Unconsciousness

Unconsciousness is a state in which a living individual exhibits a complete, or near-complete, inability to maintain an awareness of self and environment or to respond to any human or environmental stimulus. Unconsciousness may occur as the result of traumatic brain injury, brain hypoxia (inadequate oxygen, possibly due to a brain infarction or cardiac arrest), severe intoxication with drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system (e.g., alcohol and other hypnotic or sedative drugs), severe fatigue, pain, anaesthesia, and other causes.

Unconsciousness

An unconscious male human lying in a recovery position
Specialty	Psychiatry Neurology Cardiology Pulmonology Emergency medicine

Loss of consciousness should not be confused with the notion of the psychoanalytic unconscious, cognitive processes that take place outside awareness (e.g., implicit cognition), and with altered states of consciousness such as sleep, delirium, hypnosis, and other altered states in which the person responds to stimuli, including trance and psychedelic experiences.

Causes

This is not a complete list.

Cardiovascular system

Arrhythmia (irregular heart beat)
Bleeding
Cardiac arrest
Cardiomegaly
Heart failure (HF) (congestive heart failure (CHF))
Myocardial infarction (MI) (heart attack)
Myocarditis
Pericarditis
Shock

Nervous system

Brain abscess
Brain tumor
Encephalitis
Increased intracranial pressure
Intracerebral hemorrhage (hemorrhagic stroke)
Ischemic stroke
Meningitis
Seizure
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) (intracranial injury)

Respiratory system

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Choking
Drowning
Lung cancer (lung carcinoma)
Pneumonia
Pulmonary embolism (PE)
Respiratory arrest
Respiratory failure

Other

Drugs
Electrocution
Kidney failure
Liver failure
Poison or venom
Sepsis

Law and medicine

In jurisprudence, unconsciousness may entitle the criminal defendant to the defense of automatism, i.e. a state without control of one's own actions, an excusing condition that allows a defendant to argue that they should not be held criminally liable for their actions or omissions. In most countries, courts must consider whether unconsciousness in a situation can be accepted as a defense; it can vary from case to case. Hence epileptic seizures, neurological dysfunctions, and sleepwalking may be considered acceptable excusing conditions because the loss of control is not foreseeable, but falling asleep (especially while driving or during any other safety-critical activity) may not, because natural sleep rarely overcomes an ordinary person without warning.

In many countries, it is presumed that someone who is less than fully conscious cannot give consent to anything. This can be relevant in cases of sexual assault, euthanasia, or patients giving informed consent with regard to starting or stopping a medical treatment.