Pope John Paul II (r. 1978–2005) created 231 cardinals in nine consistories held at roughly three-year intervals. Three of those cardinals were first created in pectore, that is, without their names being announced, and only identified by the pope later. He named a fourth in pectore as well but never revealed that name. At his 2001 consistory, where he elevated 42 prelates and announced the names of two created in pectore earlier, he created more cardinals at one time than ever before or since. His consistories in 1985, 1994, and 2003 were among the largest ever.
In his first three consistories, John Paul adhered to the limit of 120 that Pope Paul VI set on the number of cardinal electors in 1975. and he included that maximum when he reformed the papal conclave procedures in 1996. His appointments exceeded that number for the first time in 1988 when the number of electors rose to 121, and then again in 1998 when it reached 122. In each of his last two consistories, in 2001 and 2003, he raised the number to 135, a record figure only exceeded once, by Pope Francis in 2023.
He was the first pope to allow someone not a bishop to become a cardinal since Pope John XXIII mandated that cardinals be bishops in 1962. His appointments included one future pope, Pope Francis.
30 June 1979
John Paul created fourteen cardinals at his first consistory and he announced he was withholding the name of a fifteenth. That additional cardinal's name was not made public until 1991. All those named were archbishops, including six Italians and two Poles. These appointments, excluding the name withheld, brought the number of cardinals who had not passed their 80th birthday to 120, the maximum set by Pope Paul VI, while the entire membership of the College of Cardinals reached 135.
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Agostino Casaroli (1914–1998) | Pro-Secretary of State of Secretariat of State | Italy |
| Giuseppe Caprio (1914–2005) | Pro-President of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See | Italy |
| Marco Cé (1925–2014) | Patriarch of Venice | Italy |
| Egano Righi-Lambertini (1906–2000) | Apostolic Nuncio to France | Italy |
| Joseph-Marie Trịnh Văn Căn (1921–1990) | Archbishop of Hanoi | Vietnam |
| Ernesto Civardi (1906–1989) | Secretary of the Congregation for Bishops | Italy |
| Ernesto Corripio y Ahumada (1919–2008) | Archbishop of Mexico | Mexico |
| Joseph Asajiro Satowaki (1904–1996) | Archbishop of Nagasaki | Japan |
| Roger Etchegaray (1922–2019) | Archbishop of Marseille | France |
| Anastasio Ballestrero (1913–1998) | Archbishop of Turin | Italy |
| Tomás Ó Fiaich (1923–1990) | Archbishop of Armagh | Ireland |
| Gerald Emmett Carter (1912–2003) | Archbishop of Toronto | Canada |
| Franciszek Macharski (1927–2016) | Archbishop of Kraków | Poland |
| Władysław Rubin (1917–1990) | Secretary General of the Synod of Bishops | Poland |
Cardinal in pectore
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country | Revealed as Cardinal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ignatius Kung Pin-mei (1901–2000) | Bishop of Shanghai | China | 29 May 1991 |
2 February 1983
John Paul created 18 cardinals on 2 February 1983, including the first resident of the Soviet Union (Vaivods of Latvia) and four others from countries with Communist governments. This brought the College to 138 members, of whom 120 were young enough to serve as electors in a papal conclave. Another cardinal was created in pectore or secretly. John Paul granted a dispensation from the requirement that all cardinals be bishops to Henri de Lubac, the first such dispensation since Pope John XXIII established the rule in 1962.
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Anthony Peter Khoraish (1907–1994) | Patriarch of Antioch of the Maronites | Lebanon |
| Bernard Yago (1916–1997) | Archbishop of Abidjan | Ivory Coast |
| Aurelio Sabattani (1912–2003) | Pro-Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura | Italy |
| Franjo Kuharić (1919–2002) | Archbishop of Zagreb | Yugoslavia |
| Giuseppe Casoria (1908–2001) | Pro-Prefect of Sacred Congregation for Sacraments and Divine Worship | Italy |
| José Lebrún Moratinos (1919–2001) | Archbishop of Caracas | Venezuela |
| Joseph Bernardin (1928–1996) | Archbishop of Chicago | United States |
| Michael Michai Kitbunchu (b. 1929) | Archbishop of Bangkok | Thailand |
| Alexandre do Nascimento (1925-2024) | Archbishop of Lubango | Angola |
| Alfonso López Trujillo (1935–2008) | Archbishop of Medellín | Colombia |
| Godfried Danneels (1933–2019) | Archbishop of Mechelen–Brussels | Belgium |
| Thomas Williams (1930–2023) | Archbishop of Wellington | New Zealand |
| Carlo Maria Martini (1927–2012) | Archbishop of Milan | Italy |
| Jean-Marie Lustiger (1926–2007) | Archbishop of Paris | France |
| Józef Glemp (1929–2013) | Archbishop of Warsaw and Archbishop of Gniezno | Poland |
| Julijans Vaivods (1895–1990) | Apostolic Administrator of Riga and Apostolic Administrator of Liepāja | Soviet Union |
| Joachim Meisner (1933–2017) | Bishop of Berlin | West Germany |
| Henri de Lubac (1896–1991) | Theologian | France |
25 May 1985
John Paul created 28 cardinals on 25 May 1985 in a ceremony held outdoors for the first time in St. Peter's Square. They included the first from Ethiopia and Nicaragua and an archbishop of the Ukrainian Rite. It raised the College's membership to 152, with 120 eligible to vote for a new pope.
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Luigi Dadaglio (1914–1990) | Major Pro-Penitentiary of the Apostolic Penitentiary | Italy |
| Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy (1924–2014) | Secretary of Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith | India |
| Francis Arinze (b. 1932) | Pro-President of Secretariat for Non-Christians | Nigeria |
| Juan Francisco Fresno (1914–2004) | Archbishop of Santiago | Chile |
| Antonio Innocenti (1915–2008) | Apostolic Nuncio to Spain | Italy |
| Miguel Obando y Bravo (1926–2018) | Archbishop of Managua | Nicaragua |
| Paul Mayer (1911–2010) | Pro-Prefect of Congregation for Divine Worship and Pro-Prefect of Congregation for the Sacraments | West Germany |
| Ángel Suquía Goicoechea (1916–2006) | Archbishop of Madrid | Spain |
| Jean Jérôme Hamer (1916–1996) | Pro-Prefect of Congregation for the Religious and Secular Institutes | Belgium |
| Ricardo Vidal (1931–2017) | Archbishop of Cebu | Philippines |
| Henryk Gulbinowicz (1923–2020) | Archbishop of Wrocław | Poland |
| Paulos Tzadua (1921–2003) | Archbishop of Addis Abeba | Ethiopia |
| Jozef Tomko (1924–2022) | Pro-Prefect of Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith | Czechoslovakia |
| Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky (1914–2000) | Major-Archbishop of Lviv-Galicia | Soviet Union |
| Andrzej Maria Deskur (1924–2011) | President emeritus of Pontifical Commission for Social Communications | Poland |
| Paul Poupard (b. 1930) | Pro-President of Secretariat for Non-Believers | France |
| Louis-Albert Vachon (1912–2006) | Archbishop of Quebec | Canada |
| Albert Decourtray (1923–1994) | Archbishop of Lyon | France |
| Rosalio Lara (1922–2007) | President of Disciplinary Commission of the Roman Curia | Venezuela |
| Friedrich Wetter (b. 1928) | Archbishop of Munich and Freising | West Germany |
| Silvano Piovanelli (1924–2016) | Archbishop of Firenze | Italy |
| Adrianus Johannes Simonis (1931–2020) | Archbishop of Utrecht | Netherlands |
| Édouard Gagnon (1918–2007) | Pro-President of Pontifical Council for the Family | Canada |
| Alfons Maria Stickler (1910–2007) | Librarian of the Vatican Apostolic Library & Archivist of the Vatican Secret Archives | Austria |
| Bernard Francis Law (1931–2017) | Archbishop of Boston | United States |
| John Joseph O'Connor (1920–2000) | Archbishop of New York | United States |
| Giacomo Biffi (1928–2015) | Archbishop of Bologna | Italy |
| Pietro Pavan (1903–1994) | Rector Magnificus Emeritus of the Pontifical Lateran University | Italy |
28 June 1988
On 29 May 1988 John Paul announced he would create 25 new cardinals in 28 June, though the death of Hans Urs von Balthasar of Switzerland reduced that number to 24. This consistory took the number of cardinal electors from 97 to 121, which fell within a month to the maximum of 120, a majority of them appointed by John Paul. It brought the total number of cardinals to a new high of 160, of whom John Paul named 84.
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Eduardo Martínez Somalo (1927–2021) | Substitute for General Affairs emeritus of Secretariat of State | Spain |
| Achille Silvestrini (1923–2019) | Secretary of Council for the Public Affairs of the Church | Italy |
| Angelo Felici (1919–2007) | Apostolic Nuncio to France | Italy |
| Paul Grégoire (1911–1993) | Archbishop of Montreal | Canada |
| Antony Padiyara (1921–2000) | Archbishop of Ernakulam | India |
| José Freire Falcão (1925–2021) | Archbishop of Brasilia | Brazil |
| Michele Giordano (1930–2010) | Archbishop of Napoli | Italy |
| Alexandre José Maria dos Santos (1924–2021) | Archbishop of Maputo | Mozambique |
| Giovanni Canestri (1918–2015) | Archbishop of Genova–Bobbio | Italy |
| Antonio María Javierre Ortas (1921–2007) | Secretary emeritus of Congregation for Catholic Education | Spain |
| Simon Pimenta (1920–2013) | Archbishop of Genova–Bombay | India |
| Mario Revollo Bravo (1919–1995) | Archbishop of Bogota | Colombia |
| Edward Bede Clancy (1923–2014) | Archbishop of Sydney | Australia |
| Lucas Moreira Neves (1925–2002) | Archbishop of São Salvador da Bahia | Brazil |
| James Aloysius Hickey (1920–2004) | Archbishop of Washington | United States |
| Edmund Szoka (1927–2014) | Archbishop of Detroit | United States |
| László Paskai (1927–2015) | Archbishop of Esztergom | Hungary |
| Christian Tumi (1930–2021) | Archbishop of Garoua | Cameroon |
| Hans Hermann Groër (1919–2003) | Archbishop of Vienna | Austria |
| Jacques-Paul Martin (1908–1992) | Prefect emeritus of Prefecture of the Papal Household | France |
| Franz Hengsbach (1910–1991) | Bishop of Essen | West Germany |
| Vincentas Sladkevičius (1920–2000) | Apostolic Administrator of Kaišiadorys | Soviet Union |
| Jean Margéot (1916–2009) | Bishop of Port-Louis | Mauritius |
| John Wu (1925–2002) | Bishop of Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
28 June 1991
On 29 May 1991, John Paul announced he would create 22 cardinals at a consistory on 28 June and revealed the name of one he had created in pectore in 1979, Ignatius Kung Pin-mei. This increased the number of cardinal electors to 120 from 100. It also raised to 13 the number cardinals from the Soviet Union and nations of the recently dissolved Warsaw Pact. The total number of cardinals reached 162 after the consistory.
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Angelo Sodano (1927–2022) | Pro-Secretary of State of Secretariat of State | Italy |
| Alexandru Todea (1912–2002) | Major Archbishop of Făgăraș and Alba Iulia | Romania |
| Pio Laghi (1922–2009) | Pro-Prefect of Congregation for Catholic Education (for Seminaries and Educational Institutions) | Italy |
| Edward Cassidy (1924–2021) | President of Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity and President of Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews | Australia |
| Robert-Joseph Coffy (1920–1995) | Archbishop of Marseille | France |
| Frédéric Etsou-Nzabi-Bamungwabi (1930–2007) | Archbishop of Kinshasa | Zaire |
| Nicolás de Jesús López Rodríguez (b. 1936) | Archbishop of Santo Domingo | Dominican Republic |
| Jose Tomas Sanchez (1920–2012) | Secretary of Congregation for the Evangelisation of Peoples | Philippines |
| Virgilio Noè (1922–2011) | Coadjutor Vicar General for the Vatican City State of Rome, Coadjutor President of Fabric of Saint Peter and Coadjutor Archpriest of Papal Basilica of Saint Peter | Italy |
| Antonio Quarracino (1923–1998) | Archbishop of Buenos Aires | Argentina |
| Fiorenzo Angelini (1916–2014) | President of Pontifical Council for Health Care Workers | Italy |
| Roger Mahony (b. 1936) | Archbishop of Los Angeles | United States |
| Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo (1926–1993) | Archbishop of Guadalajara | Mexico |
| Anthony Bevilacqua (1923–2012) | Archbishop of Philadelphia | United States |
| Giovanni Saldarini (1924–2011) | Archbishop of Turin | Italy |
| Cahal Daly (1917–2009) | Archbishop of Armagh | Ireland |
| Camillo Ruini (b. 1931) | Pro-Archpriest of Papal Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran and Pro-Vicar General for the Vicariate of Rome | Italy |
| Ján Chryzostom Korec (1924–2015) | Bishop of Nitra | Czechoslovakia |
| Henri Schwery (1932–2021) | Bishop of Sion | Switzerland |
| Georg Sterzinsky (1936–2011) | Archbishop of Berlin | Germany |
| Guido del Mestri (1911–1993) | Apostolic Nuncio (retired) | Italy |
| Paolo Dezza (1901–1999) | Pontifical Delegate emeritus for Society of Jesus | Italy |
26 November 1994
On 30 October 1994, John Paul announced the names of 30 new cardinals from 24 countries, scheduling the consistory for 26 November. He said others were deserving but he "thought it appropriate to adhere to the limit set by my Predecessor Paul VI". The total number of cardinals reached 167 after the consistory.
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir (1920–2019) | Patriarch of Antioch of the Maronites | Lebanon |
| Miloslav Vlk (1932–2017) | Archbishop of Prague | Czech Republic |
| Luigi Poggi (1917–2010) | Librarian of the Vatican Apostolic Library & Archivist of the Vatican Secret Archives | Italy |
| Peter Shirayanagi (1928–2009) | Archbishop of Tokyo | Japan |
| Vincenzo Fagiolo (1918–2000) | President of Pontifical Council for the Interpretation of Legislative Texts and President of Disciplinary Commission of the Roman Curia | Italy |
| Carlo Furno (1921–2015) | Apostolic Nuncio to Italy | Italy |
| Carlos Oviedo Cavada (1927–1998) | Archbishop of Santiago | Chile |
| Thomas Winning (1925–2001) | Archbishop of Glasgow | United Kingdom |
| Adolfo Suárez Rivera (1927–2008) | Archbishop of Monterrey | Mexico |
| Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino (1936–2019) | Archbishop of La Habana | Cuba |
| Julius Darmaatmadja (b. 1934) | Archbishop of Semarang | Indonesia |
| Jan Pieter Schotte (1928–2005) | Secretary General of General Secretariat of the Synod of Bishops | Belgium |
| Pierre Eyt (1934–2001) | Archbishop of Bordeaux | France |
| Gilberto Agustoni (1922–2017) | Pro-Prefect of Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura | Switzerland |
| Emmanuel Wamala (b. 1926) | Archbishop of Kampala | Uganda |
| William Henry Keeler (1931–2017) | Archbishop of Baltimore | United States |
| Augusto Vargas Alzamora (1922–2000) | Archbishop of Lima | Peru |
| Jean-Claude Turcotte (1936–2015) | Archbishop of Montreal | Canada |
| Ricardo María Carles Gordó (1926–2013) | Archbishop of Barcelona | Spain |
| Adam Maida (b. 1930) | Archbishop of Detroit | United States |
| Vinko Puljić (b. 1945) | Archbishop of Vrhbosna | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Armand Razafindratandra (1925–2010) | Archbishop of Antananarivo | Madagascar |
| Phạm Đình Tụng (1919–2009) | Archbishop of Hanoi | Vietnam |
| Juan Sandoval Íñiguez (b. 1933) | Archbishop of Guadalajara | Mexico |
| Bernardino Echeverría Ruiz (1912–2000) | Archbishop Emeritus of Guayaquil | Ecuador |
| Kazimierz Świątek (1914–2011) | Archbishop of Minsk–Mohilev | Belarus |
| Ersilio Tonini (1914–2013) | Archbishop Emeritus of Ravenna-Cervia | Italy |
| Mikel Koliqi (1902–1997) | Priest from the Archdiocese of Shkodër–Pult | Albania |
| Yves Congar (1905–1995) | Theologian | France |
| Aloys Grillmeier (1910–1998) | Theologian | Germany |
21 February 1998
John Paul announced on 18 January 1998 that he would create 22 new cardinals, but withheld the names of two of them. He had also planned to include Josip Uhač, a Vatican diplomat and curial official who died that morning. The consistory was scheduled for 21 February. Excluding the two not named, this brought the membership of the College of Cardinals to 165, of whom 122 were eligible to vote in a conclave.
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jorge Medina Estévez (1926–2021) | Pro-Prefect of Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments | Chile |
| Alberto Bovone (1922–1998) | Pro-Prefect of Congregation for the Causes of Saints | Italy |
| Darío Castrillón Hoyos (1929–2018) | Pro-Prefect of Congregation for Clergy | Colombia |
| Lorenzo Antonetti (1922–2013) | Pro-President of Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See | Italy |
| James Stafford (b. 1932) | President of Pontifical Council for the Laity | United States |
| Salvatore De Giorgi (b. 1930) | Archbishop of Palermo | Italy |
| Serafim Fernandes de Araújo (1924–2019) | Archbishop of Belo Horizonte | Brazil |
| Antonio María Rouco Varela (b. 1936) | Archbishop of Madrid | Spain |
| Aloysius Ambrozic (1930–2011) | Archbishop of Toronto | Canada |
| Jean Marie Balland (1934–1998) | Archbishop of Lyon | France |
| Dionigi Tettamanzi (1934–2017) | Archbishop of Genoa | Italy |
| Polycarp Pengo (b. 1944) | Archbishop of Dar-es-Salaam | Tanzania |
| Christoph Schönborn (b. 1945) | Archbishop of Vienna | Austria |
| Norberto Rivera Carrera (b. 1942) | Archbishop of Mexico | Mexico |
| Francis George (1937–2015) | Archbishop of Chicago | United States |
| Paul Shan Kuo-Hsi (1924–2012) | Bishop of Kaohsiung | Taiwan |
| Adam Kozłowiecki (1911–2007) | Archbishop Emeritus of Lusaka | Poland |
| Giovanni Cheli (1918–2013) | President of Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People | Italy |
| Francesco Colasuonno (1925–2003) | Apostolic Nuncio to Italy and Apostolic Nuncio to San Marino | Italy |
| Dino Monduzzi (1922–2006) | Prefect of Prefecture of the Papal Household | Italy |
Cardinal in pectore
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country | Revealed as Cardinal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marian Jaworski (1926–2020) | Archbishop of Lviv | Ukraine | 29 January 2001 |
| Jānis Pujats (b. 1930) | Archbishop of Riga | Latvia |
21 February 2001
On 21 January 2001, Pope John Paul II announced plans to raise 37 prelates to the rank on cardinal at a consistory in February. He also said that at the consistory he would announce the names of two cardinals he named in pectore in 1998. He followed that by announcing the names of five more on 28 January and revealed the two made cardinals secretly in 1998, Marian Jaworski and Janis Pujats. The 44 cardinals created at this consistory was the largest ever created at a consistory. It increased the number of cardinals eligible to vote in a papal election to 135, despite the maximum of 120 set by Pope Paul VI in 1975 and reiterated by John Paul II in 1996; he said in each of his announcements that he was setting aside this limit. The total number of cardinals reached 183 after the consistory.
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Giovanni Battista Re (b. 1934) | Prefect of Congregation for Bishops | Italy |
| Nguyen Van Thuan (1928–2002) | President of Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace | Vietnam |
| Agostino Cacciavillan (1926–2022) | President of Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See | Italy |
| Sergio Sebastiani (1931–2024) | President of Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See | Italy |
| Zenon Grocholewski (1939–2020) | Prefect of Congregation for Catholic Education (for Educational Institutions) | Poland |
| José Saraiva Martins (b. 1932) | Prefect of Congregation for the Causes of Saints | Portugal |
| Crescenzio Sepe (b. 1943) | President of Peregrinatio ad Petri Sedem | Italy |
| Jorge María Mejía (1923–2014) | Librarian of the Vatican Apostolic Library & Archivist of the Vatican Secret Archives | Argentina |
| Ignatius Moses I Daoud (1930–2012) | Prefect of Congregation for the Oriental Churches | Syria |
| Mario Francesco Pompedda (1929–2006) | Prefect of Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura | Italy |
| Walter Kasper (b. 1933) | Secretary of Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity | Germany |
| Johannes Joachim Degenhardt (1926–2002) | Archbishop of Paderborn | Germany |
| Antonio José González Zumárraga (1925–2008) | Archbishop of Quito | Ecuador |
| Ivan Dias (1936–2017) | Archbishop of Bombay | India |
| Geraldo Majella Agnelo (1933–2023) | Archbishop of São Salvador da Bahia | Brazil |
| Pedro Rubiano Sáenz (1932–2024) | Archbishop of Bogota | Colombia |
| Theodore Edgar McCarrick (1930–2025) | Archbishop of Washington | United States |
| Desmond Connell (1926–2017) | Archbishop of Dublin | Ireland |
| Audrys Bačkis (b. 1937) | Archbishop of Vilnius | Lithuania |
| Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa (b. 1933) | Archbishop of Santiago | Chile |
| Julio Terrazas Sandoval (1936–2015) | Archbishop of Santa Cruz de la Sierra | Bolivia |
| Wilfrid Napier (b. 1941) | Archbishop of Durban | South Africa |
| Óscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga (b. 1942) | Archbishop of Tegucigalpa | Honduras |
| Bernard Agré (1926–2014) | Archbishop of Abidjan | Ivory Coast |
| Louis-Marie Billé (1938–2002) | Archbishop of Lyon | France |
| Ignacio Velasco (1929–2003) | Archbishop of Caracas | Venezuela |
| Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne (b. 1943) | Archbishop of Lima | Peru |
| Francisco Álvarez Martínez (1925–2022) | Archbishop of Toledo | Spain |
| Cláudio Hummes (1934–2022) | Archbishop of São Paolo | Brazil |
| Varkey Vithayathil (1927–2011) | Archbishop of Ernakulam | India |
| Jorge Bergoglio (1936–2025) | Archbishop of Buenos Aires | Argentina |
| José Policarpo (1936–2014) | Patriarch of Lisbon | Portugal |
| Severino Poletto (1933–2022) | Archbishop of Turin | Italy |
| Cormac Murphy-O'Connor (1932–2017) | Archbishop of Westminster | United Kingdom |
| Edward Egan (1932–2015) | Archbishop of New York | United States |
| Lubomyr Husar (1933–2017) | Major-Archbishop of Lviv-Galicia | Ukraine |
| Karl Lehmann (1936–2018) | Bishop of Mainz | Germany |
| Stéphanos II Ghattas (1920–2009) | Patriarch of Alexandria of the Copts | Egypt |
| Jean Marcel Honoré (1920–2013) | Archbishop Emeritus of Tours | France |
| Roberto Tucci (1921–2015) | President Emeritus of Vatican Radio | Italy |
| Leo Scheffczyk (1920–2005) | Theologian | Germany |
| Avery Dulles (1918–2008) | Theologian | United States |
21 October 2003
Pope John Paul II announced on 28 September 2003 that he would create 31 new cardinals in an October consistory, but withheld the name of one of them, apparently a resident of a country where Catholicism was the object of government persecution. Twenty-six of those publicly named were young enough to vote in a papal conclave, and seven of those were members of the Roman Curia. This consistory increased the number of cardinal electors from 109 to 135. The total number of cardinals reached 194 after the consistory. Because the withheld name was never published, that cardinal's appointment expired when the Pope died.
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jean-Louis Tauran (1943–2018) | Secretary for Relations with States of Secretariat of State | France |
| Renato Martino (1932–2024) | President of Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace | Italy |
| Francesco Marchisano (1929–2014) | Vicar General for the Vatican City State of Rome, President of Fabric of Saint Peter and Archpriest of Papal Basilica of Saint Peter | Italy |
| Julián Herranz Casado (b. 1930) | President of Pontifical Council for Legislative Text | Spain |
| Javier Lozano Barragán (1933–2022) | President of Pontifical Council for Pastoral Assistance to Health Care Workers | Mexico |
| Stephen Fumio Hamao (1930–2007) | President of Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People | Japan |
| Attilio Nicora (1937–2017) | President of Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See | Italy |
| Angelo Scola (b. 1941) | Patriarch of Venice | Italy |
| Anthony Olubunmi Okogie (b. 1936) | Archbishop of Lagos | Nigeria |
| Bernard Panafieu (1931–2017) | Archbishop of Marseille | France |
| Gabriel Zubeir Wako (b. 1941) | Archbishop of Khartoum | Sudan |
| Carlos Amigo Vallejo (1934–2022) | Archbishop of Sevilla | Spain |
| Justin Francis Rigali (b. 1935) | Archbishop of Philadelphia | United States |
| Keith Michael Patrick O'Brien (1938–2018) | Archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh | United Kingdom |
| Eusébio Scheid (1932–2021) | Archbishop of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro | Brazil |
| Ennio Antonelli (b. 1936) | Archbishop of Firenze | Italy |
| Tarcisio Bertone (b. 1934) | Archbishop of Genoa | Italy |
| Peter Turkson (b. 1948) | Archbishop of Cape Coast | Ghana |
| Telesphore Toppo (1939–2023) | Archbishop of Ranchi | India |
| George Pell (1941–2023) | Archbishop of Sydney | Australia |
| Josip Bozanić (b. 1949) | Archbishop of Zagreb | Croatia |
| Phạm Minh Mẫn (b. 1934) | Archbishop of Ho Chi Minh City | Vietnam |
| Rodolfo Quezada Toruño (1932–2012) | Archbishop of Guatemala | Guatemala |
| Philippe Barbarin (b. 1950) | Archbishop of Lyon | France |
| Péter Erdő (b. 1952) | Archbishop of Esztergom–Budapest | Hungary |
| Marc Ouellet (b. 1944) | Archbishop of Quebec | Canada |
| Georges Cottier (1922–2016) | Theologian of Prefecture of the Papal Household | Switzerland |
| Gustaaf Joos (1923–2004) | Priest from the Diocese of Gent | Belgium |
| Tomáš Špidlík (1919–2010) | Theologian | Czech Republic |
| Stanisław Nagy (1921–2013) | Theologian | Poland |
Demographic adjustment
In 2004, the birth year of Cardinal Henryk Gulbinowicz, long reported as 1928, was corrected to 1923. The adjustment meant he was past his 80th birthday and no longer counted as a cardinal elector. In 1942, as a young man, Gulbinowicz had falsified his birth records to escape being sent to a Nazi labor camp. The correct birth date was reported in the Italian press as early as March 2004 and printed in the Pontifical Yearbook presented to John Paul on 31 January 2005.
See also
- Cardinals created by Paul VI (previous to John Paul I)
- Cardinals created by Benedict XVI (successor)
- List of current cardinals
wikipedia, wiki, encyclopedia, book, library, article, read, free download, Information about Cardinals created by John Paul II, What is Cardinals created by John Paul II? What does Cardinals created by John Paul II mean?