Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency
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A parliamentary republic with an executive presidency, is a form of parliamentary democracy in which the executive derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the confidence of the legislature to which it is held accountable, but is characterized by a combined head of state–head of government in the form of an executive president who carries out both functions. This is in contrast to conventional parliamentary systems (be it in a monarchy or a republic) where the executive is separate from the head of state, and a presidential system where the executive is separate from the legislature. The president is typically elected by the legislature and must maintain its confidence to remain in office, for which purpose they may be required to hold a seat.
This method of presidential election is distinct from an assembly-independent republic, in which either the combined head of state and government (as in the Federated States of Micronesia) or the directorial executive (as in Switzerland) are elected by the legislature but are not accountable to it. It is also distinct from the semi-presidential system (in particular, the 'president-parliamentary' variant), in which the president as head of state is independent of the legislature, while the head of government is subject to parliamentary confidence.
National level
Jurisdiction
Title
Election
Removal
Term limits
Position in cabinet
Power to shape cabinet
Promulgation of laws
Granting pardons
Emergency / War
Other provisions
Botswana
President
The president is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat (ex-officio)
If a vote of no confidence is successful and they do not resign, it triggers the dissolution of the legislature and new elections are called (section 92 of the Constitution).
The president and the legislature are elected directly by the people via double simultaneous vote
The president is constitutionally obligated to dissolve parliament after a successful no-confidence motion against the government ((article 106(6)) and new elections are called within 3 months (article 61)).
The president is elected by plurality voting after candidates for the presidency are nominated by the newly elected legislature
If a vote of no confidence against the president is successful, they are removed from office and the legislature stands dissolved (triggering a new election for it) in the interim a body known as the "Council of State" (comprising the chief justice, the president of the public service commission and speaker of the legislature) fulfills the functions of the presidency.
The president is elected by the National Assembly, the lower house of Parliament, from among its members.
The president may be removed either by a motion of no-confidence or an impeachment trial.
2 terms (10 years in total)
?
?
Y Yes
Y Yes
Y Yes (see section 37 of constitution)
The president is required to be a member of the National Assembly at the time of the election. Upon election, the president immediately resigns their seat for the duration of the presidential term.
The President is elected by the National Assembly by a two-thirds majority vote. (Chapter XI, Art. 83)
According to constitution of Suriname the parliament is the highest college of state and the government is accountable it (Constitution Chapter XIII, Art. 117, paragraph 2). The parliament can also remove the president by majority vote (article 74a, 82 of the constitution).
The president was elected by the People's Consultative Assembly by plurality. (Article 6(2))
The process of removal was not defined. The president would be replaced by the vice president if there was any vacancy (e.g. died, resigned, or incapable to do their duties). (Article 8)
No term limit was defined. (Article 7)
Y Yes
Y Yes
Y Yes
Y Yes
Y Yes
The 2001 amendments to the Constitution of Indonesia, which had occurred just few months after the ousting of then president Abdurrahman Wahid, replaced this de facto parliamentary system with a purely presidential one. This should not be confused with the parliamentary system of Liberal Democracy period (with prime minister as the head of government), where it was created under the Provisional Constitution of 1950.
limited (cabinet appointments subject to parliamentary approval, the state parliament may recall individual cabinet ministers with a two-thirds majority)
None, but if the Minister-president does not resign although they have lost the confidence of parliament, they can be indicted before the state constitutional court
N No
guideline competence
limited (cabinet appointments subject to parliamentary approval)
Vote of no confidence (if the state parliament does not elect a new Governing Mayor within 21 days, the former officeholder is reinvested automatically)
Majority of members of parliament or plurality, if the state parliament does not elect a minister-president in 21 days and does not dissolve itself thereupon
Constructive vote of no confidence
N No
guideline competence
limited (cabinet appointments subject to parliamentary approval)
Majority of members of parliament or plurality, if the state parliament does not elect a minister-president in 28 days and does not dissolve itself thereupon
Majority of members of parliament or simple majority, if the state parliament does not elect a minister-president in 14 days and does not dissolve itself thereupon
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