Time periods in the region of Palestine summarizes the major time periods in the history of the region of Palestine/Land of Israel, and notes the major events in each time period.
Period (Archaeological age)
Period name
Ruling regime
Region names
Major events
4000–3300 BC (Copper Age)
Pre-history
Initial use of copper, agriculture become the basis of the economy, the formation of the first cities.
3300–1000 BC (Bronze Age and Iron Age I)
The Canaanite and Egyptian period
Canaanites / New Kingdom Egypt
Canaan / Djahy
Initial fortification of cities, people used bronze, initial use of writing systems. The Late Bronze Age is characterized by individual city-states and domination by Egypt.
1700 BC: the period of the Patriarchs in the region (Biblical sources only)
c. 1550–1400 BC: Egyptian New Kingdom reunites Egypt and expands into the Levant under Ahmose I and Thutmose I
c. 1330 BC: Amarna letters correspondence between vassal Canaanite rulers and Amenhotep III
1178 BC: The Battle of Djahy (Canaan) between Ramesses III and the Sea Peoples marks the beginning of the decline in power of the New Kingdom in the Levant during the Bronze Age collapse
Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy) / Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) / Kingdom of Judah / Philistia / Territorial environs of Arabu, Edom, Phoenicia
Collapse of Canaanite cities, settlement increase in hill country and Transjordan
1030–930 BC: The United Kingdom of Israel: the kingdom of Saul, Ishbaal, David and Solomon (Biblical sources only, dates are estimated).
928 BC: Kingdom splits into two kingdoms: Israel in the north and Judah (containing Jerusalem) in the south. (Biblical sources only, dates are estimated).
Intrusion of Assyria into the region, states and cities lose independence.
732–539 BC (Iron Age IIC)
Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods
Neo-Assyrian Empire and Neo-Babylonian Empire
Eber-Nari / Yehud
732 BC: The region becomes a vassal of the Neo-Assyrian Empire under Tiglath Pileser III - Israel by conquest and Judah by vassalage. Thousands of Israelites are forcibly relocated to elsewhere in the Empire.
627 BC: The death of Ashurbanipal and the successful revolt of Nabopolassar replaces the Neo-Assyrian Empire with the Neo-Babylonian Empire
609 BC: The region becomes part of the Empire of the Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt after the Battle of Megiddo (609 BC), only to switch back after the Battle of Carchemish in 605 BC
587–6 BC: Nebuchadnezzar II fought Pharaoh Apries's attempt to invade the region. Jerusalem mostly destroyed including the First Temple, and the city's prominent citizens exiled Babylonian captivity (Biblical sources only)
539–332 BC
The Persian period
Persian Empire
Eber-Nari / Province of Judah / Palestina
539 BC: Cyrus the Great conquered the Babylonian Empire and gave the Jews permission to return to the Yehud Province.
6 AD - Census of Quirinius. Revolt by Judas of Galilee.
66–73 AD: First Jewish–Roman War. Leads to destruction of Jewish Temple (70 AD) and the conquest of Masada (73 AD).
115–119 AD: Revolt against Trajan reaches Judea province, the last rebels are defeated in Lydda.
130 AD: Roman emperor Hadrian order construction of a pagan Roman "Colonia Aelia Capitolina" on the ruins of Jerusalem.
132–135 AD: The Bar Kokhba revolt - the third major rebellion by the Jews against Roman rule. After the rebellion failed, emperor Hadrian changed the name of the province from Iudaea to "Syria Palaestina" in order to complete the dissociation between the Jewish rebels and the region.
135–324
The Late Roman period
Roman Empire
Syria Palaestina
260 AD: Short-living Palmyrene Empire emerges in the Levant, splitting from the Roman Empire.
272 AD: Palmyrene Empire is reannexed to Roman Empire. Syria Palaestina restored as Roman province.
324–638
The Byzantine period
Byzantine Empire
Palaestina I and Palaestina II
326–335:Church of the Nativity is built in Bethlehem and Eleona Basilica and Church of the Holy Sepulchre are built in Jerusalem
425: Jewish Sanhedrin is dissolved, the last Nasi is executed.
484: Samaritan revolt erupts in Neapolis, led by Justa (rebel) and shortly defeated.
529: Julianus ben Sabar leads a large-scale Samaritan revolt against Byzantines, defeated with great losses.
556: Another large scale revolt by Samaritans and Jews against the Byzantines erupts in Caesarea Maritima, but also defeated.
614: Persian invasion supported by Jewish rebels; Jerusalem conquered and becomes the administrative center of the Jewish Sassanid Commonwealth.
628: The area restores to Byzantine rule.
629: Nearly 150,000 Jews are massacred and expelled by Byzantines from Jerusalem and the Galilee.
638–1099
The Arab Caliphate Period
Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid and Fatimid Caliphates
Jund Filastin
638: the conquest of Jerusalem by the armies of the Rashidun Caliphate (Islamic Empire) under Caliph Umar.
661: The Umayyad Caliphate period.
750: The Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate.
878: The Tulunids occupied Palestine and Syria, enabling them to defend Egypt against Abbasid attack.
970: The Fatimids, a self-proclaimed Shia caliphate, took control and appointed a Jewish governor.
1071: The Seljuk Turks invaded large portions of West Asia, including Asia Minor and Palestine.
1099–1260
The Crusader period and the Ayyubid Period
The Crusaders, Seljuks and Ayyubids
Southern Levant / Kingdom of Jerusalem / Outremer / Palestine / Holy Land
1099: First Crusade and the establishment of the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem.
1187: Battle of Hattin between the forces of Saladin and the Crusaders.
1191: Third Crusade led by the armies of Richard the Lionhearted.
1260–1517
The Mamluk period
The Mamluk
Damascus Wilayah / Filastin
1260: Battle of Ain Jalut between the Egyptian Mamluks and the Mongols which took place in the Jezreel Valley.
1291: Fall of Acre which resulted in the Crusaders loss of their last major stronghold of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.
1517–1917
The Ottoman period
Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Syria / Southern Syria / Arz-i-Filistin
1517: conquest of Palestine by the armies of the Turkish Sultan Selim I.
1538–1535: Suleiman the Magnificent restores the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the Jerusalem city walls (which are the current walls of the Old City of Jerusalem).
1799: Napoleon Bonaparte's Siege of Acre (Part of the French invasion of Egypt).
1832–1840: Egyptian conquest of the region by the armies of Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt.
1917–1948
The British Mandate period
British Empire
Mandatory Palestine
1917: British occupation of the region and the beginning of the British Mandate for Palestine.
1959: Egypt, Syria and All-Palestine Government united as the United Arab Republic.
1967: Six-Day War: Israel occupies the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt and the West Bank from Jordan. 280,000 to 325,000 Palestinians displaced from the Gaza Strip and West Bank.
1973: Yom Kippur War: A coalition of Arab states surprise attacks Israel in an attempt to regain the territories they lost in the Six-Day War.
1979: Egypt–Israel peace treaty which leads to Israel's complete withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula.
1993: Oslo accords, Palestinian Authority is created.
1994: Israel–Jordan peace treaty.
2005: Israel's unilateral disengagement plan: Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip were evacuated.
2007: Gaza Strip violently splits from Palestinian Authority.
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