawab Bahadurs had ceased to exercise any significant power. but were relegated to the status of a zamindar and continued to be a wealthy family, producing bureaucrats and army officers.
Relations with the Zamindars of Bihar
The Zamindars of Bihar maintained a tenuous loyalty to the Nawabs of Bengal. Rebellion and the withholding of revenue was a common feature of the Nawab period in Bihar. Although Bihar had the potential to provide a large amount of revenue and tax, records show that the Nawabs were unable to extract any money from the chiefs of Bihar until 1748. And even following this, the amount gained was very low. This was again due to the rebellious nature of the zamindars who were "continually in arms".
Military campaigns
According to João de Barros, Bengal enjoyed military supremacy over Arakan and Tripura due to good artillery. Its forces possessed notable large cannons. It was also a major exporter of gunpowder and saltpeter to Europe. The Nawabi Army built fortifications across the region, including Idrakpur Fort, Sonakanda Fort, Hajiganj Fort, Lalbagh Fort and Jangalbari Fort. The Mughals expelled Arakanese and Portuguese pirates from the northeastern coastline of the Bay of Bengal. Throughout the late medieval and early modern periods, Bengal was notable for its navy and shipbuilding. The following table covers a list of notable military engagements by Mughal Bengal:
| Conflict | Bengal and allied forces | Opposition forces | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conquest of Tripura (1729) Location: Tripura |
| Dharma Manikya (Manikya dynasty) | Victory
|
| Annexation of Bihar (1733) Location: Bihar | Nawabs of Bengal | Bihar Subah | Victory
|
| Subduing of the Banjara (c.1733 - c.1740) Location: Bihar | Nawabs of Bengal | Banjaras | Victory |
| Subduing of the Bettiah Raj (c.1733 - c.1740) Location: Bihar | Nawabs of Bengal | Bettiah Raj | Victory
|
| Subduing of the Tekari Raj (c.1733 - c.1740) Location: Bihar | Nawabs of Bengal | Tekari Raj | Victory
|
| Subduing of the Chakwars tribe (c.1733 - c.1740) Location: Bihar | Nawabs of Bengal | Bettiah Raj | Victory
|
| First Battle of Giria (1740) Location: Giria, Bengal | Nawabs of Bengal
| Nawabs of Bengal
| Dynasty Change
|
| Battle of Phulwarion (1741) Location: Phulbari, Bengal | Nawabs of Bengal | Governor of Orissa
| Victory
|
| First Battle of Katwa (1742) Location: Katwa, Bengal | Nawabs of Bengal | Maratha Empire | Victory
|
| First Battle of Midnapur (1742) Location: Midnapur, Bengal | Nawabs of Bengal | Maratha Empire | Victory
|
| Battle of Birbhum (1743) Location: Birbhum, Bengal | Nawabs of Bengal | Maratha Empire | Victory
|
| Second Battle of Katwa (1745) Location: Katwa, Bengal | Nawabs of Bengal | Maratha Empire | Victory
|
| Battle at Bhagalpur (1745) Location: Bihar | Nawabs of Bengal | Maratha Empire | Victory |
| 1st Afghan Insurrection (1745) Location: Bihar | Nawabs of Bengal | Afghans of Bihar
| Victory
|
| 2nd Afghan Insurrection (1746) Location: Bihar | Nawabs of Bengal | Afghans of Bihar | Victory
|
| Second Battle of Midnapur (1746) Location: Midnapur, Bengal | Nawabs of Bengal | Maratha Empire | Victory
|
| Battle of Burdwan (1747) Location: Burdwan, Bengal | Nawabs of Bengal | Maratha Empire | Victory
|
| Battle of Rani Sarai (1748) Location, Bihar, Bengal Subah (Part of the third Afghan Insurrection And Maratha invasions of Bengal) | Nawabs of Bengal |
| Victory
|
| Third Battle of Midnapur (1749) Location: Midnapur, Bengal | Nawabs of Bengal | Maratha Empire | Victory |
| Battle of Cuttack (1749) Location: Cuttack, Bengal Subah | Nawabs of Bengal | Maratha Empire | Victory |
| Siege of Barabati Fort (1749) Location:Barabati fort | Nawabs of Bengal | Maratha Empire | Victory
|
| Fourth Battle of Midnapur (1750) Location: Midnapur, Bengal | Nawabs of Bengal | Maratha Empire | Victory
|
| 4th Afghan Insurrection (1750) Location: Bihar, Bengal | Nawabs of Bengal | Afghans of Bihar | Victory
|
| End of Maratha invasions of Bengal (1751) Location: Bengal | Nawabs of Bengal | Maratha Empire | Stalemate
|
| Battle of Kandarpi Ghat (1753) Location: Kandarpi Ghat, Mithila | Nawabs of Bengal | Khandwala dynasty | Defeat
|
| Battle of Manihari (1756) Location: Manihari, Bengal Subah | Nawabs of Bengal
| Shaukat Jang | Victory
|
| Siege of Calcutta (First Anglo-Bengal War) (1756–1757) Location: Kolkata, Bengal | Nawabs of Bengal | United Kingdom
| Victory
|
| Battle of Plassey (Second Anglo-Bengal War) (1757) Location: Palashi, Bengal | Nawabs of Bengal France
| United Kingdom
| Defeat
|
| Battle of Makwanpur (1763) (1763) Location: Nepal | Nawabs of Bengal | Nepal | Defeat
|
| 1st Battle of Patna (1763) Location: Patna, Bengal Subah | Nawabs of Bengal | United Kingdom
| Victory
|
| 2nd Battle of Giria (1763) Location: Giria, Bengal | Nawabs of Bengal | United Kingdom
| Defeat
|
| Third Anglo–Bengal War (Bengal War) (1763–1764) Location: Buxar, Bengal Subah |
| United Kingdom
Kashi Kingdom | Defeat
|
List of Nawabs
The following is a list of the Nawabs of Bengal. Sarfaraz Khan and Mir Jafar were the only two to become Nawab Nazim twice. The chronology started in 1717 with Murshid Quli Khan and ended in 1880 with Mansur Ali Khan.
Independent Rulers
| Portrait | Titular Name | Personal Name | Birth | Reign | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasiri dynasty | |||||
| Jaafar Khan Bahadur Nasiri | Murshid Quli Khan | 1665 | 1717–30 June 1727 | 30 June 1727 | |
| Ala-ud-Din Haidar Jung | Sarfaraz Khan | 1700 | 1727–1727 (for few days) | 29 April 1740 | |
| Shuja ud-Daula | Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan | 1670 | 1 July 1727 – 26 August 1739 | 26 August 1739 | |
| Ala-ud-Din Haidar Jung | Sarfaraz Khan | 1700 | 26 August 1739 – 29 April 1740 | 29 April 1740 | |
| Afshar dynasty | |||||
| Hashim ud-Daula | Alivardi Khan | Before 10 May 1671 | 29 April 1740 – 9 April 1756 | 9 April 1756 | |
| Mansur-ul-Mulk Siraj-ud-Daulla | Siraj ud-Daulah | 1733 | 9 April 1756 – 23 June 1757 | 2 July 1757 | |
Puppet rulers under British influence
| Portrait | Titular Name | Personal Name | Birth | Reign | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Najafi dynasty | |||||
| Ja'afar 'Ali Khan Bahadur | Mir Jafar | 1691 | 2 June 1757 – 20 October 1760 | 17 January 1765 | |
| Itimad ud-Daulah | Mir Qasim | 1720 | 20 October 1760 – 7 July 1763 | 8 May 1777 | |
| Ja'afar 'Ali Khan Bahadur | Mir Jafar | 1691 | 25 July 1763 – 17 January 1765 | 17 January 1765 | |
| Najm ud-Daulah | Najmuddin Ali Khan | 1750 | 5 February 1765 – 8 May 1766 | 8 May 1766 | |
| Saif ud-Daulah | Najabut Ali Khan | 1749 | 22 May 1766 – 10 March 1770 | 10 March 1770 | |
| Ashraf Ali Khan | 1740 | 10 March 1770 – 24 March 1770 | 24 March 1770 | ||
| Mubarak ud-Daulah | Mubarak Ali Khan | 1759 | 21 March 1770 – 6 September 1793 | 6 September 1793 | |
| Azud ud-Daulah | Baber Ali Khan | 1760 | 1793 – 28 April 1810 | 28 April 1810 | |
| Ali Jah | Zain-ud-Din Ali Khan | 1785 | 5 June 1810 – 6 August 1821 | 6 August 1821 | |
| Walla Jah | Ahmad Ali Khan | 1760 | 1821 – 30 October 1824 | 30 October 1824 | |
| Humayun Jah | Mubarak Ali Khan II | 29 September 1810 | 1824 – 3 October 1838 | 3 October 1838 | |
| Feradun Jah | Mansur Ali Khan | 29 October 1830 | 29 October 1838 – 1 November 1880 (abdicated) | 5 November 1884 | |
See also
- Nawabs of Murshidabad
- Maratha invasions of Bengal
- Battle of Plassey
- Bengal Presidency
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