Timeline of Vietnam under Chinese rule

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This is a timeline of Vietnamese history under Chinese rule from the 3rd century BC to 905.

3rd century BC

Year Date Event
257 BC Thục Phán of the Âu Việt invades Văn Lang and creates Âu Lạc
207 BC Qin general Zhao Tuo captures the Cổ Loa Citadel and defeats Âu Lạc, creating the two administrative regions of Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ) and Jiuzhen (Cửu Chân)
203 BC Zhao Tuo declares himself king of Nanyue (Nam Việt)

2nd century BC

Year Date Event
198 BC Two legates are assigned to oversee affairs in Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen
181 BC Nanyue attacks Changsha
111 BC Han conquest of Nanyue: Han general Lu Bode conquers Nanyue and separates it into Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen, Cangwu, Nanhai, Yulin, Hepu, Dan'er, and Zhuya. Starts First Era of Northern Domination.

1st century

Year Date Event
2 Census records for Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen, and Rinan record 143,643 households and a population of 981,755
40 Trung sisters' rebellion: Yue tribes rebel in Jiaozhi
42 Trung sisters' rebellion: Ma Yuan leads an expedition to Jiaozhi
43 Trung sisters' rebellion: The Trưng Sisters are decapitated

2nd century

Year Date Event
100 A rebellion in Jiaozhi is put down
136 People known as the Qulian from beyond the southern frontier attack Rinan Commandery, causing turmoil and confusion
137 Rinan rebels
144 Rinan rebels
157 Chu Đạt rebels in Jiuzhen Commandery and is defeated
160 Shi Ci becomes administrator of Rinan
190 Shi Ci's son Shi Xie appoints his brothers Shi Yi, Shi Wei, and Shi Wu as administrators of Hepu, Jiuzhen, and Nanhai
192 The southernmost district of Rinan Commandery, Xianglin, breaks away and becomes the Kingdom of Lâm Ấp, otherwise known as Champa

3rd century

Year Date Event
211 Shi Xie submits to Sun Quan's overlordship
217 Shi Xie sends his son Shi Xin to Sun Quan as hostage
226 Shi Xie dies and Sun Quan's general Lü Dai kills his family; Shi Xie, also called Sĩ Nhiếp in Vietnamese, is remembered today in Vietnam as the father of education and Buddhism - according to Stephen O'Harrow, he was essentially "the first Vietnamese"
248 Lâm Ấp (probably Champa) seizes Rinan while Lady Triệu rebels unsuccessfully against Sun Wu

4th century

Year Date Event
347 Lâm Ấp invades Jiaozhi but is repulsed by the Jin dynasty (266–420)
359 Lâm Ấp is defeated
377 Li Xun seizes Jiuzhen
380 Teng Dunzhi becomes governor of Jiaozhi after Du Yuan kills Li Xun
399 Du Yuan becomes governor of Jiaozhi and defeats a Lâm Ấp invasion

5th century

Year Date Event
405 Lâm Ấp attacks Jiaozhi
410 Du Yuan dies and is succeeded by Du Huidu
411 A rebel army under Lu Xun attempts to seize control over Jiaozhi but fails
413 Lâm Ấp attacks Jiaozhi
415 Lâm Ấp attacks Jiaozhi
423 Du Huidu dies and is succeeded by Du Hongwen
424 Lâm Ấp attacks Jiaozhi
427 Du Hongwen leaves Jiaozhi for the court after receiving an appointment
443 Tan Hezhi, governor of Jiaozhi, starts recruiting an army
446 Tan Hezhi invades Lâm Ấp and pushes them back to the area around modern Da Nang
468 Two brothers Lý Trường Nhân and Lý Thúc Hiến rebel against the Liu Song dynasty, emperor Emperor Ming of Song de jure recognizes Lý Trường Nhân as Thứ sử (province governor, cishi)
485 Lý Thúc Hiến surrenders to Qi Dynasty

6th century

Year Date Event
541 Lý Bôn (503–548) rebels and attacks Liang officials
544 February Lý Bôn establishes the Early Lý dynasty (Kingdom of Vạn Xuân) and becomes Lý Nam Đế (Southern Emperor)
545 Chen Baxian drives Lý Nam Đế into the mountains, where he is eventually killed, but resistance continues under Lý Thiên Bảo

7th century

Year Date Event
602 Sui–Former Lý War: Sui forces under Liu Fang annex the kingdom of Vạn Xuân
618 Transition from Sui to Tang: Sui military leaders in Jiaozhou follow Xiao Xian fight against the new Tang Empire
622 Transition from Sui to Tang: Li Yuan and his forces defeat Xiao Xian, then arrive Tống Bình (Hanoi). Jiaozhou governor Khâu Hòa (552–637) surrenders to Tang dynasty. Jiaozhou is incorporated into Tang Empire
679 Jiaozhi is renamed Annan (An Nam)
687 Lý Tự Tiên and Đinh Kiến revolt at Đại La in response to a raise in harvest tax
691 I-ching's book Commentary about Monks of the Great Tang mentions 6 Vietnamese Buddhist monks who traveled to India

8th century

Year Date Event
722 Mai Thúc Loan rebels in Annan and is defeated
767 Srivijaya fleets invade Annan and are defeated
785 Phùng Hưng rebels in Annan
791 Tang regains control of Annan

9th century

Year Date Event
803 Champa seizes southern Annan
846 Nanzhao raids Annan
858 Rebellion breaks out in Annan and is put down
861 Nanzhao attacks Bo Prefecture and Annan but is repulsed.
863 Nanzhao conquers Annan
866 Gao Pian retakes Annan from Nanzhao and establishes the Jinghai Army (Military Command)
874 Tang dynasty launches a campaign against aboriginal forces
877 Troops deployed from Annan rebel in Guangxi
879 Campaign against aboriginal forces ends
880 A Tang garrison at Đại La mutinies, forcing Zeng Gun to withdraw troops from the south and relinquish control over Annan; ending de facto Chinese control over Vietnam

10th century

Year Date Event
904 Zhu Wen's brother Quanyu tries to enter Annan but is immediately dismissed the next year for being "stupid and without ability"
906 Khúc Thừa Dụ of the Khúc clan takes control of Annan and establishes tributary relations with Later Liang
  • Yue/Viet tribes pre-Han conquest
  • Han conquest of Nanyue in 112 BC
  • Ngô dynasty in 938

See also

  • Annam (province) (Annan)
  • Tĩnh Hải quân (Jinghai Jun)
  • Timeline of the Lý dynasty

Citations

  1. Taylor 2013, p. 14-16.
  2. Taylor 2013, p. 17.
  3. Twitchett 2008, p. 136.
  4. Twitchett 2008, p. 453.
  5. Chua 2018, p. 43.
  6. Taylor 2013, p. 18.
  7. Twitchett 2008, p. 271.
  8. Taylor 2013, p. 22.
  9. Taylor 2013, p. 27.
  10. Taylor 1983, p. 48.
  11. Taylor 1983, p. 50.
  12. Crespigny 2007, p. 739.
  13. Taylor 1983, p. 47.
  14. Taylor 2013, p. 29.
  15. Taylor 2013, p. 31.
  16. Taylor 2013, p. 32.
  17. Taylor 2013, p. 23.
  18. Taylor 2013, p. 33.
  19. Book of Qi, vol. 2, p. 6
  20. Book of Qi, vol. 58, p. 14
  21. Taylor 2013, p. 34.
  22. Taylor 2013, p. 35.
  23. Taylor 2013.
  24. Old Book of Tang, vol. 59
  25. New Book of Tang, vol. 90
  26. Xiong 2009, p. 44.
  27. Taylor 2013, p. 38.
  28. Taylor 2013, p. 39.
  29. Taylor 2013, p. 40.
  30. Taylor 2013, p. 41.
  31. Taylor 2013, p. 42.
  32. Herman 2007, p. 36.
  33. Xiong 2009, p. cxiv.
  34. Kiernan 2019, p. 124.
  35. Taylor 2013, p. 44.
  36. Taylor 1983, p. 204.

Bibliography

  • Crespigny, Rafe (2007), A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD), Brill
  • Herman, John E. (2007), Amid the Clouds and Mist China's Colonization of Guizhou, 1200–1700, Harvard University Asia Center, ISBN 978-0-674-02591-2
  • Kiernan, Ben (2019). Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190053796.
  • Taylor, K.W. (1983), The Birth of the Vietnamese, University of California Press
  • Taylor, K.W. (2013), A History of the Vietnamese, Cambridge University Press
  • Twitchett, Denis (2008), The Cambridge History of China 1, Cambridge University Press
  • Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 978-0810860537
  • Chua, Amy (2018), Political Tribes: Group Instinct and the Fate of Nations, Penguin Press, ISBN 978-0399562853

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