119th United States Congress

The 119th United States Congress is the 2025–2026 term of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It convened on January 3, 2025, for the last 17 days of Joe Biden's presidency and will continue during the first two years of Donald Trump's second presidency.

119th United States Congress
118th ← → 120th
United States Capitol (2025)
January 3, 2025 – present
Members	100 senators 435 representatives 6 non-voting delegates
Senate majority	Republican
Senate President	Kamala Harris (D) (until January 20, 2025) JD Vance (R) (since January 20, 2025)
House majority	Republican
House Speaker	Mike Johnson (R)
Sessions
1st: January 3, 2025 – present

Following the 2024 elections, the Republican Party retained its slim majority in the House of Representatives, though the party lost two net seats in the election and thus ended up with a five-seat majority instead of its previous seven-seat majority. The Republican Party also won a three-seat majority in the Senate after winning four net seats in the 2024 elections. With Trump's second inauguration on January 20, 2025, the Republican Party has an overall federal government trifecta for the first time since the 115th Congress (2017–2019), which was in session during Trump's first term.

The 119th Congress features the slimmest majority in the House for any party since the 72nd Congress (1931–1933), and the first openly transgender member of Congress in history (Representative Sarah McBride (D-DE)). It also features the fewest split Senate delegations since the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment which established the direct election of U.S. senators.

History

In the 2024 elections, the Republican Party retained control of the House of Representatives and gained control of the Senate, while Republican nominee Donald Trump won the presidential election, securing a second non-consecutive term. The results of the election were attributed to economic conditions of voters and concerns over immigration, particularly the Mexico–United States border crisis.

The Senate flipped to a 53–47 Republican majority, and in their leadership elections, Senator John Thune of South Dakota was elected to succeed Mitch McConnell, who had been in power for 18 years.

The House assumed a 220–215 Republican majority, the narrowest controlling majority in House history with the 65th Congress. Mike Johnson was re-elected as speaker on the first ballot after initially not receiving enough votes on the roll call, with the vote remaining open until enough members changed votes to support him.

On January 6, a joint session convened to count the presidential Electoral College votes. The proceedings were peaceful, four years after the January 6 Capitol attack, in which supporters of Trump entered the Capitol and disrupted Joe Biden's certification as president. In response to the attack and Trump's efforts to overturn the 2020 election, Congress has passed revisions to the Electoral Count Act that prevent the vice president from altering the results and significantly raises the bar for certification objections.

Comprising 80% of the membership of the House of Representatives and 89% of the Senate, Baby boomers and Generation X remained the largest generations represented in Congress after having comprised more than 80% of the membership of both chambers since at least the 115th United States Congress and Baby boomers alone comprising the majority of the House of Representatives and the Senate since the 106th United States Congress and the 111th United States Congress respectively.

Major events

• January 3, 2025, 12 p.m. EST: Congress convenes. Members-elect of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives are sworn in. Mike Johnson (R) is re-elected as speaker on the first ballot after initially not receiving enough votes on the roll call, with Ralph Norman and Keith Self changing their votes to support him.
• January 6, 2025: A joint session to count the presidential Electoral College votes is held.
• January 9, 2025: The funeral of former president Jimmy Carter takes place.
• January 20, 2025: The second inauguration of Donald Trump takes place. The Republicans gain a trifecta.
• January 24, 2025: Vice President JD Vance casts the tie-breaking vote to confirm Pete Hegseth as Secretary of Defense. This was the second time in United States history that a cabinet confirmation was tied in the Senate and required a tie-breaking vote. The first was when Mike Pence cast the tie-breaking vote to confirm Betsy DeVos as Secretary of Education in Trump's first term.
• March 4, 2025: President Trump addresses a joint session of Congress.
• March 5, 2025: Representative Sylvester Turner (D) of Texas dies.
• March 6, 2025: The House votes 224–198 (2 present) to censure Representative Al Green (D) of Texas for repeatedly disrupting (by speaking out of turn) President Donald Trump's address to a joint session of Congress.
• March 13, 2025: Representative Raúl Grijalva (D) of Arizona dies.
• March 31 – April 1, 2025: Senator Cory Booker of New Jersey breaks the record for the longest Senate speech, protesting President Donald Trump's agenda.
• May 21, 2025: Representative Gerry Connolly (D) of Virginia dies.
• July 3, 2025: House minority leader Hakeem Jeffries of New York breaks the record for the longest House magic minute speech while speaking against the "One Big Beautiful Bill".
• July 20, 2025: Representative Mark Green (R) of Tennessee resigns.
• October 1 – November 12, 2025: The federal government shuts down as a result of Congress not approving a budget.
• November 21, 2025: Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene (R) of Georgia announces that she will be resigning her seat effective January 5, 2026.

Major legislation

Enacted

• January 29, 2025: Laken Riley Act, S. 5
• March 15, 2025: Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Other Extensions Act, H.R. 1968
• May 19, 2025: TAKE IT DOWN Act, S. 146
• June 12, 2025: Aerial Firefighting Enhancement Act of 2025, S. 160
• July 4, 2025: One Big Beautiful Bill Act, H.R. 1
• July 7, 2025: Alaska Native Settlement Trust Eligibility Act, H.R. 42
• July 7, 2025: Alaska Native Village Municipal Lands Restoration Act of 2025, H.R. 43
• July 15, 2025: Apex Area Technical Corrections Act, H.R. 618
• July 15, 2025: Salem Maritime National Historical Park Redesignation and Boundary Study Act, H.R. 2215
• July 16, 2025: HALT Fentanyl Act, S. 331
• July 18, 2025: GENIUS Act, S. 1582
• July 24, 2025: Rescissions Act of 2025, H.R. 4
• July 24, 2025: Filing Relief for Natural Disasters Act, H.R. 517
• July 24, 2025: Jocelyn Nungaray National Wildlife Refuge Act, S. 1596
• July 30, 2025: VA Home Loan Program Reform Act, H.R. 1815
• August 14, 2025: ACES Act of 2025, S. 201
• August 14, 2025: PRO Veterans Act of 2025, S. 423
• August 19, 2025: Maintaining American Superiority by Improving Export Control Transparency Act, H.R. 1316
• September 5, 2025: Homebuyers Privacy Protection Act, H.R. 2808
• November 12, 2025: Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, H.R. 5371
• November 19, 2025: Epstein Files Transparency Act, H.R. 4405

Proposed (but not enacted)

Bills passed in the House waiting for the Senate

• H.R. 21: Born-Alive Abortion Survivors Protection Act
• H.R. 22: Safeguard American Voter Eligibility Act
• H.R. 23: Illegitimate Court Counteraction Act
• H.R. 26: Protecting American Energy Production Act
• H.R. 27: Halt All Lethal Trafficking of Fentanyl Act
• H.R. 28: Protection of Women and Girls in Sports Act
• H.R. 30: Preventing Violence Against Women by Illegal Aliens Act
• H.R. 33: United States-Taiwan Expedited Double-Tax Relief Act
• H.R. 35: Agent Raul Gonzalez Officer Safety Act
• H.R. 36: MEGOBARI Act
• H.R. 77: Midnight Rules Relief Act
• H.R. 144: Tennessee Valley Authority Salary Transparency Act
• H.R. 152: Federal Disaster Assistance Coordination Act
• H.R. 153: Post-Disaster Assistance Online Accountability Act
• H.R. 164: Promoting Opportunities to Widen Electrical Resilience Act of 2025
• H.R. 165: Wounded Knee Massacre Memorial and Sacred Site Act
• H.R. 186: Hershel Woody Williams National Medal of Honor Monument Location Act
• H.R. 187: Modernizing Access to our Public Waters Act of 2025
• H.R. 189: Securities and Exchange Commission Real Estate Leasing Authority Revocation Act
• H.R. 192: Amtrak Executive Bonus Disclosure Act
• H.R. 197: Lake Winnibigoshish Land Exchange Act of 2025
• H.R. 204: Accurately Counting Risk Elimination Solutions Act
• H.R. 207: Supporting the Health of Aquatic systems through Research Knowledge and Enhanced Dialogue Act of 2025
• H.R. 224: Disabled Veterans Housing Support Act
• H.R. 226: Eastern Band of Cherokee Historic Lands Reacquisition Act
• H.R. 275: Special Interest Alien Reporting Act of 2025
• H.R. 276: Gulf of America Act
• H.R. 359: Cost-Share Accountability Act of 2025
• H.R. 375: Continued Rapid Ohia Death Response Act of 2025
• H.R. 386: Chinese Currency Accountability Act of 2025
• H.R. 469: Semiquincentennial Congressional Time Capsule Act
• H.R. 471: Fix Our Forests Act
• H.R. 495: Subterranean Border Defense Act
• H.R. 579: Recruiting Families Using Data Act of 2025
• H.R. 586: Vietnam Veterans Liver Fluke Cancer Study Act
• H.R. 692: China Exchange Rate Transparency Act of 2023
• H.R. 695: Medal of Honor Act
• H.R. 706: DHS Biodetection Improvement Act
• H.R. 708: Strategic Homeland Intelligence and Enforcement Legislation to Defend Against the CCP Act
• H.R. 730: Mathematical and Statistical Modeling Education Act
• H.R. 736: Protect Small Businesses from Excessive Paperwork Act of 2025
• H.R. 754: Investing in Main Street Act of 2025
• H.R. 758: Mail Traffic Deaths Reporting Act of 2025
• H.R. 776: Nutria Eradication and Control Reauthorization Act of 2025
• H.R. 788: DOE and SBA Research Act
• H.R. 804: Rural Small Business Resilience Act
• H.R. 818: Small Business Procurement and Utilization Reform Act of 2025
• H.R. 825: Assisting Small Businesses Not Fraudsters Act
• H.R. 828: Successful Entrepreneurship for Reservists and Veterans Act
• H.R. 832: Small Business Advocacy Improvements Act of 2025
• H.R. 835: 9/11 Memorial and Museum Act
• H.R. 836: Emergency Wildfire Fighting Technology Act of 2025
• H.R. 856: Safe and Smart Federal Purchasing Act
• H.R. 862: TSA Commuting Fairness Act
• H.R. 872: Federal Contractor Cybersecurity Vulnerability Reduction Act of 2025
• H.R. 877: Deliver for Veterans Act
• H.R. 901: Research Security and Accountability in DHS Act
• H.R. 919: Chronic Disease Flexible Coverage Act
• H.R. 965: Housing Unhoused Disabled Veterans Act
• H.R. 970: Fairness for Servicemembers and their Families Act of 2025
• H.R. 975: Credit Union Board Modernization Act
• H.R. 983: Montgomery GI Bill Selected Reserves Tuition Fairness Act of 2025
• H.R. 993: Emerging Innovative Border Technologies Act
• H.R. 997: National Taxpayer Advocate Enhancement Act of 2025
• H.R. 998: Internal Revenue Service Math and Taxpayer Help Act
• H.R. 1039: Clear Communication for Veterans Claims Act
• H.R. 1048: Defending Education Transparency and Ending Rogue Regimes Engaging in Nefarious Transactions Act
• H.R. 1152: Electronic Filing and Payment Fairness Act
• H.R. 1155: Recovery of Stolen Checks Act
• H.R. 1156: Pandemic Unemployment Fraud Enforcement Act
• H.R. 1166: Decoupling from Foreign Adversarial Battery Dependence Act
• H.R. 1318: United States Research Protection Act
• H.R. 1325: Commercial Remote Sensing Amendment Act of 2025
• H.R. 1326: DOE and USDA Interagency Research Act
• H.R. 1350: DOE and NSF Interagency Research Act
• H.R. 1368: DOE and NASA Interagency Research Coordination Act
• H.R. 1374: Securing the Cities Improvement Act
• H.R. 1491: Disaster Related Extension of Deadlines Act
• H.R. 1515: Guidance Out Of Darkness Act
• H.R. 1526: No Rogue Rulings Act
• H.R. 1534: Innovative Mitigation Partnerships for Asphalt and Concrete Technologies Act
• H.R. 1692: Producing Advanced Technologies for Homeland Security Act
• H.R. 1701: Strategic Ports Reporting Act
• H.R. 1919: Anti-CBDC Surveillance State Act
• H.R. 1969: No Wrong Door for Veterans Act
• H.R. 2591: Mental Health in Aviation Act of 2025
• H.R. 3633: Digital Asset Market Clarity Act of 2025

Bills proposed in the House

• H.R. 14: John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act
• H.R. 15: Equality Act
• H.R. 17: Paycheck Fairness Act
• H.R. 20: Richard L. Trumka Protecting the Right to Organize Act of 2025
• H.R. 38: Concealed Carry Reciprocity Act (ordered by committee to be amended on March 25, 2025)
• H.R. 40: Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act
• H.R. 277: Matthew Lawrence Perna Act of 2025
• H.R. 1862: English Language Unity Act of 2025
• H.R. 2392: STABLE Act of 2025
• H.R. 3492: Protect Children's Innocence Act of 2025
• H.R. 4327: No Tax on Home Sales Act
• H.R. 4403: Clear Skies Act

Bills passed in the Senate waiting for the House

• S. 32: Local Access to Courts Act
• S. 129: No Tax On Tips Act
• S. 524: Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2025
• S. 960: Justice for Murder Victims Act
• S. 1077: District of Columbia Local Funds Act, 2025

Bills proposed in the Senate

• S. 29: Sunshine Protection Act
• S. 476: White Oak Resiliency Act of 2025
• S. 500: CAREER Act of 2025
• S. 698: Federal Prisons Accountability Act of 2025
• S. 852: Richard L. Trumka Protecting the Right to Organize Act of 2025
• S. 1046: No Tax On Overtime Act
• S. 1124: Anti-CBDC Surveillance State Act
• S. 1241: Sanctioning Russia Act
• S. 1272: Trade Review Act
• S. 1503: Equality Act
• S. 1674: Mammoth Cave National Park Boundary Adjustment Act of 2025
• S. 2572: Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2026

Bills in Conference Committee

• H.R. 3944: Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2026

Major resolutions

Adopted

• H.Res. 5: Setting the Rules of the House this Congress, with changes from the previous Congress.
• H.Res. 189: Censuring Al Green for disrupting the President's speech to a joint session of Congress.
• S.Con.Res. 3: Allowing the Capitol rotunda to be used for Jimmy Carter's lying in state.
• S.Res. 377: Executive resolution authorizing the en bloc consideration in Executive Session of certain nominations on the Executive Calendar.

Proposed

• H.Res. 24: Expunging the first impeachment of Donald Trump.
• H.Res. 25: Expunging the second impeachment of Donald Trump.

Party summary

Resignations and new members are discussed in the "Changes in membership" section:

Senate party summary

Senate membership January 21, 2025 – present

	Party (shading shows control)			Total	Vacant
	Democratic	Independent	Republican
End of previous Congress	47	4	49	100	0
Begin (January 3, 2025)	45	2	52	99	1
January 10, 2025			51	98	2
January 14, 2025			52	99	1
January 20, 2025			51	98	2
January 21, 2025			53	100	0
Current voting share	47%		53%

House party summary

House membership Begin (January 3, 2025 – January 20, 2025) January 20, 2025 – March 5, 2025 March 5, 2025 – March 13, 2025 March 13, 2025 – April 2, 2025 April 2, 2025 – May 21, 2025 May 21, 2025 – July 20, 2025 July 20, 2025 – September 10, 2025 September 10, 2025 – November 12, 2025 November 12, 2025 – November 20, 2025 November 20, 2025 – present

	Party (shading shows control)		Total	Vacant
	Democratic	Republican
End of previous Congress	210	219	429	6
Begin (January 3, 2025)	215	219	434	1
January 20, 2025		218	433	2
March 5, 2025	214		432	3
March 13, 2025	213		431	4
April 2, 2025		220	433	2
May 21, 2025	212		432	3
July 20, 2025		219	431	4
September 10, 2025	213	432	3
November 12, 2025	214	433	2
November 20, 2025	213	432	3
Current voting share	49.3%	50.7%
Non-voting members	3	3	6	0

Leadership

Note: Democrats refer to themselves as a "caucus"; Republicans refer to themselves as a "conference".

Senate leadership

Senate Presidents

Kamala Harris (D),
until January 20, 2025

JD Vance (R),
since January 20, 2025