This is a timeline of events involving the Golden Horde (1242–1502), from the 1430s also known as the Great Horde.
13th century
For pre-1242 events involving Mongols in Europe, see Timeline of the Mongol Empire § 13th century
1240s
Year
Date
Event
1242
Mongol invasion of Europe: Mongol Empire forces the Second Bulgarian Empire to pay tribute
spring
Mongol invasion of Europe: Mongol forces retreat after receiving news of Ögedei Khan's death; Batu Khan stays at the Volga River and his brother Orda Khan returns to Mongolia
The Golden Horde stretches from the Chu River to the Danube
Yaroslav II of Vladimir visits Sarai and submits to Batu Khan for confirmation of his office
1245
December
Daniel of Galicia visits Sarai and submits to Batu Khan for confirmation of his office
Golden Horde carries out census of Ruthenian lands
1246
20 September
Michael of Chernigov visits Sarai, but refuses to (fully) submit to Batu Khan and is executed
Yaroslav II of Vladimir is poisoned by Oghul Qaimish in Karakorum and dies
1248
20 April
Güyük Khan dies on his way to confront Batu Khan and his wife Oghul Qaimish becomes regent
1250s
Year
Date
Event
1251
Möngke Khan grants Berke Georgia
1255
Batu Khan constructs Sarai
Batu Khan dies and is succeeded by his son Sartaq Khan, who dies soon after, and then Ulaghchi
1256
Daniel of Galicia expels Mongol garrisons from his territory
Golden Horde carries out census of Ruthenian lands
1257
Ulaghchi dies and Berke, a Muslim, succeeds him
1258/9
winter
In the Novgorod Republic, Alexander Nevsky and Golden Horde troops suppress non-violent civilian opposition to tribute
1259
Second Mongol invasion of Poland: Berke and Boroldai invade Poland and Daniel of Galicia flees, however his sons and brother Vasilko of Galicia join the Mongols to plunder Lithuania and Polish territories
Golden Horde elements in Bukhara rebel and Alghu suppresses them
1260s
Year
Date
Event
1260
2 February
Sack of Sandomierz (1260): Berke and Boroldai sack Sandomierz
Toluid Civil War: Berke of the Golden Horde allies with Ariq Böke and declares war on Hulagu Khan
1262
Berke–Hulagu war: Berke of the Golden Horde allies with the Mamluks and invades Azerbaijan
Suzdal rebels and is defeated
1263
13 January
Berke–Hulagu war: Berke defeats Hulagu Khan's army on the Terek River
Chaka, son of Nogai Khan, is murdered by Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria to appease Toqta
1305
Golden Horde raids Leles
1308
Toqta sacks Caffa
1310s
Year
Date
Event
1312
Toqta dies
1313
Toqta's nephew Öz Beg Khan seizes the throne, prohibits Buddhism among the elite, and applies Islamization among the Mongols.
1318
Öz Beg Khan attacks the Ilkhanate
1320s
Year
Date
Event
1320
Mubarak Khwaja of the White Horde converts to Islam
Golden Horde attacks Thrace
1321
Golden Horde attacks Thrace
1324
Öz Beg Khan attacks Thrace and the Ilkhanate
1326
Golden Horde raids Hungary
1327
Tver Uprising of 1327: citizens of the Principality of Tver rebelled against the Golden Horde. The Golden Horde and its Muscovite and Suzdalian allies organised a punitive expedition to the Tver principality and put the revolt down.
1330s
Year
Date
Event
1330
Basarab I of Wallachia allies with the Golden Horde
1335
Öz Beg Khan attacks the Ilkhanate
1338
Golden Horde is ravaged by the Black Death
1339
Golden Horde starts receiving 24,000 ding of paper currency annually from the Yuan dynasty
1340s
Year
Date
Event
1340
Golden Horde sacks Sandomierz
1341
Öz Beg Khan dies and is succeeded by his son Tini Beg
1342
Tini Beg is overthrown by his brother Jani Beg
1345
Hungary attacks the Golden Horde
1346
Hungary forces the Golden Horde back to the Black Sea coasts
1347
Siege of Caffa: The Genoese possession of Caffa, a great trade emporium on the Crimean Peninsula, came under siege by an army of Mongol warriors under the command of Janibeg. An epidemic of bubonic plague had been ravaging Central Asia before the conflict in Caffa. Brought across the Silk Road, the Mongols used disease-infected corpses as a biological weapon. The corpses were catapulted over the city walls, infecting the inhabitants.
1350s
Year
Date
Event
1352
March
Golden Horde and Ruthenian allies attack Poland and capture Lublin
1357
Jani Beg is overthrown by his son Berdi Beg
1359
Berdi Beg is overthrown by his brother Qulpa. Beginning of the Great Troubles.
1360s
Year
Date
Event
1360
Qulpa is overthrown by his brother Nawruz Beg and the Blue Horde rebels and seizes power in Sarai
1361
Nawruz Beg is overthrown by Khidr Khan ibn Sasibuqa Khan
1362
Mamai sets up puppet khans and rules from the Sea of Azov
1363
Battle of Blue Waters: Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Golden Horde and vassalizes Ruthenian princes in the Dnieper region
1370s
Year
Date
Event
1373
Urus Khan overthrows the lineage of Khidr Khan ibn Sasibuqa Khan
Tokhtamysh overthrows the lineage of Urus Khan and leads the Turkic Blue Horde west
1380s
Year
Date
Event
1380
Golden Horde starts passing decrees in Turkish language
8 September
Battle of Kulikovo: A largely Muscovite army led by Dmitri Donskoi defeated Mongol warlord Mamai in a pyrrhic victory at Kulikovo field. Mamai's Tverian allies never showed up, his Lithuanian and Riazani allies arrived too late to take part, but did harass the victorious Muscovite troops as they returned to Moscow.
1381
Battle of the Kalka River (1381): Tokhtamysh defeated Mamai, becoming the undisputed khan of the Golden Horde, and ending the war of succession that had been raging ever since 1359.
1382
26 August
Siege of Moscow (1382): khan Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde and his allied Rus' princes of Tver, Riazan, and Nizhniy Novgorod besieged and sacked Moscow. The princes of Nizhniy Novgorod tricked the Muscovite citizens into surrendering the city, after which Moscow was immediately sacked. Thereafter, Tokhtamysh' troops sacked surrounding towns including Serpukhov, Pereyaslavl, and Kolomna, and on their way home southwards also the principality of Riazan.
Battle of the Terek River: Timur sacked New Sarai and Tokhtamysh was overthrown; Edigu seized power and set up Temür Qutlugh as puppet khan
1397
Tokhtamysh fled to Lithuania, where Vytautas allowed him to stay at Vilnius
1399
12 August
Battle of the Vorskla River: Temür Qutlugh of the Golden Horde and Mongol warlord Edigu defeated the forces of grand prince Vytautas of Lithuania, Mongol warlord Tokhtamysh, and their allies. Tokhtamysh was forced to flee.
15th century
1400s
Year
Date
Event
1405
Tokhtamysh is killed by Shadi Beg's troops.
1408
Edigu attacked Moscow and extracted a ransom before retreating.
The Nogai Horde emerges under Taibuga
1410s
Year
Date
Event
1411
The Golden Horde starts splintering; effective end of the Golden Horde
The Kazakh Khanate emerges under Janibek Khan and Kerei
1460s
Year
Date
Event
1466
The Astrakhan Khanate emerges under Mahmud bin Küchük's descendants
1470s
Year
Date
Event
1474
Ahmed Khan bin Küchük commands the Grand Duchy of Moscow to give tribute but is denied
1476
Ivan III of Moscow refuses to pay tribute to the Golden Horde
1480s
Year
Date
Event
1480
8 October – 28 November
Great Stand on the Ugra River: armies of Muscovy and the Great Horde confronted each other without fighting and then simultaneously retreated. Although long hailed as the "end of the Tatar yoke" in traditional Russian historiography, the event changed little in Muscovite–Horde relations.
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