118th United States Congress

The 118th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It convened in Washington, D.C., on January 3, 2023, and ended on January 3, 2025, during the final two years of Joe Biden's presidency.

118th United States Congress
117th ← → 119th
United States Capitol (2023)
January 3, 2023 – January 3, 2025
Members	100 senators 435 representatives 6 non-voting delegates
Senate majority	Democratic (through caucus)
Senate President	Kamala Harris (D)
House majority	Republican
House Speaker	Kevin McCarthy (R) (until October 3, 2023) Mike Johnson (R) (from October 25, 2023)
Sessions
1st: January 3, 2023 – January 3, 2024 2nd: January 3, 2024 – January 3, 2025

In the 2022 midterm elections, the Republican Party won control of the House 222–213, taking the majority for the first time since the 115th Congress, while the Democratic Party gained one seat in the Senate, where they already had effective control, and giving them a 51–49-seat majority (with a caucus of 48 Democrats and three Independents). With Republicans winning the House, the 118th Congress ended the federal government trifecta Democrats held in the 117th.

This congress also featured the first female Senate president pro tempore (Patty Murray), the first black party leader (Hakeem Jeffries) in congressional history, and the longest-serving Senate party leaders (Mitch McConnell and Dick Durbin). The Senate had the highest number of Independent members in a single Congress since the ratification of the 17th Amendment after Joe Manchin left the Democratic Party to become an Independent.

The 118th Congress was characterized as a uniquely ineffectual Congress, with its most notable events pointing towards political dysfunction. The intense gridlock, particularly in the Republican-controlled House, where the Republican Conference's majority was often undercut by internal disputes among its members, resulted in it passing the lowest number of laws for the first year of session since the Richard Nixon administration, and possibly ever. By August 2024, the Congress has passed only 78 laws, less than a third of the next lowest laws per Congress in the 112th Congress, which also featured a Republican House opposing the Democratic Senate and White House. This resulted in the need for a legislative coalition to pass key legislation, allowing the minority to exercise powers usually reserved for the majority. The fractious session demotivated many veteran legislators, with five committee chairs among the dozens who declared their resignation or retirement before the end of the session, three of whom were eligible to reprise their positions if the Republican Party retained their majority for 2025. A higher-than-average number of retiring lawmakers were those attempting to pass bipartisan and collaborative legislation. Two complete discharge petitions were filed in late 2024, both Republican-led with majority Democratic support, demonstrating a trend towards bucking leadership and lack of party discipline; such a gambit was last successful in 2015 to support the Export–Import Bank. The second of these, a bill to remove certain Social Security restrictions, was subject to an unusual legislative procedure when a chair pro forma called forth a motion to table on a bill while the chamber was empty, flouting House convention and agreements.

The Congress began with a multi-ballot election for Speaker of the House, which had not happened since the 68th Congress in 1923. Kevin McCarthy was eventually elected speaker on the 15th ballot. After relying on bipartisan votes to get out of a debt ceiling crisis and government shutdown threats, McCarthy became the first speaker ever to be removed from the role during a legislative session on October 3, 2023. Following three failed attempts by various representatives to fill the post, on October 25, Mike Johnson was elected as speaker. Johnson would advance four more bipartisan continuing resolutions from November into March to avoid shutdowns. Congress finalized the 2024 United States federal budget on March 23, 2024, through two separate minibus packages. Following a contentious foreign-aid vote, a motion to remove Johnson from the speakership was defeated in a bipartisan vote.

Partisan disciplinary actions also increased. With the expulsion of New York representative George Santos from the House in December 2023, over the opposition of the speaker, this was the first congress since the 107th in which a member was expelled, and the first ever in which a Republican was. There was also an increase of censures passed in the House, being the first congress with multiple censures since the 1983 congressional page sex scandal and the most in one year since 1870. In December 2023, House Republicans authorized an impeachment inquiry into Joe Biden, followed by the impeachment of Alejandro Mayorkas in February 2024, the first time a cabinet secretary has been the target of impeachment proceedings since William W. Belknap in 1876, and only the second such cabinet impeachment in history. The charges were dismissed by the Senate, the first time the Senate dismissed impeachment articles without trial after the reading.

This is the most recent Congress with Democratic senators from the states of Montana (Jon Tester) and Ohio (Sherrod Brown), both of whom lost re-election in 2024.

Major events

January 3, 2023, 12 p.m. EST: Congress convenes. Members-elect of the United States Senate are sworn in, but members-elect of the United States House of Representatives cannot be sworn as the House adjourns for the day without electing a speaker.
January 3–7, 2023: The election for the House speakership takes 15 ballots. Kevin McCarthy (R) is ultimately elected as speaker, but only after 6 representatives-elect vote "present", lowering the threshold to be elected from 218 to 215.
February 2, 2023: House votes 218–211 to remove Representative Ilhan Omar of Minnesota from the Committee on Foreign Affairs for her comments about Israel and concerns over her objectivity.
February 7, 2023: President Joe Biden delivers the 2023 State of the Union Address.
April 27, 2023: South Korean president Yoon Suk Yeol addresses a joint session of Congress.
June 3, 2023: The 2023 debt-ceiling crisis ends with the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023.
June 21, 2023: House votes 213–209 to censure Representative Adam Schiff of California for his actions during the congressional investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election and the first impeachment of Donald Trump.
June 22, 2023: Indian prime minister Narendra Modi addresses a joint session of Congress.
July 12, 2023: Kamala Harris casts her 31st tie-breaking vote as Vice President, tying the record set by John C. Calhoun, to invoke cloture on Kalpana Kotagal's nomination to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
August 10, 2023: The House Subcommittee on Government Operations and the Federal Workforce, holds a televised investigative hearing on the federal government's response to and overall recovery efforts from Hurricane Ian in 2022.
September 12, 2023: House opens an impeachment inquiry into Joe Biden.
September 29, 2023: Senator Dianne Feinstein of California dies.
October 3, 2023: House votes 216–210 to remove Kevin McCarthy from the position of Speaker of the House through a motion to vacate the chair by Matt Gaetz of Florida. Patrick McHenry becomes Speaker pro tempore.
October 17–25, 2023: October 2023 Speaker election
October 19, 2023: President Biden gives a primetime oval office address, calling for a new aid package for Israel and Ukraine, amid the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine and the Gaza war.
October 25, 2023: Mike Johnson is elected Speaker of the House of Representatives.
November 7, 2023: House votes 234–188 to censure Representative Rashida Tlaib of Michigan for her comments condemning Israel in the midst of the Gaza war.
December 1, 2023: Over the opposition of the Speaker, the House votes 311–114–2 to expel Representative George Santos of New York following a United States House Committee on Ethics report that unanimously found substantial evidence Santos violated federal criminal law.
December 5, 2023: Kamala Harris casts her 32nd and 33rd tie-breaking votes, surpassing the record set by John C. Calhoun, to invoke cloture and then confirm the nomination of Loren AliKhan to serve as a judge on the United States District Court for the District of Columbia.
December 5, 2023: The House Committee on Education and the Workforce holds a widely viewed televised hearing on antisemitism on college campuses.
December 7, 2023: House votes 214–191 to censure Representative Jamaal Bowman of New York for pulling a fire alarm in the Capitol in September.
February 6, 2024: Members of the House vote on whether to impeach Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas, but the vote to do so fails by 214–216.
February 13, 2024: House votes again to impeach Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas, succeeding 214–213.
February 28, 2024: Senator Mitch McConnell announces he will step down as Republican Senate Leader at the end of the 118th Congress, in January 2025.
March 7, 2024: President Biden delivers the 2024 State of the Union Address.
April 11, 2024: Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida addresses a joint session of Congress.
April 16–17, 2024: Two articles of impeachment against Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas are delivered and read in the Senate, with votes on the following day to dismiss both articles without a full trial, 51–48 and 51–49.
April 24, 2024: Representative Donald Payne Jr. of New Jersey dies.
May 8, 2024: House votes 359–43 to table a resolution removing Mike Johnson from the position of Speaker of the House with 11 Republicans opposed.
May 31, 2024: Senator Joe Manchin of West Virginia leaves the Democratic Party and registers as an Independent.
June 12, 2024: House votes 216–207 to hold Attorney General Merrick Garland in criminal contempt of Congress for his refusal to comply with the House Oversight Committee's request to turn over audiotapes of Biden regarding his classified document incident.
July 16, 2024: Senator Bob Menendez of New Jersey is found guilty of conspiracy by a public official to act as a foreign agent. He later announced he would resign on August 20.
July 19, 2024: Representative Sheila Jackson Lee of Texas dies.
July 24, 2024: Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu addresses a joint session of Congress.
August 21, 2024: Representative Bill Pascrell of New Jersey dies.
November 5, 2024: 2024 United States elections were held. Former President Donald Trump was elected the 47th president of the United States and JD Vance was elected the 50th vice president of the United States, while Republicans regained control of the Senate and retained control of the House of Representatives.
November 13, 2024: Senate Republicans elect John Thune as the new Senate Republican leader that will begin with the next Congress.
November 13, 2024: Representative Matt Gaetz resigns after being nominated by President-elect Trump for United States attorney general.
December 29, 2024: Former President Jimmy Carter dies at 100 years old.
January 3, 2025: 118th Congress ends.

Major legislation

Enacted

March 20, 2023: COVID-19 Origin Act of 2023, S. 619
June 3, 2023: Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023, H.R. 3746
September 30, 2023: Continuing Appropriations Act, 2024 and Other Extensions Act, H.R. 5860
November 17, 2023: Further Continuing Appropriations and Other Extensions Act, 2024, H.R. 6363
December 22, 2023: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024, H.R. 2670
January 19, 2024: Further Additional Continuing Appropriations and Other Extensions Act, 2024, H.R. 2872
February 9, 2024: Moving Americans Privacy Protection Act, H.R. 1568
March 1, 2024: Extension of Continuing Appropriations and Other Matters Act, 2024, H.R. 7463
March 9, 2024: Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024, H.R. 4366
March 18, 2024: END FENTANYL Act, 2024, S. 206
March 23, 2024: Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024, H.R. 2882
April 20, 2024: Reforming Intelligence and Securing America Act, H.R. 7888
April 24, 2024: National Security Act, 2024 (including supplemental aid to Ukraine and Israel, and the divestment-or-ban of TikTok), H.R. 815
April 24, 2024: Migratory Birds of the Americas Conservation Enhancements Act of 2023, H.R. 4389
May 13, 2024: Prohibiting Russian Uranium Imports Act, 2024, H.R. 1042
May 16, 2024: FAA Reauthorization Act of 2024, H.R. 3935
July 9, 2024: ADVANCE Act of 2024, S. 870
July 12, 2024: Maternal and Child Health Stillbirth Prevention Act of 2024, H.R. 4581
July 30, 2024: All-American Flag Act, S. 1973
October 1, 2024: Alzheimer's Accountability and Investment Act, S. 134
November 25, 2024: Veterans’ Compensation Cost-of-Living Adjustment Act of 2024, H.R. 7777
December 21, 2024: American Relief Act, 2025, H.R. 10545
December 23, 2024: No CORRUPTION Act, S. 932
December 23, 2024: To amend title 36, United States Code, to designate the bald eagle as the national bird, S. 4610
December 23, 2024: Veterans Benefits Improvement Act of 2024, S. 2181
December 23, 2024: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2025, H.R. 5009
December 23, 2024: Autism CARES Act of 2024, H.R. 7213
December 23, 2024: Stop Institutional Child Abuse Act, S. 1351
December 23, 2024: NACIE Improvement Act, S. 5355
January 2, 2025: Senator Elizabeth Dole 21st Century Veterans Healthcare and Benefits Improvement Act, S. 141
January 4, 2025: Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act 2.0, H.R. 3391
January 4, 2025: Keeping Military Families Together Act of 2024, S. 2181
January 5, 2025: Social Security Fairness Act of 2023, H.R. 82

Proposed (but not enacted)

House bills

H.R. 1: Lower Energy Costs Act (passed House on March 30, 2023, but not yet sent to the Senate)
H.R. 2: Secure the Border Act of 2023 (passed House, pending before the Senate as of May 11, 2023)
H.R. 5: Parents Bill of Rights Act (passed House, pending before the Senate as of March 27, 2023)
H.R. 7: No Taxpayer Funding for Abortion and Abortion Insurance Full Disclosure Act of 2023 (House committee consideration as of January 9, 2023)
H.R. 11: Freedom to Vote Act
H.R. 12: Women's Health Protection Act of 2023
H.R. 14: John R. Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act of 2023
H.R. 15: Equality Act
H.R. 16: American Dream and Promise Act of 2023
H.R. 17: Paycheck Fairness Act
H.R. 20: Richard L. Trumka Protecting the Right to Organize Act of 2023
H.R. 21: Strategic Production Response Act (passed House, pending before the Senate as of January 30, 2023)
H.R. 22: Protecting America's Strategic Petroleum Reserve from China Act (passed House, pending before the Senate as of January 25, 2023)
H.R. 23: Family and Small Business Taxpayer Protection Act (passed House, pending before the Senate as of January 25, 2023)
H.R. 25: FairTax Act of 2023 (House committee consideration as of January 9, 2023)
H.R. 26: Born-Alive Abortion Survivors Protection Act (passed House, pending before the Senate as of January 25, 2023)
H.R. 40: Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act
H.R. 51: Washington, D.C., Admission Act (House committee consideration as of January 9, 2023)
H.R. 277: Regulations from the Executive in Need of Scrutiny Act (passed House, pending before the Senate as of June 20, 2023)
H.R. 734: Protection of Women and Girls in Sports Act of 2023 (passed House, pending before the Senate as of April 25, 2023)
H.R. 1124: Federal Death Penalty Abolition Act
H.R. 1279: Sunshine Protection Act of 2023
H.R. 1282: "The Major Richard Star Act" To amend title 10, United States Code, to expand eligibility to certain military retirees for concurrent receipt of veterans' disability compensation and retired pay or combat-related special compensation, and for other purposes (placed on Union Calendar No. 117)
H.R. 2663: Workplace Violence Prevention for Health Care and Social Service Workers Act
H.R. 2757: Puerto Rico Status Act
H.R. 2811: Limit, Save, Grow Act of 2023 (partially incorporated into Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023)
H.R. 2891: SAFE Banking Act of 2023
H.R. 2953: FAIR Act of 2023
H.R. 3194: U.S. Citizenship Act of 2023
H.R. 3421: Medicare for All Act
H.R. 3481: FAMILY Act
H.R. 4319: Farm Workforce Modernization Act of 2023
H.R. 4889: Raise the Wage Act of 2023
H.R. 5601: MORE Act of 2023
H.R. 7024: Tax Relief for American Families and Workers Act of 2024 (passed House, Senate rejected cloture motion on August 1, 2024)
H.R. 7521: Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act (incorporated into National Security Act, 2024)

Senate bills

S. 1: Freedom to Vote Act
S. 5: Equality Act
S. 40: Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act
S. 147: See Something, Say Something Online Act
S. 316: A bill to repeal the authorizations for use of military force against Iraq. (passed Senate, pending before the House as of March 30, 2023)
S. 326: VA Medicinal Cannabis Research Act (Senate rejected cloture motion on April 26, 2023)
S. 582: Sunshine Protection Act of 2023
S. 567: Richard L. Trumka Protecting the Right to Organize Act of 2023
S. 597: Social Security Fairness Act of 2023
S. 686: RESTRICT Act (Senate committee consideration as of March 7, 2023)
S. 701: Women's Health Protection Act of 2023 (placed on Legislative Calendar on March 9, 2023)
S. 870: Fire Grants and Safety Act (pending before the House as of April 24, 2023)
S. 916: Junk Fee Prevention Act (Senate committee consideration as of March 22, 2023)
S. 1149: Recovering America's Wildlife Act of 2023
S. 1176: Workplace Violence Prevention for Health Care and Social Service Workers Act
S. 1284: TORNADO Act
S. 1376: Forced Arbitration Injustice Repeal Act
S. 1409: Kids Online Safety Act
S. 1655: Medicare for All Act
S. 1714: FAMILY Act
S. 2033: American Innovation and Choice Online Act
S. 2488: Raise the Wage Act of 2023
S. 2860: SAFER Banking Act of 2023
S. 2944: Puerto Rico Status Act
Passed, but vetoed
- S. 4199: JUDGES Act of 2024

Major resolutions

Adopted

H.Res. 5: Adopting the Rules of the House of Representatives for the One Hundred Eighteenth Congress, and for other purposes.
H.Res. 11: Establishing the Select Committee on the Strategic Competition Between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party.
H.Res. 12: Establishing a Select Subcommittee on the Weaponization of the Federal Government as a select investigative subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary.
H.Res. 76: Removing Ilhan Omar from the House Foreign Affairs Committee.
H.Res. 521: Censuring Adam Schiff and referring his conduct to the House Ethics Committee for further investigation.
H.Res. 757: Declaring the office of Speaker of the House of Representatives to be vacant.
H.Res. 845: Censuring Rashida Tlaib for statements on the Gaza war considered antisemitic.
H.Res. 863: Impeaching Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas.
H.Res. 878: Expelling George Santos for alleged fraud and campaign finance violations.
H.Res. 914: Censuring Jamaal Bowman for pulling a fire alarm in the Capitol when there was no fire.
H.Res. 1292: Holding Attorney General Merrick Garland in contempt of Congress for failing to comply with a subpoena in relation to the Joe Biden classified documents incident.
H.J.Res. 7: Terminating the national emergency concerning COVID-19 declared by the President on March 13, 2020.
H.J.Res. 26: Disapproving the action of the District of Columbia Council in approving the Revised Criminal Code Act of 2022.
S.Res. 376: Clarifying the dress code for the floor of the Senate.

Proposed

H.Res. 319: Recognizing the duty of the Federal Government to create a Green New Deal
H.Res. 786: Calling for an immediate deescalation and cease-fire in Israel and occupied Palestine. (referred to the House Foreign Affairs Committee)
H.Con.Res. 3: Expressing the sense of Congress condemning the recent attacks on pro-life facilities, groups, and churches. (awaiting action in the Senate)
H.Con.Res. 9: Denouncing the horrors of socialism. (awaiting action in the Senate)
S.J.Res. 4: Removing the deadline for the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment.
S.J.Res. 111: Providing for congressional disapproval of the proposed foreign military sale to Israel of certain defense articles and services.

Vetoed

H.J.Res. 27: Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Department of Defense and the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "Revised Definition of 'Waters of the United States'".
H.J.Res. 30: Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Department of Labor relating to "Prudence and Loyalty in Selecting Plan Investments and Exercising Shareholder Rights".
H.J.Res. 39: Disapproving the rule submitted by the Department of Commerce relating to "Procedures Covering Suspension of Liquidation, Duties and Estimated Duties in Accord With Presidential Proclamation 10414".
H.J.Res. 42: Disapproving the action of the District of Columbia Council in approving the Comprehensive Policing and Justice Reform Amendment Act of 2022.
H.J.Res. 45: Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Department of Education relating to "Waivers and Modifications of Federal Student Loans".
H.J.Res. 98: Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the National Labor Relations Board relating to "Standard for Determining Joint Employer Status".
H.J.Res. 109: Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Securities and Exchange Commission relating to "Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 121".
S.J.Res. 11: Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "Control of Air Pollution From New Motor Vehicles: Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Standards".
S.J.Res. 32: Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection relating to "Small Business Lending Under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (Regulation B)".
S.J.Res. 38: Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Federal Highway Administration relating to "Waiver of Buy America Requirements for Electric Vehicle Chargers".

Party summary

Resignations and new members are discussed in the "Changes in membership" section:

Senate

Senate membership
Final (September 9, 2024 – January 3, 2025)
Begin (January 3, 2023 – January 8, 2023)
January 8, 2023 – January 23, 2023
January 23, 2023 – September 29, 2023
September 29, 2023 – October 3, 2023
October 3, 2023 – May 31, 2024
May 31, 2024 – August 20, 2024
August 20, 2024 – September 9, 2024

Overview of Senate membership by party
	Party (shading shows control)			Total	Vacant

	Democratic	Independent	Republican
End of previous Congress	48	2	50	100	0

Begin (January 3, 2023)	48	3	49	100	0
January 8, 2023			48	99	1
January 23, 2023			49	100	0
September 29, 2023	47			99	1
October 3, 2023	48			100	0
May 31, 2024	47	4		100	0
August 20, 2024	46			99	1
September 9, 2024	47			100	0
Last voting share	51%		49%

Beginning of the next Congress	45	2	52	99	1

House of Representatives

House membership
Final (December 31, 2024 – January 3, 2025)
Begin (January 3, 2023 – March 7, 2023)
March 7, 2023 – May 31, 2023
May 31, 2023 – September 15, 2023
September 15, 2023 – November 13, 2023
November 13, 2023 – November 28, 2023
November 28, 2023 – December 1, 2023
December 1, 2023 – December 31, 2023
December 31, 2023 – January 21, 2024
January 21, 2024 – February 2, 2024
February 2, 2024 – February 28, 2024
February 28, 2024 – March 22, 2024
March 22, 2024 – April 20, 2024
April 20, 2024 – April 24, 2024
April 24, 2024 – May 6, 2024
May 6, 2024 – June 3, 2024
June 3, 2024 – June 25, 2024
June 25, 2024 – July 8, 2024
July 8, 2024 – July 19, 2024
July 19, 2024 – August 21, 2024
August 21, 2024 – September 23, 2024
September 23, 2024 – November 12, 2024
November 12, 2024 – November 13, 2024
November 13, 2024 – December 8, 2024
December 8, 2024 – December 14, 2024
December 14, 2024 – December 31, 2024

Overview of House membership by party
	Party (shading shows control)		Total	Vacant

	Democratic	Republican
End of previous Congress	216	213	429	6

Begin (January 3, 2023)	212	222	434	1
March 7, 2023	213		435	0
May 31, 2023	212		434	1
September 15, 2023	212	221	433	2
November 13, 2023	213	221	434	1
November 28, 2023		222	435	0
December 1, 2023		221	434	1
December 31, 2023		220	433	2
January 21, 2024		219	432	3
February 2, 2024	212		431	4
February 28, 2024	213		432	3
March 22, 2024		218	431	4
April 20, 2024		217	430	5
April 24, 2024	212		429	6
May 6, 2024	213		430	5
June 3, 2024		218	431	4
June 25, 2024		219	432	3
July 8, 2024		220	433	2
July 19, 2024	212		432	3
August 21, 2024	211		431	4
September 23, 2024	212		432	3
November 12, 2024	213	221	434	1
November 13, 2024	213	220	433	2
December 8, 2024	211	220	431	4
December 14, 2024	211	219	430	5
December 31, 2024	210	219	429	6
Last voting share	48.95%	51.05%
Non-voting members	3	2	5	1

Beginning of the next Congress	215	219	434	1

Leadership

Note: Democrats refer to themselves as a "caucus"; Republicans refer to themselves as a "conference".

Senate

Presiding

President: Kamala Harris (D)
President pro tempore: Patty Murray (D)

Majority (Democratic)

Majority Leader/Chair of the Senate Democratic Caucus: Chuck Schumer (NY)
Majority Whip: Dick Durbin (IL)
Chair of the Democratic Policy and Communications Committee: Debbie Stabenow (MI)
Chair of the Democratic Steering Committee: Amy Klobuchar (MN)
Vice Chairs, Senate Democratic Caucus: Mark Warner (VA) and Elizabeth Warren (MA)
Chair of the Democratic Outreach Committee: Bernie Sanders (VT)
Secretary of the Senate Democratic Caucus: Tammy Baldwin (WI)
Vice Chairs of the Democratic Policy and Communications Committee: Joe Manchin (WV) and Cory Booker (NJ)
Chair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee: Gary Peters (MI)
Vice Chair of the Democratic Steering Committee: Jeanne Shaheen (NH)
Vice Chair of the Democratic Outreach Committee: Catherine Cortez Masto (NV)
Deputy Secretary of the Senate Democratic Caucus: Brian Schatz (HI)
Senate Democratic Chief Deputy Whip: Jeff Merkley (OR)
Vice Chairs of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee: Tina Smith (MN) and Alex Padilla (CA)

Minority (Republican)

Minority Leader: Mitch McConnell (KY)
Minority Whip: John Thune (SD)
Chairman of the Senate Republican Conference: John Barrasso (WY)
Chairwoman of the Republican Policy Committee: Joni Ernst (IA)
Vice Chair of the Senate Republican Conference: Shelley Moore Capito (WV)
Chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Campaign Committee: Steve Daines (MT)
Chair of the Senate Republican Steering Committee: Mike Lee (UT)

House of Representatives

House Speaker

Kevin McCarthy (R),
from January 7 to October 3, 2023

Patrick McHenry (R),
from October 3 to October 25, 2023 (as Speaker pro tempore)

Mike Johnson (R),
from October 25, 2023

State (class)	Vacated by	Reason for change	Successor	Date of successor's formal installation
Nebraska (2)	Ben Sasse (R)	Incumbent resigned January 8, 2023, to become the president of the University of Florida. Successor was appointed January 12, 2023, to continue the term. Appointee was later elected to finish the term ending January 3, 2027.	Pete Ricketts (R)	January 23, 2023
California (1)	Dianne Feinstein (D)	Incumbent died September 29, 2023. Successor was appointed October 1, 2023, to continue the term.	Laphonza Butler (D)	October 3, 2023
West Virginia (1)	Joe Manchin (D)	Incumbent changed party May 31, 2024.	Joe Manchin (I)	N/A
New Jersey (1)	Bob Menendez (D)	Incumbent resigned August 20, 2024, due to criminal conviction. Successor was appointed August 23, 2024, to finish the term ending with this Congress.	George Helmy (D)	September 9, 2024
New Jersey (1)	George Helmy (D)	Appointee resigned December 8, 2024, to allow successor to take office early. Successor was appointed December 8, 2024, having already been elected to the next term.	Andy Kim (D)	December 9, 2024
California (1)	Laphonza Butler (D)	Appointee resigned December 8, 2024, to allow successor to take office early. Successor was appointed having already been elected to finish the term ending with this Congress.	Adam Schiff (D)	December 9, 2024

District	Vacated by	Reason for change	Successor	Date of successor's formal installation
Virginia 4	Vacant	Incumbent Donald McEachin (D) died November 28, 2022, before the beginning of this Congress. A special election was held on February 21, 2023.	Jennifer McClellan (D)	March 7, 2023
Rhode Island 1	David Cicilline (D)	Incumbent resigned May 31, 2023, to become CEO of the Rhode Island Foundation. A special election was held on November 7, 2023.	Gabe Amo (D)	November 13, 2023
Utah 2	Chris Stewart (R)	Incumbent resigned September 15, 2023, due to his wife's health issues. A special election was held on November 21, 2023.	Celeste Maloy (R)	November 28, 2023
New York 3	George Santos (R)	Incumbent expelled December 1, 2023. A special election was held on February 13, 2024.	Tom Suozzi (D)	February 28, 2024
California 20	Kevin McCarthy (R)	Incumbent resigned December 31, 2023. A special election was held on May 21, 2024.	Vince Fong (R)	June 3, 2024
Ohio 6	Bill Johnson (R)	Incumbent resigned January 21, 2024, to become president of Youngstown State University. A special election was held on June 11, 2024.	Michael Rulli (R)	June 25, 2024
New York 26	Brian Higgins (D)	Incumbent resigned February 2, 2024, to become president of Shea's Performing Arts Center. A special election was held on April 30, 2024.	Tim Kennedy (D)	May 6, 2024
Colorado 4	Ken Buck (R)	Incumbent resigned March 22, 2024. A special election was held on June 25, 2024.	Greg Lopez (R)	July 8, 2024
Wisconsin 8	Mike Gallagher (R)	Incumbent resigned April 20, 2024. A special election was held on November 5, 2024.	Tony Wied (R)	November 12, 2024
New Jersey 10	Donald Payne Jr. (D)	Incumbent died April 24, 2024. A special election was held on September 18, 2024.	LaMonica McIver (D)	September 23, 2024
Texas 18	Sheila Jackson Lee (D)	Incumbent died July 19, 2024. A special election was held on November 5, 2024.	Erica Lee Carter (D)	November 12, 2024
New Jersey 9	Bill Pascrell (D)	Incumbent died August 21, 2024.	Vacant until the next Congress
Florida 1	Matt Gaetz (R)	Incumbent resigned November 13, 2024, after being nominated for U.S. Attorney General, but withdrew from consideration on November 21, 2024.
New Jersey 3	Andy Kim (D)	Incumbent resigned December 8, 2024, after being elected to the U.S. Senate and appointed to take office early.
California 30	Adam Schiff (D)	Incumbent resigned December 8, 2024, after being elected to the U.S. Senate in a special election.
North Dakota at-large	Kelly Armstrong (R)	Incumbent resigned December 14, 2024, after being elected Governor of North Dakota.
North Carolina 14	Jeff Jackson (D)	Incumbent resigned December 31, 2024, after being elected Attorney General of North Carolina.
Puerto Rico at-large	Jenniffer González-Colón (NPP/R)	Incumbent resigned January 2, 2025, after being elected Governor of Puerto Rico.

Committee	Chair	Ranking Member/Vice Chair
Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry	Debbie Stabenow (D-MI)	John Boozman (R-AR)
Appropriations	Patty Murray (D-WA)	Susan Collins (R-ME)
Armed Services	Jack Reed (D-RI)	Roger Wicker (R-MS)
Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs	Sherrod Brown (D-OH)	Tim Scott (R-SC)
Budget	Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI)	Chuck Grassley (R-IA)
Commerce, Science and Transportation	Maria Cantwell (D-WA)	Ted Cruz (R-TX)
Energy and Natural Resources	Joe Manchin (I-WV) (Democrat until May 31, 2024)	John Barrasso (R-WY)
Environment and Public Works	Tom Carper (D-DE)	Shelley Moore Capito (R-WV)
Finance	Ron Wyden (D-OR)	Mike Crapo (R-ID)
Foreign Relations	Bob Menendez (D-NJ) until September 22, 2023 Ben Cardin (D-MD) from September 25, 2023	Jim Risch (R-ID)
Health, Education, Labor and Pensions	Bernie Sanders (I-VT)	Bill Cassidy (R-LA)
Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs	Gary Peters (D-MI)	Rand Paul (R-KY)
Judiciary	Dick Durbin (D-IL)	Lindsey Graham (R-SC)
Rules and Administration	Amy Klobuchar (D-MN)	Deb Fischer (R-NE)
Small Business and Entrepreneurship	Ben Cardin (D-MD) until September 25, 2023 Jeanne Shaheen (D-NH) from September 27, 2023	Joni Ernst (R-IA)
Veterans' Affairs	Jon Tester (D-MT)	Jerry Moran (R-KS)

Committee	Chair	Ranking Member/Vice Chair
Aging (Special)	Bob Casey Jr. (D-PA)	Mike Braun (R-IN)
Ethics (Select)	Chris Coons (D-DE)	James Lankford (R-OK)
Indian Affairs (Permanent Select)	Brian Schatz (D-HI)	Lisa Murkowski (R-AK)
Intelligence (Select)	Mark Warner (D-VA)	Marco Rubio (R-FL)
International Narcotics Control (Permanent Caucus)	Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI)	Chuck Grassley (R-IA)

Committee	Chair	Ranking Member
Agriculture	Glenn Thompson (R-PA)	David Scott (D-GA)
Appropriations	Kay Granger (R-TX) until April 10, 2024 Tom Cole (R-OK) from April 10, 2024	Rosa DeLauro (D-CT)
Armed Services	Mike Rogers (R-AL)	Adam Smith (D-WA)
Budget	Jodey Arrington (R-TX)	Brendan Boyle (D-PA)
Education and the Workforce	Virginia Foxx (R-NC)	Bobby Scott (D-VA)
Energy and Commerce	Cathy McMorris Rodgers (R-WA)	Frank Pallone (D-NJ)
Ethics	Michael Guest (R-MS)	Susan Wild (D-PA)
Financial Services	Patrick McHenry (R-NC)	Maxine Waters (D-CA)
Foreign Affairs	Michael McCaul (R-TX)	Gregory Meeks (D-NY)
Homeland Security	Mark Green (R-TN)	Bennie Thompson (D-MS)
House Administration	Bryan Steil (R-WI)	Joe Morelle (D-NY)
Intelligence (Permanent Select)	Mike Turner (R-OH)	Jim Himes (D-CT)
Judiciary	Jim Jordan (R-OH)	Jerry Nadler (D-NY)
Natural Resources	Bruce Westerman (R-AR)	Raúl Grijalva (D-AZ)
Oversight and Reform	James Comer (R-KY)	Jamie Raskin (D-MD)
Rules	Tom Cole (R-OK) until April 10, 2024 Michael C. Burgess (R-TX) from April 10, 2024	Jim McGovern (D-MA)
Science, Space and Technology	Frank Lucas (R- OK)	Zoe Lofgren (D-CA)
Small Business	Roger Williams (R-TX)	Nydia Velázquez (D-NY)
Transportation and Infrastructure	Sam Graves (R-MO)	Rick Larsen (D-WA)
Veterans' Affairs	Mike Bost (R-IL)	Mark Takano (D-CA)
Ways and Means	Jason Smith (R-MO)	Richard Neal (D-MA)

Committee	Chair	Vice Chair	Ranking Member	Vice Ranking Member
Economic	Sen. Martin Heinrich (D-NM)	Rep. David Schweikert (R-AZ)	Rep. Don Beyer (D-VA)	Sen. Mike Lee (R-UT)
Inaugural Ceremonies (Special)	Sen. Amy Klobuchar (D-MN)	Rep. Mike Johnson (R-LA)	Rep. Hakeem Jeffries (D-NY)	Sen. Deb Fischer (R-NE)
Library	Sen. Amy Klobuchar (D-MN)	Rep. Bryan Steil (R-WI)	Rep. Joe Morelle (D-NY)	Sen. Deb Fischer (R-NE)
Printing	Rep. Bryan Steil (R-WI)	Sen. Amy Klobuchar (D-MN)	Sen. Deb Fischer (R-NE)	Rep. Joe Morelle (D-NY)
Taxation	Rep. Jason Smith (R-MO)	Sen. Ron Wyden (D-OR)	Sen. Mike Crapo (R-ID)	Rep. Richard Neal (D-MA)

Major events

Major legislation

Enacted

Proposed (but not enacted)

Major resolutions

Adopted

Proposed

Vetoed

Party summary

Senate

House of Representatives

Leadership

Senate

Presiding

Majority (Democratic)

Minority (Republican)

House of Representatives

Presiding

Majority (Republican)

Minority (Democratic)

Members

Senate

Alabama

Alaska

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Hawaii

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

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Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

House of Representatives

Alabama

Alaska

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut