Pope Paul VI (r. 1963–1978) created 143 cardinals in six consistories. His predecessor Pope John XXIII had disregarded the centuries-long tradition that limited the College of Cardinals to seventy members, increasing its size to as high as 88 in 1961. Paul continued this practice, and with his appointments the College grew to 103 in 1965, 118 in 1967, 134 in 1969. He then instituted a new rule that diminished the significance of the size of the College. In November 1970 he announced that as of 1 January 1971 only a cardinal who had not yet reached his 80th birthday would be allowed to enter a conclave. When the 1973 consistory increased the size of the College to 145, the number of those under 80 who constituted the cardinal electors was 117. In 1975, he set the maximum number of cardinal electors at 120. Each of his later consistories in 1976 and 1977 brought the number of electors to the full complement of 120.
Three of those Paul named a cardinal became pope, Pope John Paul I, Pope John Paul II, and Pope Benedict XVI, who was the last survivor of the cardinals whom Paul named. Among the others he made cardinal were the first from Benin (Gantin), the Dominican Republic (Beras Rojas), Indonesia (Darmojuwono), Madagascar (Rakotomalala), Nigeria (Ekandem), Senegal (Thiandoum), Sri Lanka (Cooray), Switzerland (Journet), and Vietnam (Trịnh Như Khuê).
22 February 1965
When Paul VI added members to the College for the first time, he increased its numbers from 76 to 103, raising the number of Italians from 26 to 32. The 27 he named included the first cardinal from Sri Lanka and Switzerland, the second black African, and three Eastern Rite Patriarchs. He assigned the patriarchs to the College's highest rank, cardinal bishop, which was previously reserved to six cardinals assigned as bishops of sees near Rome. He said that the growth of the College did not suggest a lesser role for the world's bishops, but reflected the fact that "The proportions of the Church are no longer those of the 16th century".
The ceremonies were reduced from four to two, though still scheduled to extend over four days. At the second, public ceremony, the pope and the new cardinals concelebrated Mass for the first time on such an occasion and Paul, after addressing them briefly in Latin, spoke in Italian "because it is easier for us" and then in French, English, German, and Spanish. The language of the rite was adapted slightly for the patriarchs, and the new cardinals did not demonstrate their obedience by prostrating themselves at the pope's feet. Before the consistory, the Vatican restricted the use of silk in cardinals' attire.
Pope Paul created 27 cardinals on 22 February: the three patriarchs joined the order of cardinal bishops, twenty became cardinal priests, and four cardinal deacons. The patriarchs' relationship to their sees remained unchanged. On 25 February he assigned the others their titles and deaconries, except for Herrera Oria, who received his red biretta from Spain's Francisco Franco on 1 March and then his titular church assignment from Pope Paul on 26 March.[citation needed]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Maximos IV Sayegh (1878–1967) | Patriarch of Antioch of the Melkites | Syria |
| Paul Peter Meouchi (1894–1975) | Patriarch of Antioch of the Maronites | Lebanon |
| Stéphanos I Sidarouss (1904–1987) | Patriarch of Alexandria of the Copts | Egypt |
| Josyf Slipyj (1892–1984) | Major-Archbishop of Lviv-Galicia | Ukrainian SSR |
| Lorenz Jaeger (1892–1975) | Archbishop of Paderborn | West Germany |
| Thomas Cooray (1901–1988) | Archbishop of Colombo in Ceylon | Ceylon |
| Josef Beran (1888–1969) | Archbishop of Prague | Czechoslovakia |
| Maurice Roy (1905–1985) | Archbishop of Quebec | Canada |
| Joseph-Marie Martin (1891–1976) | Archbishop of Rouen | France |
| Owen McCann (1907–1994) | Archbishop of Cape Town | South Africa |
| Léon-Étienne Duval (1903–1996) | Archbishop of Algiers | Algeria |
| Ermenegildo Florit (1901–1985) | Archbishop of Firenze | Italy |
| Franjo Šeper (1905–1981) | Archbishop of Zagreb | Yugoslavia |
| John Heenan (1905–1975) | Archbishop of Westminster | England |
| Jean-Marie Villot (1905–1979) | Archbishop of Lyon | France |
| Paul Zoungrana (1917–2000) | Archbishop of Ouagadougou | Upper Volta |
| Lawrence Shehan (1898–1984) | Archbishop of Baltimore | United States |
| Enrico Dante (1884–1967) | Master of Papal Liturgical Celebrations of Prefecture for Pontifical Ceremonies | Italy |
| Cesare Zerba (1892–1973) | Secretary Emeritus of Sacred Congregation of Sacramental Discipline | Italy |
| Agnelo Rossi (1913–1995) | Archbishop of São Paulo | Brazil |
| Giovanni Colombo (1902–1992) | Archbishop of Milan | Italy |
| William Conway (1913–1977) | Archbishop of Armagh | Ireland |
| Ángel Herrera Oria (1886–1968) | Bishop of Malaga | Spain |
| Federico Callori di Vignale (1890–1971) | Prefect of Prefecture of the Holy Apostolic Palaces | Italy |
| Josef-Léon Cardijn (1882–1967) | Founder of Young Christian Workers | Belgium |
| Charles Journet (1891–1975) | Theologian | Switzerland |
| Giulio Bevilacqua (1881–1965) | Priest from the Diocese of Brescia | Italy |
26 June 1967
Pope Paul announced the names of 27 new cardinals on 29 May 1967, and the consistory that followed increased the College from 93 to 118 members, a new high. Twenty were European, including 12 Italians. He again simplified the cardinals' attire and reduced the number of their attendants, but reorganized the ceremonies into three events.
On 26 June Pope Paul created 23 cardinals of the order of cardinal priests and four cardinal deacons. Some 24 of the 27 assembled in the Pius XII auditorium and there received notes that Paul had named them in the closed ceremony. Pope Paul gave 24 of them their titular assignments and deaconries on 29 June. The other three, papal nuncios to Italy (Grano), Portugal (Fürstenberg), and Spain (Riberi), followed the custom of receiving their notices and their red birettas from the head of the government to which they were posted. Pope Paul gave them their birettas and titular churches on 15 July.
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Nicolás Fasolino (1887–1969) | Archbishop of Santa Fe | Argentina |
| Antonio Riberi (1897–1967) | Apostolic Nuncio to Spain | Monaco |
| Giuseppe Beltrami (1889–1973) | Apostolic Internuncio to the Netherlands | Italy |
| Alfredo Pacini (1888–1967) | Apostolic Nuncio to Switzerland | Italy |
| Gabriel-Marie Garrone (1901–1994) | Pro-Prefect of Sacred Congregation for Catholic Education | France |
| Patrick O'Boyle (1896–1987) | Archbishop of Washington | United States |
| Egidio Vagnozzi (1906–1980) | Apostolic Delegate to United States of America | Italy |
| Maximilien de Furstenberg (1904–1988) | Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal | Netherlands |
| Antonio Samorè (1905–1983) | Secretary of Sacred Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs | Italy |
| Francesco Carpino (1905–1993) | Pro-Prefect of Sacred Congregation for Sacramental Discipline | Italy |
| José Clemente Maurer (1900–1990) | Archbishop of Sucre | Bolivia |
| Pietro Parente (1891–1986) | Secretary of Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith | Italy |
| Carlo Grano (1887–1976) | Head of Protocol Emeritus of Secretariat of State | Italy |
| Angelo Dell'Acqua (1903–1972) | Substitute for General Affairs of Secretariat of State | Italy |
| Dino Staffa (1906–1977) | Pro-Prefect of Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura | Italy |
| Pericle Felici (1911–1982) | President of Pontifical Commission for the Revision of the Code of Canon Law | Italy |
| John Krol (1910–1996) | Archbishop of Philadelphia | United States |
| Pierre Veuillot (1913–1968) | Archbishop of Paris | France |
| John Cody (1907–1982) | Archbishop of Chicago | United States |
| Corrado Ursi (1908–2003) | Archbishop of Napoli | Italy |
| Alfred Bengsch (1921–1979) | Archbishop of Berlin | West Germany |
| Justinus Darmojuwono (1914–1994) | Archbishop of Semarang | Indonesia |
| Karol Wojtyła (1920–2005) | Archbishop of Krakow | Poland |
| Michele Pellegrino (1903–1986) | Archbishop of Turin | Italy |
| Alexandre Renard (1906–1983) | Archbishop of Paris | France |
| Francis Brennan (1894–1968) | Dean of Sacred Roman Rota | United States |
| Benno Gut (1897–1970) | Abbot Primate of the Benedictine Confederation of the Order of Saint Benedict | Switzerland |
28 April 1969
On 29 March 1969, Pope Paul announced he would increase the size of the College to 134 at a consistory on 28 April. He named 33 new cardinals from 19 countries, the largest group of new cardinals ever created at a consistory until then (later surpassed when John Paul II created 44 cardinals in 2001), and withheld the names of two more. As part of three ceremonies, a new procedure required each to swear an oath of secrecy to "not divulge to their damage or discredit the councils entrusted to me, either directly or indirectly, without the consent of the Holy See".
On 28 April 1969, Pope Paul created 24 cardinals of the order of cardinal priests and nine of the order of cardinal deacons. On 30 April he gave them their red birettas and assigned their titular churches and deaconries. Of the two cardinals he created in pectore, he revealed the name of Štěpán Trochta on 5 March 1973, and at the same time he announced that the other was Iuliu Hossu of Rumania, who died in 1970 without being recognized as a cardinal.
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Paul Yü Pin (1901–1978) | Archbishop of Nanjing | China |
| Alfredo Scherer (1903–1996) | Archbishop of Porto Alegre | Brazil |
| Julio Rosales (1906–1983) | Archbishop of Cebu | Philippines |
| Gordon Gray (1910–1993) | Archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh | Scotland |
| Peter McKeefry (1899–1973) | Archbishop of Wellington | New Zealand |
| Miguel Darío Miranda y Gómez (1895–1986) | Archbishop of Mexico | Mexico |
| Joseph Parecattil (1912–1987) | Archbishop of Ernakulam | India |
| John Francis Dearden (1907–1988) | Archbishop of Detroit | United States |
| François Marty (1904–1994) | Archbishop of Paris | France |
| Jérôme Rakotomalala (1914–1975) | Archbishop of Tananarive | Madagascar |
| George Bernard Flahiff (1905–1989) | Archbishop of Winnipeg | Canada |
| Paul Gouyon (1910–2000) | Archbishop of Rennes | France |
| Mario Casariego y Acevedo (1909–1983) | Archbishop of Guatemala | Guatemala |
| Vicente Enrique y Tarancón (1907–1994) | Archbishop of Toledo | Spain |
| Joseph Malula (1917–1989) | Archbishop of Kinshasa | Congo |
| Pablo Muñoz Vega (1903–1994) | Archbishop of Quito | Ecuador |
| Antonio Poma (1910–1985) | Archbishop of Bologna | Italy |
| John Carberry (1904–1998) | Archbishop of St. Louis | United States |
| Terence Cooke (1921–1983) | Archbishop of New York | United States |
| Stephen Kim Sou-hwan (1922–2009) | Archbishop of Seoul | South Korea |
| Arturo Tabera Araoz (1903–1975) | Archbishop of Pamplona | Spain |
| Eugênio Sales (1920–2012) | Archbishop of São Salvador da Bahia | Brazil |
| Joseph Höffner (1906–1987) | Archbishop of Cologne | West Germany |
| John Wright (1909–1979) | Bishop of Pittsburgh | United States |
| Paolo Bertoli (1908–2001) | Apostolic Nuncio to France | Italy |
| Sebastiano Baggio (1913–1993) | Apostolic Nuncio to Brazil | Italy |
| Silvio Oddi (1910–2001) | Apostolic Nuncio to Luxembourg and Apostolic Nuncio to Belgium | Italy |
| Giuseppe Paupini (1907–1992) | Apostolic Nuncio to Colombia | Italy |
| Giacomo Violardo (1898–1978) | Secretary of Sacred Congregation for Sacramental Discipline | Italy |
| Johannes Willebrands (1909–2006) | Secretary of Secretariat for Christian Unity | Netherlands |
| Mario Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano (1903–1988) | Prefect of Prefecture of the Apostolic Palaces | Italy |
| Sergio Guerri (1905–1992) | Secretary of Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See | Italy |
| Jean Daniélou (1905–1974) | Theologian | France |
Cardinal in pectore
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country | Revealed as Cardinal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Štěpán Trochta (1905–1974) | Bishop of Litoměřice | Czechoslovakia | 5 March 1973 |
5 March 1973
On 2 February 1973, Pope Paul released the names of thirty new cardinals from 17 countries. The consistory on 5 March brought the number of cardinals to 145, with 117 young enough to serve as cardinal electors. The College had never been larger before, but the size of 145 would regularly be surpassed from 1985 on. The Vatican announced on 12 February that the ceremonies for creating cardinals would be simplied and shortened. Each cardinal's red hat would be delivered by messenger, not ceremoniously imposed by the pope.
At the consistory on 5 March, a one-day ceremony that replaced a series of ceremonies spread across five days, Pope Paul created 24 cardinals of the order of cardinal priests and six of the order of cardinal priests. He gave red birettas and titular church and deaconry assignments to the 29 who were present, all but Jubany Arnau whose health prevented him from attending. He revealed the names of two prelates he had made cardinals in pectore in 1969: Stepan Trochta of Czechoslovakia and Iuliu Hossu of Rumania, who died in 1970. He discussed plans to modify procedures for papal elections, as he later did by limiting the number of electors to 120. He mentioned other ideas he never implemented like adding as voters the patriarchs of the Eastern Rite churches even if not cardinals and allowing the leadership of the Synod of Bishops to participate as electors.
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Albino Luciani (1912–1978) | Patriarch of Venice | Italy |
| António Ribeiro (1928–1998) | Patriarch of Lisbon | Portugal |
| Sergio Pignedoli (1910–1980) | Secretary of Sacred Congregation for the Evangelisation of Peoples | Italy |
| James Knox (1914–1983) | Archbishop of Melbourne | Australia |
| Luigi Raimondi (1912–1975) | Apostolic Delegate to the United States | Italy |
| Umberto Mozzoni (1904–1983) | Apostolic Nuncio to Brazil | Argentina |
| Avelar Brandão Vilela (1912–1986) | Archbishop of São Salvador da Bahia | Brazil |
| Joseph Cordeiro (1918–1994) | Archbishop of Karachi | Pakistan |
| Aníbal Muñoz Duque (1908–1987) | Archbishop of Bogota | Colombia |
| Bolesław Kominek (1903–1974) | Archbishop of Wrocław | Poland |
| Paul-Pierre Philippe (1905–1984) | Secretary of Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith | France |
| Pietro Palazzini (1912–2000) | Secretary of Sacred Congregation for Clergy | Italy |
| Luis Aponte Martínez (1922–2012) | Archbishop of San Juan de Puerto Rico | Puerto Rico |
| Raúl Francisco Primatesta (1919–2006) | Archbishop of Cordoba | Argentina |
| Salvatore Pappalardo (1918–2006) | Archbishop of Palermo | Italy |
| Ferdinando Giuseppe Antonelli (1896–1993) | Secretary of Sacred Congregation for the Causes of Saints | Italy |
| Marcelo González Martín (1918–2004) | Archbishop of Toledo | Spain |
| Louis-Jean Guyot (1907–1988) | Archbishop of Toulouse | France |
| Ugo Poletti (1914–1997) | Pro-Vicar General for the Vicariate of Rome | Italy |
| Timothy Manning (1909–1989) | Archbishop of Los Angeles | United States |
| Paul Yoshigoro Taguchi (1902–1978) | Archbishop of Osaka | Japan |
| Maurice Michael Otunga (1923–2003) | Archbishop of Nairobi | Kenya |
| José Salazar López (1910–1991) | Archbishop of Guadalajara | Mexico |
| Émile Biayenda (1927–1977) | Archbishop of Brazzaville | PR Congo |
| Humberto Sousa Medeiros (1915–1983) | Archbishop of Boston | United States |
| Paulo Evaristo Arns (1921–2016) | Archbishop of São Paulo | Brazil |
| James Darcy Freeman (1907–1991) | Archbishop of Sydney | Australia |
| Narcís Jubany Arnau (1913–1996) | Archbishop of Barcelona | Spain |
| Hermann Volk (1903–1988) | Bishop of Mainz | West Germany |
| Pio Taofinu'u (1923–2006) | Bishop of Apia | Samoa |
24 May 1976
On 27 April 1976, Pope Paul announced plan to create 19 cardinals on 24 May 1976. He said he was not announcing the names of two more he would make cardinals in pectore. In the event, Trin Nhu Khue, Archbishop of Hanoi, was able to attend the ceremony, leaving only one name secret. On 24 May Pope Paul created twenty cardinals, assigning titular churches to fourteen cardinal priests and deaconries to six cardinal deacons.
The appointments brought the number of cardinal electors to 120 and number of cardinals to 137. He had set the maximum number of electors at 120 in October 1975 in Romano Pontifici eligendo.
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Octavio Beras Rojas (1906–1990) | Archbishop of Santo Domingo | Dominican Republic |
| Opilio Rossi (1910–2004) | Apostolic Nuncio to Austria | Italy |
| Giuseppe Sensi (1907–2001) | Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal | Italy |
| Juan Carlos Aramburu (1912–2004) | Archbishop of Buenos Aires | Argentina |
| Corrado Bafile (1903–2005) | Pro-Prefect of Sacred Congregation for the Causes of Saints | Italy |
| Hyacinthe Thiandoum (1921–2004) | Archbishop of Dakar | Senegal |
| Emmanuel Nsubuga (1914–1991) | Archbishop of Kampala | Uganda |
| Joseph Schröffer (1903–1983) | Secretary of Sacred Congregation for Catholic Education | West Germany |
| Lawrence Picachy (1916–1992) | Archbishop of Calcutta | India |
| Jaime Sin (1928–2005) | Archbishop of Manila | Philippines |
| William Wakefield Baum (1926–2015) | Archbishop of Washington | United States |
| Aloísio Lorscheider (1924–2007) | Archbishop of Fortaleza | Brazil |
| Reginald Delargey (1914–1979) | Archbishop of Wellington | New Zealand |
| Eduardo Francisco Pironio (1920–1998) | Pro-Prefect of Sacred Congregation for the Religious and Secular Institutes | Argentina |
| László Lékai (1910–1986) | Archbishop of Esztergom | Hungary |
| Basil Hume (1923–1999) | Archbishop of Westminster | England |
| Victor Razafimahatratra (1921–1993) | Archbishop of Tananarive | Madagascar |
| Dominic Ekandem (1917–1995) | Bishop of Ikot Ekpene | Nigeria |
| Trinh Nhu Khue (1898–1978) | Archbishop of Hanoi | Vietnam |
| Bolesław Filipiak (1901–1978) | Dean of Sacred Roman Rota | Poland |
Cardinal in pectore
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country | Revealed as Cardinal |
|---|---|---|---|
| František Tomášek (1899–1992) | Archbishop of Prague | Czechoslovakia | 27 June 1977 |
27 June 1977
On 2 June 1977, Pope Paul announced that he would create four new cardinals on 27 June. On 27 June Pope Paul created these four cardinals and announced the name of Tomášek, created in pectore a year earlier. Four of the five were assigned their titular churches and Gantin his deaconry. All were young enough to serve as papal electors. This brought the membership of the College of Cardinals to 137 and the number of cardinal electors up to the limit of 120. By one account, this "mini-consistory" was held principally for Benelli, who was being made Archbishop of Florence after ten years as Substitute at the Secretariat of State. Paul himself, at a similar stage of a similar career, had been appointed Archbishop of Milan in 1954 but not made a cardinal by Pius XII. This treatment of Benelli prompted speculation that Paul was designating him his successor or preparing to retire when he reached 80 later in the year.
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Giovanni Benelli (1921–1982) | Substitute for General Affairs of Secretariat of State | Italy |
| Bernardin Gantin (1922–2008) | Pro-President of Pontifical Commission of Justice and Peace | Benin |
| Joseph Ratzinger (1927–2022) | Archbishop of Munich and Freising | West Germany |
| Mario Luigi Ciappi (1909–1996) | Theologian of Prefecture of the Papal Household | Italy |
See also
- Cardinals created by John XXIII (previous)
- Cardinals created by John Paul II (successor of John Paul I)
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