Western Desert language

The Western Desert language, or Wati, is a dialect cluster of Australian Aboriginal languages in the Pama–Nyungan family.

Western Desert
Wati
Native to	Australia
Region	Desert areas of Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory
Ethnicity	Western Desert cultural bloc
Native speakers	7,400^{[failed verification]} (2006 census)
Language family	Pama–Nyungan Desert Nyungic Wati Western Desert
Standard forms	Martu Wangka
Dialects	Antakarinya dialect Kartujarra dialect Kokatha dialect Kukatja (A68) Kuwarra dialect Luritja dialect Manyjilyjarra dialect Mantjintjarra dialect Martu Wangka dialect Nakako dialect Ngaanyatjarra dialect Ngaatjatjarra dialect Ngalia dialect Pindiini dialect/Wangkatha dialect/Wangkatja dialect Pintupi dialect Pitjantjatjara dialect Putijarra dialect Tjupan dialect Wangkajunga dialect Yankunytjatjara dialect Yulparija dialect
Signed forms	Western Desert Sign Language Manjiljarra Sign Language Ngada Sign Language
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously: `ktd` – Kokata (Kukarta) `kux` – Kukatja `mpj` – Martu Wangka `ntj` – Ngaanyatjarra `pti` – Pintiini (Wangkatja) `piu` – Pintupi-Luritja `pjt` – Pitjantjatjara `tjp` – Tjupany `kdd` – Yankunytjatjara
Glottolog	`wati1241` Wati
AIATSIS	`A80`
ELP	Kukatja
	Pintiini
Wati languages (green) among Pama–Nyungan (tan)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The name Wati tends to be used when considering the various varieties to be distinct languages, Western Desert when considering them dialects of a single language, or Wati as Warnman plus the Western Desert cluster.

Location and list of communities

The speakers of the various dialects of the Western Desert Language traditionally lived across much of the desert areas of Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory. Most Western Desert people live in communities on or close to their traditional lands, although some now live in one of the towns fringing the desert area such as Kalgoorlie, Laverton, Alice Springs, Port Augusta, Meekatharra, Halls Creek and Fitzroy Crossing.

The following is a partial list of Western Desert communities:

Kintore, Northern Territory
Docker River, Northern Territory
Ernabella, South Australia
Amata, South Australia
Fregon, South Australia
Pipalyatjara, South Australia
Kalka, South Australia
Warburton, Western Australia
Kiwirrkurra, Western Australia
Balgo, Western Australia
Aputula, Northern Territory (also known as Finke)
Imanpa, Northern Territory (also known as Mount Ebenezer)
Mutitjulu, Northern Territory
Jigalong, Western Australia

Dialect continuum

The Western Desert Language consists of a network of closely related dialects; the names of some of these have become quite well known (such as Pitjantjatjara) and they are often referred to as "languages".

As the whole group of dialects that constitutes the language does not have its own name, it is usually referred to as the Western Desert Language. WDL speakers referring to the overall language use various terms including wangka ("language") or wangka yuti ("clear speech"). For native speakers, the language is mutually intelligible across its entire range.

Dialects

Following are some of the named varieties of the Western Desert Language.

Language/dialect	People	Notes	AIATSIS Reference
Antakarinya dialect	Antakarinya people		C5: Antikirinya
Kartujarra dialect	Kartujarra people		A51: Kartujarra
Kokatha dialect	Kokatha people		C3: Kokatha
Two dialects of the Western Desert language have been named 'Kukatja'; Kukatja (A68) and Kukatja (C7)	Kukatja (A68) and Kukatja (C7)	A68 is in the north of Western Australia near Lake Gregory, and C7 is west of Haasts Bluff in central Australia. A68 is one of the dialects that make up Martu Wangka at Jigalong.^: iii C7 call themselves 'Luritja' now.	A68: Kukatja & C7: Kukatja
Kuwarra dialect	Kuwarra people	There is little information regarding the language but the people are well attested.	A16: Kuwarra
Luritja dialect	Luritja people	The Kukatja (C7) call themselves 'Luritja' now. Pintupi and Luritja are two similar but overlapping dialects.	C7.1: Luritja
Manyjilyjarra dialect	Manyjilyjarra people	One of the dialects that make up Martu Wangka at Jigalong.^: iii	A51.1: Manyjilyjarra
Mantjintjarra dialect	Mantjintjarra people		A33: Mantjintjarra
Martu Wangka dialect	Martu people	Martu Wangka refers to either a dialect found at and around Jigalong, Western Australia^: iii or many different dialect groups in the Gibson, Little Sandy and Great Sandy deserts.	A86: Martu Wangka
Nakako dialect	Nakako people	Little is known of the people and their language	A32: Nakako
Ngaanyatjarra dialect	Ngaanyatjarra people		A38:Ngaanyatjarra
Ngaatjatjarra dialect	Ngaatjatjarra people		A43: Ngaatjatjarra
Ngalia dialect	Ngalia people		C2: Ngalia
Pindiini/Wangkatha/Wangkatja dialect	Pindiini/Wangkatha/Wangkatja people	These three dialects & people have been hardly distinguished.	A102: Pindiini, A12: Wangkatha & A103: Wangkatja
Pintupi dialect	Pintupi people	Pintupi and Luritja are two similar but overlapping dialects.	C10: Pintupi
Pitjantjatjara dialect	Pitjantjatjara people		C6: Pitjantjatjara
Putijarra dialect	Putijarra people	One of the dialects which make up Martu Wangka at Jigalong^: iii	A54: Putijarra
Tjupan dialect	Tjupan people		A31: Tjupan
Wangkajunga dialect	Wangkajunga people		A87: Wangkajunga
Yankunytjatjara dialect	Yankunytjatjara people		C4: Yankunytjatjara
Yulparija dialect	Yulparija people		A67: Yulparija

Language

Status

The Western Desert Language has thousands of speakers, making it one of the strongest indigenous Australian languages. The language is still being transmitted to children and has substantial amounts of literature, particularly in the Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara dialects in South Australia where there was formerly a long-running bilingual program.^{[citation needed]}

Phonology

In the following tables of the WDL sound system, symbols in ⟨angle brackets⟩ give a typical practical orthography used by many WDL communities. Further details of orthographies in use in different areas are given below. Phonetic values in IPA are shown in [square brackets].^{[citation needed]}

Vowels

	Front	Back
Close	i ⟨i⟩ iː ⟨ii⟩	u ⟨u⟩ uː ⟨uu⟩
Open	a ⟨a⟩ aː ⟨aa⟩

The Western Desert Language has the common (for Australia) three-vowel system with a length distinction creating a total of six possible vowels.^{[citation needed]}

Consonants

	Peripheral		Laminal	Apical
	Bilabial	Velar	Palatal	Alveolar	Retroflex
Plosive	p ⟨p⟩	k ⟨k⟩	c ⟨tj⟩	t ⟨t⟩	ʈ ⟨rt⟩
Nasal	m ⟨m⟩	ŋ ⟨ng⟩	ɲ ⟨ny⟩	n ⟨n⟩	ɳ ⟨rn⟩
Trill				r ⟨rr⟩
Lateral			ʎ ⟨ly⟩	l ⟨l⟩	ɭ ⟨rl⟩
Approximant	w ⟨w⟩		j ⟨y⟩	ɻ ⟨r⟩

As shown in the chart, the WDL distinguishes five positions of articulation, and has oral and nasal occlusives at each position. The stops have no phonemic voice distinction but display voiced and unvoiced allophones; stops are usually unvoiced at the beginning of a word, and voiced elsewhere. In both positions, they are usually unaspirated. There are no fricative consonants.^{[citation needed]}

Orthography

While the dialects of the WDL have very similar phonologies there are several different orthographies in use, resulting from the preferences of the different early researchers as well as the fact that the WDL region extends into three states (Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory), with each having its own history of language research and educational policy.^{[citation needed]}

Sign language

Most of the peoples of central Australia have (or at one point had) signed forms of their languages. Among the Western Desert peoples, sign language has been reported specifically for Kardutjara and Yurira Watjalku, Ngaatjatjarra (Ngada), and Manjiljarra. Signed Kardutjara and Yurira Watjalku are known to have been well-developed, though it is not clear from records that signed Ngada and Manjiljarra were.