In astronomy, a variable-star designation is a unique identifier given to variable stars. It extends the Bayer designation format, with an identifying label (as described below) preceding the Latin genitive of the name of the constellation in which the star lies. The identifying label can be one or two Latin letters or a V plus a number (e.g. V399). Examples are R Coronae Borealis, YZ Ceti, V603 Aquilae. (See List of constellations for a list of constellations and the genitive forms of their names.)
Naming
The current naming system is:
- Stars with existing Greek letter Bayer designations are not given new designations.
- Otherwise, start with the letter R and go through Z.
- Continue with RR–RZ, then use SS–SZ, TT–TZ and so on until ZZ.
- After ZZ return to the beginning of the Latin alphabet and use AA–AZ, BB–BZ, CC–CZ, and so on, until reaching QZ, but omitting the letter J in either first or second position. The second letter is never nearer the beginning of the alphabet than the first, e.g., no star can be BA, CA, CB, DA and so on.
- Abandon the Latin letters after all 334 combinations of letters and start naming stars with V335, V336, and so on.
- After the combination/number, put the genitive of the constellation name (e.g. Centaurus becomes Centauri, Orion becomes Orionis) to get the star name.
| Variable Number | Designation |
|---|---|
| 1 | R |
| 2 | S |
| 3 | T |
| 4 | U |
| 5 | V |
| 6 | W |
| 7 | X |
| 8 | Y |
| 9 | Z |
| 10 | RR |
| 11 | RS |
| 12 | RT |
| 13 | RU |
| 14 | RV |
| 15 | RW |
| 16 | RX |
| 17 | RY |
| 18 | RZ |
| 19 | SS |
| 20 | ST |
| 21 | SU |
| 22 | SV |
| 23 | SW |
| 24 | SX |
| 25 | SY |
| 26 | SZ |
| 27 | TT |
| 28 | TU |
| 29 | TV |
| 30 | TW |
| 31 | TX |
| 32 | TY |
| 33 | TZ |
| 34 | UU |
| 35 | UV |
| 36 | UW |
| 37 | UX |
| 38 | UY |
| 39 | UZ |
| 40 | VV |
| 41 | VW |
| 42 | VX |
| 43 | VY |
| 44 | VZ |
| 45 | WW |
| 46 | WX |
| 47 | WY |
| 48 | WZ |
| 49 | XX |
| 50 | XY |
| 51 | XZ |
| 52 | YY |
| 53 | YZ |
| 54 | ZZ |
| 55 | AA |
| 56 | AB |
| 57 | AC |
| 58 | AD |
| 59 | AE |
| 60 | AF |
| 61 | AG |
| 62 | AH |
| 63 | AI |
| 64 | AK |
| 65 | AL |
| 66 | AM |
| 67 | AN |
| 68 | AO |
| 69 | AP |
| 70 | AQ |
| 71 | AR |
| 72 | AS |
| 73 | AT |
| 74 | AU |
| 75 | AV |
| 76 | AW |
| 77 | AX |
| 78 | AY |
| 79 | AZ |
| 80 | BB |
| 81 | BC |
| 82 | BD |
| 83 | BE |
| 84 | BF |
| 85 | BG |
| 86 | BH |
| 87 | BI |
| 88 | BK |
| 89 | BL |
| 90 | BM |
| 91 | BN |
| 92 | BO |
| 93 | BP |
| 94 | BQ |
| 95 | BR |
| 96 | BS |
| 97 | BT |
| 98 | BU |
| 99 | BV |
| 100 | BW |
| 101 | BX |
| 102 | BY |
| 103 | BZ |
| 104 | CC |
| 105 | CD |
| 106 | CE |
| 107 | CF |
| 108 | CG |
| 109 | CH |
| 110 | CI |
| 111 | CK |
| 112 | CL |
| 113 | CM |
| 114 | CN |
| 115 | CO |
| 116 | CP |
| 117 | CQ |
| 118 | CR |
| 119 | CS |
| 120 | CT |
| 121 | CU |
| 122 | CV |
| 123 | CW |
| 124 | CX |
| 125 | CY |
| 126 | CZ |
| 127 | DD |
| 128 | DE |
| 129 | DF |
| 130 | DG |
| 131 | DH |
| 132 | DI |
| 133 | DK |
| 134 | DL |
| 135 | DM |
| 136 | DN |
| 137 | DO |
| 138 | DP |
| 139 | DQ |
| 140 | DR |
| 141 | DS |
| 142 | DT |
| 143 | DU |
| 144 | DV |
| 145 | DW |
| 146 | DX |
| 147 | DY |
| 148 | DZ |
| 149 | EE |
| 150 | EF |
| 151 | EG |
| 152 | EH |
| 153 | EI |
| 154 | EK |
| 155 | EL |
| 156 | EM |
| 157 | EN |
| 158 | EO |
| 159 | EP |
| 160 | EQ |
| 161 | ER |
| 162 | ES |
| 163 | ET |
| 164 | EU |
| 165 | EV |
| 166 | EW |
| 167 | EX |
| 168 | EY |
| 169 | EZ |
| 170 | FF |
| 171 | FG |
| 172 | FH |
| 173 | FI |
| 174 | FK |
| 175 | FL |
| 176 | FM |
| 177 | FN |
| 178 | FO |
| 179 | FP |
| 180 | FQ |
| 181 | FR |
| 182 | FS |
| 183 | FT |
| 184 | FU |
| 185 | FV |
| 186 | FW |
| 187 | FX |
| 188 | FY |
| 189 | FZ |
| 190 | GG |
| 191 | GH |
| 192 | GI |
| 193 | GK |
| 194 | GL |
| 195 | GM |
| 196 | GN |
| 197 | GO |
| 198 | GP |
| 199 | GQ |
| 200 | GR |
| 201 | GS |
| 202 | GT |
| 203 | GU |
| 204 | GV |
| 205 | GW |
| 206 | GX |
| 207 | GY |
| 208 | GZ |
| 209 | HH |
| 210 | HI |
| 211 | HK |
| 212 | HL |
| 213 | HM |
| 214 | HN |
| 215 | HO |
| 216 | HP |
| 217 | HQ |
| 218 | HR |
| 219 | HS |
| 220 | HT |
| 221 | HU |
| 222 | HV |
| 223 | HW |
| 224 | HX |
| 225 | HY |
| 226 | HZ |
| 227 | II |
| 228 | IK |
| 229 | IL |
| 230 | IM |
| 231 | IN |
| 232 | IO |
| 233 | IP |
| 234 | IQ |
| 235 | IR |
| 236 | IS |
| 237 | IT |
| 238 | IU |
| 239 | IV |
| 240 | IW |
| 241 | IX |
| 242 | IY |
| 243 | IZ |
| 244 | KK |
| 245 | KL |
| 246 | KM |
| 247 | KN |
| 248 | KO |
| 249 | KP |
| 250 | KQ |
| 251 | KR |
| 252 | KS |
| 253 | KT |
| 254 | KU |
| 255 | KV |
| 256 | KW |
| 257 | KX |
| 258 | KY |
| 259 | KZ |
| 260 | LL |
| 261 | LM |
| 262 | LN |
| 263 | LO |
| 264 | LP |
| 265 | LQ |
| 266 | LR |
| 267 | LS |
| 268 | LT |
| 269 | LU |
| 270 | LV |
| 271 | LW |
| 272 | LX |
| 273 | LY |
| 274 | LZ |
| 275 | MM |
| 276 | MN |
| 277 | MO |
| 278 | MP |
| 279 | MQ |
| 280 | MR |
| 281 | MS |
| 282 | MT |
| 283 | MU |
| 284 | MV |
| 285 | MW |
| 286 | MX |
| 287 | MY |
| 288 | MZ |
| 289 | NN |
| 290 | NO |
| 291 | NP |
| 292 | NQ |
| 293 | NR |
| 294 | NS |
| 295 | NT |
| 296 | NU |
| 297 | NV |
| 298 | NW |
| 299 | NX |
| 300 | NY |
| 301 | NZ |
| 302 | OO |
| 303 | OP |
| 304 | OQ |
| 305 | OR |
| 306 | OS |
| 307 | OT |
| 308 | OU |
| 309 | OV |
| 310 | OW |
| 311 | OX |
| 312 | OY |
| 313 | OZ |
| 314 | PP |
| 315 | PQ |
| 316 | PR |
| 317 | PS |
| 318 | PT |
| 319 | PU |
| 320 | PV |
| 321 | PW |
| 322 | PX |
| 323 | PY |
| 324 | PZ |
| 325 | |
| 326 | QR |
| 327 | QS |
| 328 | QT |
| 329 | QU |
| 330 | QV |
| 331 | QW |
| 332 | QX |
| 333 | QY |
| 334 | QZ |
| 335 | V335 |
| 336 | V336 |
| 337 | V337 |
| 338 | V338 |
| - | V339, V340, etc. |
History
In the early 19th century few variable stars were known, so it seemed reasonable to use the letters of the Latin script. Because very few constellations contained stars with uppercase Latin-letter Bayer designation greater than Q, the letter R was chosen as a starting point so as to avoid confusion with letter spectral types or the (now rarely used) Latin-letter Bayer designations. Although Lacaille had used uppercase R–Z letters in a few cases, for example X Puppis (HR 2548), these designations were either dropped or accepted as variable star designations. The star T Puppis was accepted by Argelander as a variable star and is included in the General Catalogue of Variable Stars with that designation but is now classed as non-variable.
This variable star naming convention was developed by Friedrich W. Argelander. There is a widespread belief according to which Argelander chose the letter R for German rot or French rouge, both meaning "red", because many variable stars known at that time appear red. However, Argelander's own statement disproves this.
By 1836, even the letter S had only been used in one constellation, Serpens. With the advent of photography the number of variables piled up quickly, and variable star names soon fell into the Bayer-trap of reaching the end of the alphabet while still having stars to name.[citation needed] After two subsequent supplementary double-lettering systems hit similar limits, numbers were finally introduced.
In 1865, G. F. Chambers published a catalogue of 123 variables, all but one of which had a variable star designation in the Argelander scheme. The following year, E. Schönfeld published a variable star catalogue with 112 entries; most used the same scheme. This catalogue would not be updated until 1888, when S. C. Chandler published an update. He released two more updates to this catalogue in 1893 and 1896. The German Astronomical Society then took over the task of maintaining variable star identifiers by publishing annual updates in the Astronomische Nachrichten journal.
As with all categories of astronomical objects, names are now assigned by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Since 1946, the IAU has delegated this task to the Sternberg Astronomical Institute and the Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow, Russia. Sternberg publishes the General Catalog of Variable Stars (GCVS), which is amended approximately once every two years by the publication of a new Name-List of Variable Stars. For example, in December 2011, the 80th Name-List of Variable Stars, Part II, was released, containing designations for 2,161 recently discovered variable stars, which brought the total number in the GCVS to 45,678 variable stars. Among the newly designated objects were V0654 Aurigae, V1367 Centauri, and BU Coronae Borealis.
Footnotes
- Most of this system was invented in Germany, which was still on Fraktur at the time, in which the majuscules "I" and "J" can be difficult to distinguish.
See also
- star catalogue
- star designation
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