The complete list of presidents of the Portuguese Republic consists of the 20 heads of state in the history of Portugal since the 5 October 1910 revolution that installed a republican regime.
- Top left: Teófilo Braga President of the Provisional Government of the Republic.
- Top right: Óscar Carmona was the longest serving head of state.
- Bottom left: António Ramalho Eanes was the first president elected in democracy.
- Bottom right: Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa is the incumbent president.
This list includes not only those persons who were sworn into office as President of Portugal but also those who de facto served as head of state since 1910. This is the case of Teófilo Braga who served as President of the Provisional Government after the republican coup d'état. Also Sidónio Pais, Mendes Cabeçadas, Gomes da Costa, as well as Canto e Castro and Óscar Carmona in their early months, were not sworn into office as presidents of the Republic, usually being prime ministers, but de facto accumulated this function, thus combining in practice head of state and head of government in one person.
See the notes for more information.
Election terms
The numbering reflects the uninterrupted terms in office served by a single man. For example, Jorge Sampaio served two consecutive terms and is counted as the 19th president (not the 19th and 20th). Teófilo Braga served as the first and sole president of the Provisional Government, and therefore is not considered to be the first president, although he would serve again as head of state and be the second president after the resignation of Manuel de Arriaga.
However, Bernardino Machado served two non-consecutive terms, and he is counted as both the third and the eighth presidents. Because of this, the list below contains 20 presidencies, but only 19 presidents.
Under the Constitution of Portugal adopted in 1976, in the wake of the 1974 Carnation Revolution, the president is elected to a five-year term with the possibility of running for a second consecutive term; there is no limit to the number of terms a president may serve, but a president who serves two consecutive terms may not serve again in the next five years after the second term finishes.
The official residence of the president of Portugal is the Belém Palace.
The current president of the Portuguese Republic is Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, the winner of the 2016 presidential election and re-elected in the 2021 presidential election.
Presidents
The colors indicate the political affiliation of each president.
Republican
Democratic
National Republican/Sidonist
Evolutionist Party/Republican Liberal
National Union/Popular National Action
Democratic Renewal
Socialist
Social Democratic
Nonpartisan
First Republic (1910–1926)
| No. | Portrait | President (Birth–Death) | Elected | Term of office | Political party | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| President of the Provisional Government of the Republic (1910–1911) | |||||||
| - | Teófilo Braga (1843–1924) | — | 5 October 1910 | 24 August 1911 | Republican | ||
| Presidents of the Republic (1911–1926) | |||||||
| 1 | Manuel de Arriaga (1840–1917) | 1911 | 24 August 1911 | 26 May 1915[R] | Republican later Democratic | ||
| 2 | Teófilo Braga (1843–1924) | May 1915 | 29 May 1915 | 5 October 1915 | Democratic | ||
| 3 | Bernardino Machado (1851–1944) | August 1915 | 5 October 1915 | 5 December 1917[C] | Democratic | ||
| - | Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: Sidónio Pais | — | 12 December 1917 | 28 April 1918 | – | ||
| 4 | Sidónio Pais (1872–1918) | April 1918 | 28 April 1918 | 14 December 1918[A] | National Republican | ||
| - | Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: João do Canto e Castro | — | 14 December 1918 | 16 December 1918 | – | ||
| 5 | João do Canto e Castro (1862–1934) | December 1918 | 16 December 1918 | 5 October 1919 | National Republican | ||
| 6 | António José de Almeida (1866–1929) | 1919 | 5 October 1919 | 5 October 1923 | Evolutionist Party later Republican Liberal | ||
| 7 | Manuel Teixeira Gomes (1860–1941) | 1923 | 5 October 1923 | 11 December 1925[R] | Democratic | ||
| 8 | Bernardino Machado (1851–1944) 2nd time | 1925 | 11 December 1925 | 31 May 1926[C] | Democratic | ||
Second Republic (1926–1974)
| No. | Portrait | President (Birth–Death) | Elected | Term of office | Political party | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship) (1926–1932) | |||||||
| 9 | José Mendes Cabeçadas (1883–1965) | — | 31 May 1926 | 17 June 1926[C] | Nonpartisan | ||
| - | Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: Manuel Gomes da Costa | — | 17 June 1926 | 29 June 1926 | – | ||
| 10 | Manuel Gomes da Costa (1863–1929) | — | 29 June 1926 | 9 July 1926[C] | Nonpartisan | ||
| - | Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: Óscar Carmona | — | 9 July 1926 | 16 November 1926 | – | ||
| 11 | Óscar Carmona (1869–1951) | — | 16 November 1926 | 15 April 1928 | Nonpartisan | ||
| Estado Novo (New State) (1932–1974) | |||||||
| Óscar Carmona (1869–1951) | 1928 1935 1942 1949 | 15 April 1928 | 18 April 1951[D] | Nonpartisan from 1932 National Union | |||
| - | António de Oliveira Salazar (1889–1970) (interim) | — | 18 April 1951 | 21 July 1951 | National Union | ||
| 12 | Francisco Craveiro Lopes (1894–1964) | 1951 | 21 July 1951 | 9 August 1958 | National Union | ||
| 13 | Américo Tomás (1894–1987) | 1958 1965 1972 | 9 August 1958 | 25 April 1974[C] | National Union from 1970 People's National Action | ||
Third Republic (1974–present)
| No. | Portrait | President (Birth–Death) | Elected | Term of office | Political party | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Presidents appointed in the aftermath of the Carnation Revolution (1974–1976) | |||||||
| - | National Salvation Junta President: António de Spínola | — | 25 April 1974 | 15 May 1974 | – | ||
| 14 | António de Spínola (1910–1996) | — | 15 May 1974 | 30 September 1974[R] | Nonpartisan | ||
| 15 | Francisco da Costa Gomes (1914–2001) | — | 30 September 1974 | 14 July 1976 | Nonpartisan | ||
| Presidents elected under the Constitution of the Republic (1976–present) | |||||||
| 16 | António Ramalho Eanes (born 1935) | 1976 1980 | 14 July 1976 | 9 March 1986 | Nonpartisan from 1985 Democratic Renewal | ||
| 17 | Mário Soares (1924–2017) | 1986 1991 | 9 March 1986 | 9 March 1996 | Socialist | ||
| 18 | Jorge Sampaio (1939–2021) | 1996 2001 | 9 March 1996 | 9 March 2006 | Socialist | ||
| 19 | Aníbal Cavaco Silva (born 1939) | 2006 2011 | 9 March 2006 | 9 March 2016 | Social Democratic | ||
| 20 | Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (born 1948) | 2016 2021 | 9 March 2016 | Incumbent | Social Democratic | ||
- Left office early:
- [A] Assassinated.
- [D] Died in office of natural causes.
- [R] Resigned.
- [C] Forced to resign due to a coup d'état.
Timeline
| Timeline of Presidents of Portugal (1910–present) |
|---|
Birthplaces
Presidents by time in office
| Rank | President | Time in office | Terms | Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Óscar Carmona | 24 years, 286 days | 5 | Nonpartisan → National Union |
| 2 | Américo Tomás | 15 years, 259 days | 3 | National Union |
| 3 | Mário Soares | 10 years, 0 days | 2 | Socialist |
| Jorge Sampaio | 10 years, 0 days | 2 | Socialist | |
| Aníbal Cavaco Silva | 10 years, 0 days | 2 | Social Democratic | |
| 4 | Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa | 9 years, 329 days (Incumbent) | 2 | Social Democratic |
| 5 | António Ramalho Eanes | 9 years, 238 days | 2 | Nonpartisan → Democratic Renewal |
| 6 | Francisco Craveiro Lopes | 7 years, 0 days | 1 | National Union |
| 7 | António José de Almeida | 4 years, 0 days | 1 | Evolutionist → Republican Liberal |
| 8 | Manuel de Arriaga | 3 years, 278 days | 1 | Republican → Democratic |
| 9 | Bernardino Machado | 2 years, 239 days | 2 | Democratic |
| 10 | Manuel Teixeira Gomes | 2 year, 67 days | 1 | Democratic |
| 11 | Francisco da Costa Gomes | 1 year, 288 days | 1 | Nonpartisan |
| 12 | Teófilo Braga | 1 year, 87 days | 1 | Republican → Democratic |
| 13 | Sidónio Pais | 1 year, 2 days | 1 | National Republican |
| 14 | João do Canto e Castro | 295 days | 1 | National Republican |
| 15 | António de Spínola | 158 days | 1 | Nonpartisan |
| 16 | António de Oliveira Salazar | 93 days | 1 | National Union |
| 17 | Manuel Gomes da Costa | 22 days | 1 | Nonpartisan |
| 18 | José Mendes Cabeçadas | 17 days | 1 | Nonpartisan |
See also
- President of Portugal
- First Lady of Portugal
- List of heads of state of Portugal
- List of prime ministers of Portugal
- List of Portuguese monarchs
- Prime Minister of Portugal
- Politics of Portugal
- History of Portugal
- History of Portugal (1910–1926)
- History of Portugal (1926–1932)
- History of Portugal (1932–1974)
- History of Portugal (1974–1986)
- History of Portugal (1986–2000)
- History of Portugal (2000–present)
- Timeline of Portuguese history
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