The Supreme Commander of the Imperial and Royal Armed Forces (German: Oberkommandierender der Streitkräfte von Österreich-Ungarn; Hungarian: A Császári és Király Fegyveres Erők Főparancsnoka) was the ultimate authority of the Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces – which comprised the Army, Navy and Aviation Troops of Austria-Hungary.
| Supreme Commander of the Imperial and Royal Armed Forces | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
Standard of the Supreme Commander | |||||||
Last holder Hermann Kövess 4 November 1918 – 1 December 1918 | |||||||
| Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces Military Chancellery | |||||||
| Type | Commander-in-chief | ||||||
| Reports to | Emperor–King | ||||||
| Appointer | Emperor–King | ||||||
| Formation | 2 December 1848 | ||||||
| First holder | Franz Joseph I of Austria | ||||||
| Final holder | Hermann Kövess | ||||||
| Abolished | 1 December 1918 | ||||||
| Deputy | Adjutant General | ||||||
Highest Commander-in-Chief
The Supreme Commander was usually the Emperor of Austria as Highest Commander-in-Chief (Allerhöchste Oberbefehl; Legmagasabb Főparancsnok). The Emperor ran the armed forces (Bewaffnete Macht or Wehrmacht) through the Military Chancellery of His Imperial and Royal Majesty the Emperor-King (Militärkanzlei Seiner Majestät des Kaisers and Königs; Őfelsége a Császár-Király Katonai Kancelláriájá) that was established on 11 July 1867. Amongst its heads, who usually bore the title Adjutant General (Generaladjutant), were:
- Friedrich von Beck-Rzikowsky (11 Jul 1867–1881)
- Arthur Freiherr von Bolfras (1889–5 Jan 1917)
In his old age Franz Joseph I only rarely exercised the function of supreme commander in person. Instead, in 1905 after the death of Field Marshal Archduke Albert — who had taken over the post in 1866 from General Benedek and held it until his death in 1895 — he appointed Archduke Friedrich of Austria-Teschen as his representative using the style: At the disposal of the Supreme Commander - His Imperial and Royal Highness General of Infantry and Inspector of the Army Archduke Friedrich (Zur Disposition des Allerhöchsten Oberbefehls - se. k.u.k. Hoheit General der Infanterie und Armeeinspektor Erzherzog Friedrich).
Besides Friedrich, whose duties were mainly ceremonial, Archduke Franz Ferdinand had a great influence on the armed forces in the last years of the monarchy, and worked hard to keep them united and to expand them. In 1898, after a career as an officer, he was appointed "at the disposal of the Supreme Commander" (zur Disposition des Allerhöchsten Oberbefehles), in order to oversee the army as a whole as well as the navy. To that end, from 1899, he maintained his own military chancellery (headed from Dec 1905 to autumn 1911 by Alexander Brosch von Aarenau and from autumn 1911 to June 1914 by Carl von Bardolff), at Belvedere Palace, which was successively expanded by Brosch into a secondary government (Nebenregierung). In 1913 the heir to the Emperor was appointed as Inspector General of the Armed Forces (Generalinspektor der gesamten bewaffneten Macht); at his request Franz Joseph I appointed General Conrad as Chief of the General Staff (1906–1911 and 1912–1 Mar 1917). The CGS, since the reform of 1895 called the CGS of the Armed Forces (Chef des Generalstabs für die gesamte bewaffnete Macht), had the right to a personal audience with the monarch (without the presence of the Minister of War), whereby the CGS was superior to the Defence Ministry as well as the Imperial Chancellery, and the Inspector General of Troops was subordinated to him; only the heir apparent outranked him.
At the onset of World War I, the Emperor appointed Friedrich as commander in chief, following the usual practice in times of crisis to appoint a serving officer to exercise high command of the army. Friedrich assumed this function until 2 Dec 1916, when the new Emperor, Charles I, took over supreme command himself.
Charles himself gave up the supreme command at the end of the war, in order not to have to sign the peace treaty and terms of surrender personally.
List of officeholders
Supreme commanders
| No. | Portrait | Supreme commander | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | His k.u.k. Apostolic Majesty Franz Joseph I of Austria (1830–1916) | 1848 | 1914 | 65–66 years | . | |
| 2 | His k.u.k. Highness Field marshal Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen (1856–1936) | 11 July 1914 | 2 December 1916 | 1 year, 360 days | . | |
| 3 | His k.u.k. Apostolic Majesty Grand Admiral and Colonel General Charles I of Austria (1887–1922) | 2 December 1916 | 3 November 1918 | 1 year, 336 days | ||
| 4 | Field marshal Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza (1854–1924) | 3 November 1918 | 1 December 1918 | 28 days |
Deputies
| No. | Portrait | Deputy | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Supreme commander | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | His k.u.k. Highness Field marshal Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen (1817–1895) | 1866 | 18 February 1895 † | 28–29 years | Franz Joseph I of Austria | ||
| Vacant Feb 1895 – 1898 | |||||||
| 2 | His k.u.k. Highness General of Cavalry and Admiral Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (1863–1914) | 1898 | 28 Jun 1914 † | 15–16 years | Franz Joseph I of Austria | ||
| 3 | His k.u.k. Highness General of Infantry and Inspector of the Army Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen (1856–1936) | 1905 | 1913 | 7–8 years | Franz Joseph I of Austria | . | |
| Vacant 1913 – 1916 | |||||||
| (3) | His k.u.k. Highness General of Infantry and Inspector of the Army Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen (1856–1936) | 2 December 1916 | 11 February 1917 | 71 days | Charles I of Austria | . | |
| Vacant Feb 1917 – Nov 1918 | |||||||
| 4 | Colonel General Arthur Arz von Straußenburg (1857–1935) | 4 November 1918 | 1 December 1918 | 27 days | Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza | ||
See also
- Minister of War (Austria-Hungary)
- Austrian Minister of Defence (Austria-Hungary)
- Minister of Defense (Austria)
- Austro-Hungarian General Staff
- Chief of the General Staff (Austria)
Literature
- Zeinar, Hubert (2006), Geschichte des österreichischen Generalstabes, Vienna: Böhlau, ISBN 978-320577415-0
- The Army of Francis Joseph by Gunther E. Rothenberg
wikipedia, wiki, encyclopedia, book, library, article, read, free download, Information about Supreme Commander of the Imperial and Royal Armed Forces, What is Supreme Commander of the Imperial and Royal Armed Forces? What does Supreme Commander of the Imperial and Royal Armed Forces mean?